Suchergebnisse

Summary in English.

Income has been increasingly criticized as an indicator of childhood living conditions, especially at young ages. In this paper, we present a picture of poverty and multi-dimensional deprivation of children in France, around the time of their birth and during the first year of life. To do so, we use both an income poverty measure as well as a multiple deprivation approach, applied to a nationally representative survey of over 18,000 children born in France in 2011 (the Elfe cohort). We examine four dimensions of children's daily lives : material conditions ; parenting ; housing conditions ; and extreme housing conditions. Our results show that income poverty does not always overlap with deprivation : some children live in income-poor households without being deprived in the dimensions we study, and vice versa. Notably, we find only a small overlap between extreme housing deprivation or parental involvement and income poverty. Furthermore, we show that the population groups most at risk of deprivation in early life vary according to the dimension considered, and are distinct from the determinants of income poverty. For example, while single motherhood is the main driver of income poverty, it is not associated with an increased risk of housing deprivation nor with low parental involvement, when other socio-demographic characteristics are controlled for. This approach therefore adds more precision and nuance to our understanding of child poverty at very young ages in France.

This paper describes the methodology used during a socio-economic survey of households in Lubumbashi. Research was carried out in August 2002, financed by the Belgian University Commission for Development (CUD). The survey involved 13,000 families, which represents more than ten percent of all Lubumbashi families. The different steps of the survey are described: definition of objectives, choice of sampling group, drafting the questionnaire, training students, day-by-day organization of the survey, the encoding of the data, and finally, analysis and report writing. The paper also describes difficulties encountered during the research process, emerging largely from time constraints, insufficient knowledge of the foreign experts and poor skills of local researchers. Putting raw data and the final report on the Internet, can help correct such problems in the future. Adapted from the source document.

Household income and expenditures
as indicators of well-being
Incomes and expenditures are two aspects of well-being based on the formation and use of income that, in principle, should be balanced in each household. However data from a vast survey on the standard of living in the Russian Federation reveal that, in some households, expenditures overshoot incomes whereas, in others, the opposite is true. As a consequence, households might be considered poor in terms of income but not of expenditures; and vice-versa. Poverty should not be seen in relation to one of these aspects alone. The most relevant criterion combines a household's income and expenditures in order to assess well-being and poverty.

Everyday dietary habits lend themselves to an exploration of parental practices, addressed here from the point of view of the children of migrants, with the Coralim survey of the French National Institute for Agronomic and Environmental Research. Socially differentiated family cooking influences children's food preferences. Household organization depends as much on the origin as on the structure of migrant households, with less traditional functioning than expected, more egalitarian practices, and more organizational diversity supported by other adults (adult children, other relatives). This organization determines the children's participation in housework, which is marginal in egalitarian extended families where tasks are distributed among the adults, whereas the assignment of mothers to the kitchen in traditional and single-parent families strengthens children's participation, especially that of girls, attesting to the gendered nature of household socialization.

This study quantifies undeclared work patterns in France using a unique pilot survey which collects data on households' demand and supply of undeclared work (Enquête pilote auprès des ménages sur la fraude). It also proposes an international comparison at the European level using Eurobarometer data. Socio-demographic characteristics fail to explain the variance in undeclared work, while subjective factors are strongly associated with households' supply and demand for undeclared work. This suggests the underlying influence of intrinsic, extrinsic and peer effects. Similar results from the Eurobarometer allow for a cross-validation of the two surveys. We obtain similar correlates for undeclared work in France and countries where undeclared work is also a supplementary income (Denmark and Germany). This suggests homogeneous patterns across European countries.

Factors influencing distribution of housing in the USSR
The paper analyzes the main factors which influence consumption of residential housing by Soviet urban households. Using both the published Soviet data and the results of the Berkeley-Duke family budget survey the paper shows that income from all sources is an important independent determinant of a household's housing consumption. This conclusion, which holds for all major types of housing in the USSR including state-owned, suggests that administrative rationing of housing can be obviated by market forces usually acting through the second economy. Other important factors determining housing consumption are the (official) social status of a household and its size. Multivariate regression coefficients are estimated for state-owned, cooperative, and private housing consumption.

Co-parenting and configuration systems in stepfamilies and first unions
This contribution investigates co-parenting in stepfamilies and first unions, with reference to the relational configurations that the individuals within such families develop. It argues that a good understanding of co-parenting is facilitated if one looks beyond the household and joint residence in order to define a meaningful family context. A survey was undertaken with the aim to draw a systematic comparison between relationship dynamics in stepfamilies and families of a first union. The results reveal complex configurations of interdependency between the mother, her current partner, her previous partner and their joint child in stepfamily situations. It further shows that chains of interdependence between the different family members affect co-parenting in stepfamilies, but also in first-union families depending on different constructions. Co-parenting and configuration systems in stepfamilies and first unions

The dynamics of poverty in Russia:
An analysis in terms of exit and entry
Since poverty in Russia is mainly a transitory phenomenon, with many movements in and out, analyzing it necessitates evaluating transition probabilities. Data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey and duration models are used to study poverty transitions in Russia between 1994 and 2000. A nonpara- metric method estimates poverty exit, entry and re-entry rates, which depend on how long spells of poverty and nonpoverty last. Logistic discrete-time models are then estimated separately for exits and entries so as to identify the factors associated with poverty transitions. Variables are introduced for taking into account strategic household behaviors; and emphasis is laid on the distinction between promotion and prevention strategies with the aims, respectively, of exiting from, or preventing an entry into, poverty.

Data collected in the survey Gender and Interpersonal Violence in Martinique can be used to compare relationships described by respondents while making a distinction between co-resident couples (often married) and couples who do not share a residence (new couples or " visiting partners"). Multi-partner behaviour among men, which is frequent, often simultaneous and ongoing, appears to be closely linked to conflict and violence in couples, but the probability of being a victim to such violence is partly rooted in childhood difficulties and violence suffered in a family context. The latter is characterised by significant residential proximity, complex family configurations, and the composite sibling configurations that result therefrom. Female single-parent households show particular characteristics depending on whether the mother has visitingpartner relationships, is separated from the father or fathers of her children, or has never had sustained love or sexual relationships.

A Spanish couple during the recession of 2008.Composition and evaluation of alternative incomes.
This article analyzes the possibilities of alternative incomes to those from employment within the context of the mass unemployment experienced by Spain since the recession of 2008. The survey was based on an ethno-accounting process involving a Spanish couple with one child. Both the man and woman found themselves unemployed and struggling to make ends meet. After briefly describing this family and their life history, three sources of income are described which provide the household with the means of partially tackling the loss of two salaries and the gradual exhaustion of unemployment benefits : the husband''s " odd jobs", his wife''s artisanal products and assistance from the family. All three cases revealed relatively little room for maneuver, as well as the diversity and materiality of incomes that were largely invisible apart from through ethno-accounting analysis.

Fathers caught between work and family. Some survey findings.
In all countries, time use is differentiated between the sexes. While the disparity in the time men and women spend on domestic activities has narrowed, this trend owes little to increased input from men. This is especially true for household tasks and for time spent with the children. The arrival of a child affects fathers in their working lives much less than mothers. However, a proportion of fathers, notably those with the highest educational level, are observed to be adopting discourses and behaviour similar to those of the mothers-reporting notably that they reduced their working time when a child arrived-and also complaining about a lack of time to spend with their children and about the conflict of responsibilities. Do men''s professional commitments, in particular, « force » them to look after the children less than the mothers do, and would they increase their involvement if they had more time ? Experience in France of the statutory reduction in working hours supplies some answers to this question. One of the main findings is that when fathers have experienced a reduction in their working time, they look after their children more, especially when their partners work full-time and have had no reduction in their own working time.

En prolongeant la perspective analytique de Durkheim, cet article entend poser un cadre théorique pour étudier les liens qui attachent les individus entre eux et à la société. Il crée des indicateurs statistiques pour comparer les pays européens et aussi, à titre exploratoire, les différentes régions de la Suisse. Il permet de distinguer quatre types idéaux de régimes d'attachement (familialiste, volontariste, organiciste et universaliste), de vérifier leur validité empirique et de montrer certaines spécificités nationales et régionales.