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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Kavalur East-6 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 441 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area 98 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 4Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 97 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and small area of 200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 94 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 4 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  About 19 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and about 79 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Entire area is moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 3 per cent area.  An area of about 96 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 16 per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 24 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese is sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 59 (13) 203 (46) Pomegranate 194 (44) Maize - - Guava - - Bajra - - Jackfruit - - Groundnut - - Jamun - 54 (12) Sunflower 23 (5) 170 (39) Musambi 23 (5) 170 (39) Cotton 59 (13) 203 (46) Lime 23 (5) 170 (39) Red gram - 91 (20) Cashew - - Bengalgram 59 (13) 203 (46) Custard apple 59 (13) 203 (46) Chilli - - Amla - 263 (59) Tomato - - Tamarind - 54 (12) Drumstick - 194 (44) Marigold - 263 (59) Mulberry 164 (37) Chrysanthemum - 263 (59) Mango - - Jasmine 68 (15) Sapota - - Crossandra - 127 (29) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 176 (52.78%) men and 68 (47.22%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.33, marginal farmers' was 3.75, small farmers' was 4.07 and semi medium farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 25 (17.36%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 67 (46.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 40 (27.78%) were in 36-60 years of age and 12 (8.33%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Kavalur East-6 had 22.92 per cent illiterates, 38.89 per cent of them had primary school education, 3.47 per cent of them had middle school education, 20.83 per cent of them had high school education, 7.64 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.39 per cent did ITI, 3.47 per cent of them had degree education and 1.39 per cent did masters.  The results indicate that, 80.56 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 11.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 5.56 per cent of household heads were practicing general labour and 2.78 per cent of the household heads were government service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 60.42 per cent of the household members, 10.42 per cent were agricultural laborers, 2.78 per cent were general laborers 2.08 per cent were in government service and private service, 21.53 per cent were students and 0.69 per cent were housewives.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 2.78 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 88.89 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 8.33 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 80.56 per cent of the households possess TV, 55.56 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 36.11 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 33.33 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 88.89 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 9,034, mixer grinder was Rs. 1,865, bicycle was Rs.1769, motor cycle was Rs. 29,333 and mobile phone was Rs. 1,425.  About, 2.78 per cent possess tractor and 97.22 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of tractor was Rs. 300,000 and the average value of weeder was Rs.46.  The results indicate that, 2.78 per cent of the households possess bullocks, local cow and sheep and 5.56 per cent of the households possess sheep. 2  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.70, average own labour (women) available was 1.20, average hired labour (men) available was 12.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.23.  The results indicate that, 83.33 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Kavalur East-6 micro-watershed possess 34.62 ha (100%) of dry land. Marginal farmers possess 13.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 19.59 ha (100%) of dry land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.02 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 256,960.84. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 330,460.48 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 219,396.82 for dry land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 148,200.00 for dry land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.3 ha), Bengal gram (4.67 ha), green gram (0.93 ha), groundnut (4.19 ha), maize (3.24 ha), red gram (0.81 ha), sesamum (0.40 ha), sorghum (9.18 ha) and sunflower (3.79 ha). Marginal farmers have grown Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, maize, red gram, sesamum, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, bengal gram, groundnut, maize, sorghum and sunflower. Semi medium farmers have grown sorghum. T  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Kavalur East-6 microwatershed was found to be 95.18 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 28992.94. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34995.53. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 6002.58. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 34877.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44337.49. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 9460.14. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.27.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43383.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 40726.29. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. -2657.67. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.94.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs 21032.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29369.84. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 8337.71. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.4.  The total cost of cultivation for sesamum was Rs. 22791.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 4940.00. The net income from sesamum cultivation was Rs. -17851.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.22. 3  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 20253.85. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25009.37. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 4755.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 26256.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34281.62. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 8024.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.31.  The results indicate that, 8.33 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 84,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 53,328.13, for small farmers it was Rs. 110,565.38 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 106,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 9,690.31. For landless households it was Rs. 10,638.89, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 2,164.58, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,414.20 and for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 50,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut trees in their field and 1 coconut tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 1 teak, 15 neem and 2 banyan trees in their field and 1 teak and 1 neem in their backyard.  The results indicated that, bajra, Bengal gram, groundnut, maize, red gram sorghum and sunflower was sold to the extent of 100 per cent and sesamum was sold to the extent of 50 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 86.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village. The results indicated that, 86.11 per cent of the households used tractor.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households used firewood and 36.11 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 100 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 94.44 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 5.56 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 25 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme. 4  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 97.22 per cent of the households, vegetables were adequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 11.11 per cent, milk, egg and meat was adequate for 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were inadequate for 2.78 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 100 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 91.67 per cent and fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil, frequent incidence of pest and diseases, inadequacy of irrigation water, high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and high rate of interest on credit was the constraint experienced by 83.33 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field and low price for the agricultural commodities (80.56%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (55.56%), inadequate extension services (8.33%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (8.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yadgir RF1Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 486 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 335 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 142 ha by forest and 9 ha by others (habitation and water body). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 4 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  About 69 per cent area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 5 per cent area is very shallow (150 cm).  About 17 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 52 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 47 per cent area in the microwatershed is gravelly (15-35%) and 18 per cent is non gravelly (200 mm/m).  About 68 per cent area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 1 per cent has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands.  An area of about 68 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 1 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 55 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 14 per cent area is slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3-8.4).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of entire soils of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon content  An area of about 7 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus, 17 per cent is high (>57 kg/ha) and 45 per cent area is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire cultivated area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the cultivated soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 44 per cent cultivated area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 168 (35) 120 (25) Guava - 14 (3) Maize - 288 (59) Sapota - 14 (3) Bajra - 289 (59) Pomegranate - 14 (3) Groundnut - 73 (15) Musambi 166 (34) 17 (3) Sunflower 168 (35) 14(3) Lime 166 (34) 17 (3) Redgram - 183 (38) Amla - 288 (59) Bengal gram 168 (35) 106 (22) Cashew - - Cotton 168 (35) 106 (22) Jackfruit - 14 (3) Chilli - 289 (59) Jamun - 168 (35) Tomato - 286 (59) Custard apple 166 (34) 123 (25) Brinjal 3 (<1) 286 (59) Tamarind - 168 (35) Onion 3 (<1) 120 (25) Mulberry - 14 (3) Bhendi 3 (<1) 286 (59) Marigold - 289 (60) Drumstick - 183 (38) Chrysanthemum - 289 (60) Mango - 3 (<1)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 97 (56.4%) men and 75 (43.6%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal farmers' was 5.09, small farmers' was 5.16, semi medium farmers' was 4.66 and medium farmers was Rs.6.  The data indicated that, 31 (19.50 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 69 (43.40 %) were in 16-35 years of age, 45 (28.30 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (8.81 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Yadgir Rf-1 had 50 per cent illiterates, 18.02 per cent of them had primary school education, 0.58 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.37 per cent of them had high school education, 4.07 per cent of them had PUC education, 4.65 per cent of them had diploma, 0.58 per cent of them had ITI and 5.81 per cent had degree education.  The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 26.47 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborer.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 37.21 per cent of the household members, 26.16 per cent were agricultural laborers, 3.49 per cent were in private service, 22.09 per cent were students, 6.40 per cent were in housewives and 2.91 per cent were children.  The results show that, 1.16 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has participated in taluk panchayat, 1.74 per cent of the population has not participated in sthree shakthi sangha 97.09 per cent population has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.88 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 70.59 per cent of them possess Katcha house and 29.41 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 82.35 per cent of the households possess TV, 41.18 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 52.94 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 82.35 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 5,892, mixer/grinder was Rs. 2,500, motor cycle was Rs. 49,526, and mobile phone was Rs. 2,424.  About 17.65 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 29.41 per cent of them possess plough, 2.94 per cent of them possess transplanter/grinder, 5.88 per cent of them possess tractor and harvester, 20.59 per cent of them possess weeder.  The result indicated that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 24,000, Plough was Rs. 1,700, transplanter/grinder was Rs. 12,000, tractor was Rs.800,000, weeder was Rs. 450 and harvester was Rs. 150. 2  The results indicate that, 35.29 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 8.82 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.94 per cent of the households possess sheep, 5.88 per cent of the households possess goat and 2.94 per cent of the households possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.58, average own labour (women) available was 1.58, average hired labour (men) available was 10.35 and average hired labour (women) available was 8.59.  The results indicate that, 94.12 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 5.88 per cent of the households opined that the labour was inadequate.  The results show that, 4.65 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has migrated. The results show that, average distance of migration was 720 kms and average duration of migration was 10 months.  The results show that, job/wage/work are the main purpose of migration for 100 per cent of the population in micro-watershed.  The results indicate that, households of the Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed possess 40.16 ha (91.57%) of dry land and 3.69 ha (8.43%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.73 ha (95.03 %) of dry land and 0.40 ha (4.97%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 15.62 ha (90.33%) of dry land and 1.67 ha (9.67%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 11.81 ha (87.94%) of dry land and 1.62 ha (12.06%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 411,957.07 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 649,288.05. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 736,734.69 for dry land and Rs. 1,482,000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 409,639.81 for dry land and the average value was Rs. 717,675.52. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 317,535.14 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 370,500 of irrigated land. In medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 139,886.74 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 3 de-functioning and 4 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning bore well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water-shed for 11.76 per cent of the farmers and open well was the irrigation source in the micro water-shed for 2.94 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 6.81 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.27 meters.  The results indicate that marginal and small, semi-medium farmers had an irrigated area of 0.4 ha and 2.43 ha, respectively. 3  The results indicate that, farmers have grown red gram (33.67 ha), jowar (4.96 ha), groundnut (1.62 ha), sorghum (1.34 ha), paddy (1.27 ha) and cotton (1.21 ha).  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Yadgir Rf-1 micro-watershed was found to be 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have bank account and 79.41 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 76.47 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households have borrowed from commercial bank, 11.11 per cent of the households have cooperative, fiends/relatives and moneylender and 100 per cent of the households have grameena bank.  The results indicate that, the average credit amount borrowed by households in micro-watershed was Rs, 179,833.33.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households borrowed from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households borrowed from private sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicated that 16.67 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from private sources.  The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent opined that the loan amount borrowed from helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 50 per cent opined that the loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirement.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 39113.16. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56381.43. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 17268.26. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44.  The cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 57136.14. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 168377.46. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 111241.32. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95.  The total cost of cultivation for Groundnut was Rs. 25833.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from Groundnut cultivation was Rs. 18626.72. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.72.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27477.74. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 39316.25. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 11838.50. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43. 4  The total cost of cultivation for Coconut was Rs. 41867.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 82333.33. The net income from Coconut cultivation was Rs. 40466.13. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The results indicate that, 50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and 2.94 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 42,666.67 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 194,045.45, for small farmers it was Rs. 108,030.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 151,333.33 and medium farmers it was Rs. 364,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 18,927.24. For landless households it was Rs. 13,000, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 18,158.80, for small farmers it was Rs. 15,398.42, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 19,100 and for medium farmers it was Rs. 90,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 4 coconut, 14 mango and 2 sapota trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 4 eucalyptus and banyan, 21 teak, 101 neem, 9 tamarind and 2 acacia trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 5,882.35 for land development, Rs. 882.35 for irrigation facility and Rs. 676.47 for improved crop production.  The results indicated that own funds was the source of additional investment for 61.76 per cent for land development, 2.94 per cent for irrigation facility and 23.53 per cent improved crop production.  The results indicated that, coconut, groundnut and paddy was sold to the extent of 100 per cent, jowar was sold to the extent of 87.5 per cent, red gram was sold to the extent of 99.53 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 94.29 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 91.18 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to to local/village merchants and 5.88 per cent of them sold in regulated markets.  The results indicated that, 97.06 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 91.18 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 2.94 per cent of the households used dung cake, 85.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 41.18 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 94.12 per cent of the households, 20.59 per cent of the household used bore well and 2.94 per cent of the households used lake/tank in the micro watershed. 5  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 69.44 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card. The results indicated that, 76.47 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals and pulses were adequate for 79.41 per cent of the households, oilseed were adequate for 61.76 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 70.59 per cent, fruits and egg was adequate for 26.47 per cent milk were adequate were 61.76 per cent and meat were adequate for 20.59 per cent.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 23.53 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate were 20.59 per cent, oilseed were inadequate for 38.24 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 29.41 per cent, fruits was inadequate for 73.53 per cent, milk were inadequate for 32.35 per cent, egg were inadequate for 64.71 per cent and meat were inadequate for 70.59 per cent.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 100 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (97.06%). frequent incidence of pest and diseases (73.53%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (82.35%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (79.41%), low price for the agricultural commodities (67.65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (38.24%), inadequate extension services (58.82%) and source of Agri-technology information (2.94%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Abbagiri Tanda-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 644 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 88 per cent is covered by soils, 10 per cent rock outcrops, 2 per cent is by water bodies and 150 cm).  About 3 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 54 per cent soils are loamy and 31 per cent clayey soils at the surface  About 14 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 9 per cent in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 74 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 5 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5% slope).  An area of about 68 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 20 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 15 per cent soils are strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), an area of about 37 per cent soils are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), an area of about 18 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction and an area of 17 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in 72 per cent area.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in an area 18 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in an area of 70 per cent.  About 29 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 51 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 9 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 83 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 27 (4) 103(16) Pomegranate - 271(42) Maize 23 (4) 97 (17) Guava - 253 (39) Bajra 23 (4) 356 (55) Jackfruit - 253 (39) Groundnut - 417 (65) Jamun - 266 (41) Sunflower 4 (<1) 83 (13) Musambi 4 (<1) 265(41) Cotton 4 (<1) 123(19) Lime 4 (<1) 285 (44) Red gram - 70 (10) Cashew - 246 (38) Bengalgram 61 (9) 108 (17) Custard apple 9 (1) 503 (78) Chilli - 96 (17) Amla 4 (<1) 508 (79) Tomato 23 (4) 73 (11) Tamarind - 38 (6) Drumstick - 166 (26) Marigold - 129 (20) Mulberry - 400 (62) Chrysanthemum - 129 (20) Mango - - Jasmine - 92 (14) Sapota - 233 (36) Crossandra - 92 (14)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SILENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  The results indicated that among 35 famers 11 (22.45%) were marginal farmers, 14 (31.82 %) were small farmers, 9 (20.45 %) were semi medium farmers and 5 (11.36 %) was medium farmer. Apart from these 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The data indicated that there were 98 (52.69%) men and 88 (47.31%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of marginal farmers was 4, small farmer was 4, semi medium farmer was 5, medium farmers were 3 and for landless farmers it was 4.  The data indicated that 32 (17.20 %) people were in 0-15 years of age, 81 (43.55%) were in 16-35 years of age, 59 (31.72 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 14 (7.53 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that the Abbagiri Tanda-2 had 33.87 per cent illiterates, 1.61 per cent functional literates, 23.12 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.75 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.52 per cent of them had high school education, 5.91 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.54 per cent of them had ITI, 1.08 per cent them had Diploma education, 4.84 per cent of them had degree education and 3.76 per cent of them had other education. The results indicated that, 81.82 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 9.09 per cent of the household heads were general labours.  The results indicated that agriculture was the major occupation for 56.45 per cent of the household members, 2.15 per cent were agricultural labourers, 5.91 per cent were general labours, 1.61 percent were in government service, 2.15 per cent of them were in private sector, 0.54 per cent of them were trade and business, 20.43 per cent of them were students and 2.69 per cent were housewives. In case of landless households 50 per cent were general labours, 5 per cent were in private service and 35 per cent were students. In case of marginal farmers 71.79 per cent were agriculturist, 2.56 percent were agricultural labour and general labour and 17.95 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 62.07 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 20.69 per cent of them were students. In case of semi medium farmers 58.54 per cent of the household members were practicing agriculture and 21.95 per cent of them were students. In case of medium farmers, 60.71 per cent of the household members were performing agriculture.  The results showed that 4.30 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 1.08 per cent of them participated in user group and 94.62 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Marginal, small farmers and semi medium farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions. 2  The results indicated that 68.18 per cent of the households possess Katcha house. 100 percent of the landless farmers possess Katcha house.  The results showed that 68.18 per cent of the households possess TV, 36.36 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 22.73 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 43.18 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 77.27 per cent of the households possess mobile phones and 2.27 per cent of the households possess refrigerator.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.4800, mixer grinder was Rs.1400, refrigerator Rs.15000, bicycle Rs.1727, motor cycle was Rs.30350 and mobile phone was Rs.1220.  The results showed that, about 15.91 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 27.27 per cent of them possess plough, 2.27 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 9.09 per cent of the households possess tractor, 20.45 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 15.91 per cent of the households possess sprinkler, 50 per cent of the households possess weeder, 6.82 per cent of the households possess harvester, 2.27 per cent of the households possess thresher and 11.36 per cent of the households possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of plough was Rs.1318, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 17000, the average value of power tiller Rs. 100000, the average value of tractor Rs. 300000, the average value of sprinkler Rs.3192, the average value of was sprayer Rs.2409, the average value of weeder Rs. 72, the average value of harvester Rs.4662 and the average value of chaff cutter Rs.3000.  The results indicated that, 31.82 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 11.36 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6.82 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 2.27 per cent of the households possess sheep and goat respectively. In case of marginal farmers, 27.27 per cent of the households possess bullock. In case of small farmers, 42.86 per cent of households possess bullock, 14.29 per cent possess local cow and buffalo and 7.14 per cent possess sheep and goat respectively. In case of semi medium farmers, 44.44 per cent of the households possess bullock, 11.11 per cent possess local cow and buffalo correspondingly. In medium farmers 20 per cent of the households possess bullock and 40 per cent of the households possess local cow.  The results indicated that, average own labour men available in the micro-watershed was 1.53, average own labour (women) available was 1.26, average hired labour (men) available was 11 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.82. In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 1.36, average own labour (women) was 1.09, average hired labour (men) was 6 and average hired labour (women) available was 6. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.46, average own labour (women) was 1.08, average hired labour 3 (men) was 10.23 and average hired labour (women) available was 12.38. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 1.88, average own labour (women) was 1.63, average hired labour (men) was 19.38 and average hired labour (women) available was 20. In medium farmers average own labour men available was 1.50, average own labour (women) was 2, average hired labour (men) was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.50.  The results indicated that77.27 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate About 100 per cent of the marginal farmers, 92.86 per cent of small, 88.89 per cent of semi medium and 40 per cent of the medium farmers have opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicated that, 2 person was migrated from micro-watershed that belonged to small and semi medium farmer category. Total migration in the microwatershed was only 1.08 per cent. The results indicated that, people have migrated on an average of 375 Kms and average duration was 6.50 months. Small farmers have migrated 150 kms and on an average for 6months and semi medium farmers have migrated 600 kms and on an average for 7 months. The results indicated that, job/work was the only reason for migration for all the migrants.  The results indicated that, households of the Abbagiri Tanda-2 micro-watershed possess 21.53 ha (40.38 %) of dry land and 31.79 ha (59.62%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.83 ha (95.08%) of dry land and 0.40 ha (4.92%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.27 ha (69.10%) of dry land and 5.04 ha (30.90 %) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.43 ha (16.18%) of dry land and 12.58 ha (83.82 %) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 13.76 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 264642.86 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 380532.21. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 370372.28 for dry land and Rs. 741000 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 221643.93 for dry land Rs. 713643.66 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123500 for dry land and Rs. 389414.42 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 239735.29 for irrigated land.  The results indicated that, there were 21 functioning and 12 defunctioning bore wells in the micro watershed. The results indicated that, there was only 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicated that, bore well was the major irrigation source for 47.73 per cent of the farmers and open well was source of irrigation source for 2.27 per cent of the farmers. The results indicated that, marginal farmers having 0.81 per cent of irrigated land. In case of small farmers there were 5.17 ha of irrigated land, semi 4 medium farmers were having 15.08 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers were having 11.34 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicated that, farmers have grown Bajra (12.61 ha), Bengal gram (0.91 ha), Chilly (0.81 ha), Ground nut (1.62 ha), Kanakambara (0.40 ha), Maize (21.16 ha), Navane (3.24 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha), Papaya (1.67 ha) and Tomato (0.87 ha) in kharif season and Bengal gram (1.21 ha), Ground nut (1.74 ha), Paddy (0.81 ha) and Red gram (1.46 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, Navane and Kanakambara. Small farmers have grown Bajra, Maize, Navane, Tomato, Water melon and Groundnut. Semi medium farmers have grown Bajra, Bengal Gram, Chilly, Groundnut, Maize, Paddy and Papaya. Medium farmers have grown Groundnut and Maize.  The results indicated that, the cropping intensity in Abbagiri Tanda-2 microwatershed was found to be 95.82 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers, small farmers and medium farmers it was 100 per cent and in case of semi medium farmers it was 87.26 per cent.  The results indicated that, 61.36 per cent of the households have bank account and savings respectively. Landless farmers 80 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 81.82 per cent of marginal farmers possess both bank account and savings correspondingly. Small farmers possess 71.43 per cent of both bank account and savings and medium category of farmers possess 44.44 per cent of bank account and also savings in that order.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent of landless, 81.82 per cent of marginal, 14.29 per cent of small and 44.44 per cent semi medium have borrowed credit from different sources. The results indicated that, 20.83 per cent have availed loan in Commercial bank, 50 per cent of the households availed loan in Grameena bank, 45.83 per cent have availed loan from money lender and 12.50 per cent have availed loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicated that, landless, marginal, small and semi medium have availed Rs. 26,250, Rs. 50,000, Rs. 177,000, and Rs. 137,500 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro-watershed is 97,666.67.  The results indicated that, 93.75 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for agriculture production and 6.25 per cent of the households have borrowed loan for Social functions like marriage. The results indicated that, agriculture production, bore well/irrigation related equipments, construction-house, construction-cattle shed, household consumption and other reasons were the main purpose for which marginal, small farmers, semi medium farmers borrowed loan. 33.33 per cent of the household's barrowed loan for agriculture production, 8.33 per cent of the household's barrowed loan for Bore well/irrigation related equipments, 5 Construction-house, Construction-cattle shed respectively and 25 per cent of them took loan for household consumption.  The data regarding the repayment status of credit borrowed from institutional sources by households in Abbagiri Tanda-2 showed that 47.06 per cent of the households partially their loan and 52.94 per cent of the households have unpaid their loan. Results indicated that 64.29 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially, 21.43 percent of the households have unpaid their loan and 7.14 per cent of them fully paid their loan.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 12086.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26429.00. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 14342.24, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.19. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 16778.52. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 31106.06. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs.14327.53, and the income generated from red gram was Rs.1613.22, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.85.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 11950.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 26799.50. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 14848.61. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.24. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for crossandra was Rs. 54865.08. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 173888.00. The net income from crossandra cultivation was Rs.119022.92. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.17.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 32635.87. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76962.18. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 44326.31. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.36. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 42105.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70296.94. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 28191.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.67.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for chilly was Rs. 49859.57. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 222300.00. The net income from chilly cultivation was Rs. 172440.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.46. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 50482.00. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 81510.00. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 31028.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.61.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 13048.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32933.33. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 19885.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 6 1:2.52. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Papaya was Rs. 44258.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 575534.00. The net income from Papaya cultivation was Rs. 531275.82. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:13.0.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Tomato was Rs. 24942.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs.111150.00. The net income from Tomato cultivation was Rs. 86207.19. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.46. The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for Watermelon was Rs. 32084.97. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 526018.50. The net income from Watermelon cultivation was Rs. 493933.52. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:16.39.  The results indicated that, 27.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 2.27 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate also the data revealed that 22.73 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is adequate.  The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengal Gram, Chilly, Groundnut, Maize, Navane, Paddy, Papaya, Red Gram, Tomato, Water Melon and Kanakambara flower sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 10500, business Rs. 12727.27, wage Rs. 22340.91, agriculture Rs. 89061.36, dairy farm Rs. 1409.09 and goat farming was Rs. 454.55.  The results indicated that the average expenditure from service/salary was Rs. 340.91, business Rs. 4818.18, wage Rs. 8204.55, agriculture Rs. 52295.45, dairy farm Rs. 795.45 and goat farming was Rs. 386.36.The overall on an average expenditure was Rs.18800.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 36 coconut trees and 224 mango trees in their field.  The results indicated that, 40.91 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 81.82 per cent marginal farmers, 35.71 per cent small farmers and 44.44 per cent semi medium farmers.  The results indicate that, households have planted 3 Teak and Eucalyptus trees in field respectively, also grown 108 neem tree and 1 tamarind tree in the field.  The results indicated that for 38.64 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development. Similarly for the dependency was for irrigation facility 36.36 percent, 29.55 percent for improved crop production and only 2.27 per cent for improved livestock management.  The results indicated that, Bajra, Bengal Gram, Chilly, Groundnut, Maize, Navane, Paddy, Papaya, Red Gram, Tomato, Water Melon and Kanakambara flower sold to the extent of 100 per cent. 7  The results indicated that, 31.82 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 52.27 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and 22.73 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders.  The results indicated that 77.27 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transport and 29.55 per cent have used cart.  The results indicated that, 54.55 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 90.91 per cent of marginal farmers, 71.43 per cent of small farmers and 44.44 per cent of semi medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The results indicated that, 22.73 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding, 54.55 per cent of the households have adopted summer ploughing and 9.09 per cent of the households have adopted dead furrow, mulching, contour cultivation and combination of deep and shallow root crops respectively. The results indicated that 15.91 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government and another 2.27 per cent is constructed by other organization.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households who adopted field bunding opined that 100 per cent of the bunds required full replacement.  The results indicated that, 72. 73 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, 25 percent of the households used LPG and 2.27 per cents of the households used Kerosene as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the source for drinking water for 63.64 per cent of the households, 25 per cent of the households were using bore well and 2.27 per cent of the households were using open well as a source of drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light which was found to be 97.73 per cent and only 2.27 per cent of the people were using kerosene as a source of light.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 40 per cent of landless, 63.64 per cent of marginal, 50 per cent of small, 44.44 per cent of semi medium and 40 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 93.18 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 6.82 per cent of the sampled households not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 100 per cent of the landless, 45.45 percent of the marginal, 21.43 per cent of the small, 66.67 per cent of the semi medium and 60 percent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, milk, egg and meat were adequate for 100 per cent, 79.55 per cent, 34.09, 25 per cent, 2.27 per cent, 93.18 per cent, 84.09 per cent and 11.36 per cent of the households respectively. 8  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 20.45 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 61.36 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 75 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 63.64 per cent, milk was inadequate 2.27 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 4.55 per cent and meat was inadequate for 65.91 per cent of the households.  The data regarding farming constraints experienced by households in Abbagiri Tanda -2 micro-watershed is presented in Table 60. The results indicated that, Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 45.45 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (77.27%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (75%), inadequacy of irrigation water (52.27%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (68.18%), high rate of interest on credit (54.55%), low price for the agricultural commodities (56.82%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (59.09%), inadequate extension services (54.55%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56.82%), less rainfall (36.36%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper /TV/Mobile) (6.82). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Long and expensive transit trips burden millions of households in many low- and middle-income cities. Geography likely plays an important role. In Mexico City, suburban households earn 30% less than urban households, have 40% longer commutes, and spend nearly twice as much per transit trip. This paper examines the relationship between where households live in Mexico City and how much they spend on transit using a large metropolitan household travel survey matched to measures of the built environment. Transit expenditures vary systematically with neighborhood population density, land-use diversity, municipal job density, street network density, and distance to the metro and urban center. These relationships are complex and nonlinear but robust with the inclusion of household income, size, and structure. They are also relatively strong with job density, destination diversity, distance to the metro, and population density being as strongly correlated with transit expenditures as household income. In dollar values, the savings associated with more convenient household locations are substantial and in the same ballpark as total metro fare revenues and a back-of-the-envelope estimate of the total daily external costs of suburban congestion.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raisabad Hosalli-1 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 887 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 817 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils, 6 ha by rock outcrops and about 64 ha by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 22 soil phases (management units) and 9 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 67 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 24 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in an area of 68 per cent.  About 20 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in an area of one per cent.  About 8 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 82 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (150 cm) and 25 per cent soils are very shallow to moderately shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 39 per cent is low (51-100 mm/m) and 28 per cent is very low (0.75) in an area of 24 per cent and medium (0.5-0.75%) in an area of 68 per cent.  About 20 per cent is low (57 kg/ha) in an area of one per cent.  About 8 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 82 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 2 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 243(27) 106(12) Guava - 223(25) Maize <1 (<1) 348(39) Sapota - 223(25) Bajra <1 (<1) 674(76) Pomegranate - 465(52) Groundnut - 367(41) Musambi 303(34) 162(18) Sunflower 225(25) 33(4) Lime 303(34) 162(18) Red gram - 407(46) Amla 74(8) 392(44) Bengal gram 243(27) 106(12) Cashew - 15(2) Cotton 219(25) 127(14) Jackfruit - 15(2) Chilli - 556(63) Jamun - 450(51) Tomato <1 (<1) 408(46) Custard apple 192(22) 274(31) Brinjal 217(24) 456(51) Tamarind - 450(51) Onion 89(13) 216(32) Mulberry - 133(15) Bhendi 217(24) 456(51) Marigold - 557(63) Drumstick - 584(66) Chrysanthemum - 557(63) Mango - 160(18)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change.SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (63.45%) men and 72 (36.55%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.5, marginal farmers' was 4.5, small farmers' was 6, semi medium farmers' was 5.1, medium farmers were 4.3 and large farmers was 3.  The data indicated that, 37 (18.78%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (38.07%) were in 16-35 years of age, 69 (35.03%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.12%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Raisabad Hosalli-1 had 59.90 per cent illiterates, 1.02 per cent of them functional literate, 15.74 per cent of them had primary school, 3.55 per cent of them had Middle school and PUC education, 11.17 per cent of them had high school and 3.05 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 85 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, 10 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers and 5 cent of the household heads was housewives.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 58.88 per cent of the household members, 6.09 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.52 per cent were private service, 22.34 per cent student, 9.14 per cent were housewives and 2.03 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 7.5 per cent of the households possess thatched, 67.5 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 25 per cent of the households possess pucca/RCC house.  The results show that 45 per cent of the households possess TV,2.50 per cent of the households possess radio and landline phone, 7.50 per cent of the households possess mixer/grinder, 5 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 20 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 95 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 6,393, mixer/grinder was Rs. 1,642, motor cycle was Rs. 56,333, auto was Rs. 160,000 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,474.  About 10 per cent each of the households possess bullock cart, 30 per cent each of the households possess plough, 7.50 per cent of the households possess sprayer and sprinkler and 65 per cent of the households possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 16,500, plough was Rs. 1,575, sprayer was Rs. 2,166, sprinkler was Rs.2,333 and the average value of weeder was Rs. 57. 2  The results indicate that, 35 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 22.5 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.5 per cent of the households possess crossbreed cow, 17.5 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 7.50 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.18, average own labour (women) available was 1.45, average hired labour (men) available was 10 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.05.  The results indicate that, 95 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raisabad Hosalli-1 micro-watershed possess 23.63 ha (46.73%) of dry land, 25.80 ha (51.03%) of irrigated land and 1.13 ha (2.24%) of permanent fallow land. Marginal farmers possess 5.4 ha (73.64%) of dry land, 1.7 ha (23.06%) of irrigated land and 0.2 ha (3.29%) of permanent fallow land. Small farmers possess 5.16 ha (49.3%) of dry land and 5.29 ha (50.6%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.16 ha (38.1%) of dry land and 9.11 ha (56.3%) of irrigated land and 0.89 ha (5.51 %) of permanent fallow land. Medium farmers possess 6.88 ha (62.96%) of dry land and 4.05 ha (37.04%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.67 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 340,587.53, the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 604,328.73 and the average value of permanent fallow land was Rs. 573,392.85. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 690,715.90 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 1,587,857.12 and the average land value was Rs.1,646,666.60. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 407,142.86 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 832,159.27 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 227,051.87 for dry land, the average land value was Rs. 636,711.11 for irrigated land and the average land value was Rs. 280,681.82 for permanent fallow land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 116,235.29 for dry land and the average land value was Rs. 469,300 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,142.86 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 20 functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 50 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 52.96 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 1.70 ha, 5.29 ha, 9.19 ha, 4.05 ha and 5.67 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown cotton (20.11%), green gram (15.35 ha), groundnut (3.62 ha) and red gram (4.20 ha). Marginal farmers have grown 3 cotton, green gram and red gram. Small farmers have grown cotton, groundnut and red gram. Semi medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown cotton, green gram and red gram. Large farmers have grown cotton.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raisabad Hosalli-1 microwatershed was found to be 96.78 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Cotton was Rs. 37968.84. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 124061.50. The net income from Cotton cultivation was Rs. 86092.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.27.  The total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 27795.50. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 54874.85. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 27079.35. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.97.  The total cost of cultivation for Red gram was Rs. 65271.49. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 149815.42. The net income from Red gram cultivation was Rs. 84543.93. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.3.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 31661.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 72163.14. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 40501.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.28.  The results indicate that, 47.50 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder and green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 50,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 124,764.29, for small farmers it was Rs. 139,500, semi medium farmers it was Rs. 192,400, for medium farmers it was Rs. 376,500 and large farmers it was Rs. 636,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 37,494.69. For landless farmers it was Rs. 37,500, marginal farmers it was Rs. 16,490.78, for small farmers it was Rs. 11,750, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 25,241.67, for medium farmers it was Rs. 120,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 462,000.  The results indicate that, households have planted 31 mango and 1 sapota trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 83 neem, 6 tamarind and 1 banyan trees in their field and also 22 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 200 for land development.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 2.44 per cent for land development. Own funds was the source of additional investment for 7.32 per cent for land development. 4  The results indicated that, cotton was sold to the extent of 99.54 per cent, green gram and red gram was sold to the extent of 93.75 per cent and groundnut was sold to the extent of 98.25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 90 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchant and 7.50 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market.  The results indicated that, 97.5 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 80 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 90 per cent of the households used fire wood and 10 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 92.5 per cent and 7.50 per cent of the households used bore well in the micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 57.5 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL cards.  The results indicated that, 87.5 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals milk and egg were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 80 per cent, oilseed were adequate for 5 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 85 per cent, fruits were adequate for 22.50 per cent and meat were adequate for 90 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulse were inadequate for 20 per cent of the households, oilseed were inadequate for 95 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 15 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 77.50 per cent and meat were inadequate for 10 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil in the area was the constraint experienced by 82.5 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (22.5%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (87.5%), Inadequacy of irrigation water (12.5%), high cost of fertilizer and plant protection chemicals (85%), high rate of interest on credit (27.5%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (25%), inadequate extension service (2.5%), Lack of transport for safe transport of the Agril produce to the market (12.5%), less rainfall and Source of Agri-technology information (10%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Yelishirur-3 Microwatershed, Gadag Taluk and District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with the State Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nirgudi-1 Microwatershed, Aland Taluk, Kalaburgi District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nirgudi West Microwatershed, Aland Taluk, Kalaburgi District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with theState Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Nirgudi-2 Microwatershed, Aland Taluk, Kalaburgi District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with the State Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; :, Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Regional Centre, Bangalore has taken up a project sponsored by the Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II, (Sujala-III), Government of Karnataka funded by the World Bank under Component -1 Land Resource Inventry. This study was taken up to demonstrate the utility of such a database in reviewing, monitoring and evaluating all the land based watershed development programs on a scientific footing. To meet the requirements of various land use planners at grassroots level, the present study on "Land Resource Inventory and Socio-Economic Status of Farm Households for Watershed Planning and Development of Yelishirur-2 Microwatershed, Gadag Taluk and District, Karnataka" for integrated development was taken up in collaboration with the State Agricutural Universities, IISC, KSRSAC, KSNDMC as Consortia partners. The project provides detailed land resource information at cadastral level (1:7920 scale) for all the plots and socio-economic status of farm households covering thirty per cent farmers randomely selected representing landed and landless class of farmers in the micowatershed. The project report with the accompanying maps for the microwatershed will provide required detailed database for evolving effective land use plan, alternative land use options and conservation plans for the planners, administrators, agricutural extention personnel, KVK officials, developmental departments and other land users to manage the land resources in a sustainable manner. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Traditionally, households have purchased all of their electricity from one single local or regional energy supplier and this is still largely the case in the Swiss market. Across Europe, many electricity customers are gaining the ability to switch their power providers and are also able to choose their own mix of electricity products and price schemes. Market liberalization in Switzerland has been rejected in several public votes and it appears that the Swiss parliament now favors a step-wise liberalization over the coming years. In anticipation of potential pending market liberalization, over the past decade many utility providers have launched appropriate marketing programs. Two main routes were followed: the launch of customer retention programs and the launch of new products in the area of green energy. Customer retention programs are designed to avoid switching behavior and product choices aim at improving provider's image perception and consumer education. The latter two would again result in customer retention. Pricing is considered to be central for most electricity managers, but is not yet used as a marketing instrument. Some managers anticipate a price war once markets have been liberalized.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Raghunathanahalli West-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 238 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 97 per cent is covered by soils and 2 per cent is by water bodies and less than one per cent by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 17 soil phases (management units) and 6 Land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 55 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and an area of 42 per cent has loamy soils.  About 42 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 84 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands and 14 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%) lands.  About 80 per cent area is slightly eroded (e1) and about 18 per cent area is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  Major area of about 81 per cent is slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8) to very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0) and 16 per cent area is neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction.  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 38 per cent area.  An area of about 57 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 30 per cent area.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 3 per cent area.  Available iron is deficient (4.5 ppm) in 25 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 52 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 194 (82) Pomegranate - 89 (38) Maize - 104 (44) Guava - - Bajra - 113 (47) Jackfruit - - Groundnut - 104 (44) Jamun - 89 (38) Sunflower - 89 (38) Musambi - 89 (38) Cotton 27 (11) 167 (70) Lime - 89 (38) Red gram - 89 (38) Cashew - 4 (2) Bengalgram 27 (11) 114 (48) Custard apple 27 (11) 171 (72) Chilli - 113 (47) Amla - 198 (83) Tomato - 104 (44) Tamarind - 89 (38) Drumstick - 89 (38) Marigold - 194 (82) Mulberry - 31 (13) Chrysanthemum - 194 (82) Mango - - Jasmine - 105 (44) Sapota - - Crossandra - 140 (59) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 105 (58.99%) men and 73 (41.01%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of marginal farmers' was 5.2, small farmers' was 5.15, semi medium farmers' was 4.6, medium farmers' was 10 and large farmers' was 3.  The data indicated that, 23 (12.92%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 75 (42.13%) were in 16-35 years of age, 64 (35.96%) were in 36-60 years of age and 16 (8.99%) were above 61 years  The results indicated that Raghunathanahalli West-2 had 22.47 per cent illiterates, 34.83 per cent of them had primary school education, 5.62 per cent of them had middle school education, 19.10 per cent of them had high school education, 4.49 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.69 per cent had diploma and masters, 0.56 per cent did ITI and 5.06 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 94.29 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture, and 2.86 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers and private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 66.29 per cent of the household members, 8.99 per cent were agricultural laborers, 1.12 per cent were in general labour and government service, 0.56 per cent were in artisans, trade and business and housewives, 3.93 per cent were in private service, 15.17 per cent were student and 1.69 per cent were children.  The results show that, 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.71 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 71.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 11.43 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and semi pacca house.  The results show that 77.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 2.86 per cent of them possess DVD/VCD player, refrigerator, land line and computer/ laptop, 68.57 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 57.14 per cent of them possess bicycle, 51.43 per cent of them possess motor cycle, 5.71 per cent of them possess auto and 97.14 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 3151, DVD/VCD player was Rs.1300, mixer grinder was Rs. 1383, refrigerator was Rs.12000, bicycle was Rs.1033, motor cycle was Rs. 28,485, auto was Rs. 21,000, land line was Rs. 1,200, mobile phone was Rs. 802 and computer/laptop was Rs. 30,000.  About 14.29 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, plough and tractor, 2.86 per cent possess seed/ fertilizer drill, 28.57 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 88.57 per cent of them possess weeder 11.43 per cent possess chaff cutter and 5.71 per cent possess earth remover/ duster.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 12,800, plough was Rs. 2,360, seed/ fertilizer drill was Rs. 35,000, tractor was Rs. 240,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,650, weeder was Rs.62, Chaff cutter was Rs. 1,650 and the average value of earth remover/ duster was Rs.10,000.  The results indicate that, 5.71 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 20.00 per cent of the households possess local cow, 8.57 per cent possess buffalo and 2.86 per cent of the households possess goat.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 2.11, average own labour (women) available was 1.60, average hired labour (men) available was 11.11 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.26. The results indicate that, 888.57 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 11.43 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Raghunathanahalli West-2 microwatershed possess 82.57 ha (92.87%) of dry land and 6.34 ha (7.13%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 7.60 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 17.50 ha (96.93%) of dry land and 0.55 ha (3.07%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 22.67 ha (88.79%) of dry land and 2.86 ha (11.21%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 2.92 ha (100%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 34.80 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 108,954.57 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 378,544.07. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 328,982.42 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 191,362.16 for dry land and Rs. 360,583.94 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 121,251.34 for dry land and Rs. 489,108.92 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 273,684.22 for irrigated land. In case of large farmers it was Rs. 11,488.37 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 1 functioning and 1 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 2.86 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 2.61 meters.  The results indicate that semi medium farmers had an irrigated area of 2.49 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (7.27 ha), bengal gram (12.96 ha), green gram (4.59 ha), groundnut (2.83 ha), maize (5.57 ha), navane (0.55 ha), red gram (2.43 ha), sorghum (11.91 ha) and sunflower (18.61 ha). Marginal 3 farmers have grown bajra groundnut, red gram, sorghum and sunflower. While small farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, navane, sorghum, sunflower and maize. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, maize, red gram, sorghum and sunflower. Medium farmers have grown sunflower and Bengal gram. Large farmers have grown Bengal gram and sorghum.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Raghunathanahalli West-2 micro-watershed was found to be 75.10 per cent.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 34.29 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 20534.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 24896.58. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 4361.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.21.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for Bengal gram was Rs. 29001.41. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 43669.40. The net income from Bengal gram cultivation was Rs. 14668.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for green gram was Rs. 17450.25. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 30372.61. The net income from green gram cultivation was Rs. 12922.36. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.74.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 35453.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41303.89. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 5850.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.17.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for jowar was Rs. 18725.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27559.83. The net income from jowar cultivation was Rs. 8834.00. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.47.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31548.18. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48720.69. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 17172.51. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 30370.30. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 56251.09. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 25880.80. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.85. 4  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for red gram was Rs. 20232.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28960.75. The net income from red gram cultivation was Rs. 8728.56. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.43.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 20948.98. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23650.01. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 2701.03. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.13.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sunflower was Rs. 23157.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 35766.20. The net income from sunflower cultivation was Rs. 12608.34. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.54.  The results indicate that, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and green fodder was adequate for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The results indicate that the annual gross income for marginal farmers it was Rs. 98,350, for small farmers it was Rs. 92,320.77, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 132,700, for medium farmers it was Rs. 488,000 and for large farmers it was Rs115,000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 16,211.77. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,363.33, for small farmers it was Rs. 8,565.02, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 152,433.33, for medium farmers it was Rs. 170,000 and for large farmers it was Rs. 100,000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 44 coconut trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 6 yeak, 44 neem and 15 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicated that, bajra was sold to the extent of 96.3 per cent, Bengal gram, green gram, groundnut, jowar, maize, red gram and sunflower was sold to the extent 100 per cent, Navane was sold to the extent of 83.33 per cent and sorghum was sold to the extent of 98.25 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 34.29 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 80 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants and 20 per cent of them sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 14 per cent of the households used cart and 120 per cent of the households used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm. 5  The results indicated that, 54.29 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 74.29 per cent of the households used firewood and 28.57 per cent of the household used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 48.57 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 40 per cent, open well and lake/tank was the major source of drinking water for 2.86 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 34.29 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 2.86 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL, 88.57 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 8.57 per cent of the households did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 28.57 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 94.29 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 65.71 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 34.29 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 68.57 per cent, milk was adequate for 62.86 per cent and meat were adequate for 2.86.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.86 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 31.43 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 45.71 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 17.14 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 51.43 per cent, milk was inadequate for 31.43 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 65.71 per cent and meat was inadequate for 57.14 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 17.14 per cent of the households and vegetables was market surplus for 11.43 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 57.14 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (71.43%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (88.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (22.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (74.29%), high rate of interest on credit (62.86%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (54.29%) , less rainfall (45.71%) and source of agritechnology information (22.86%) ; Not Available

Abstract
This paper presents new estimates of the U.S. Jewish population based on a 2019–2020 Pew Research Center survey, which used a stratified address-based sample of all Americans to screen more than 68,000 respondents and complete full interviews with more than 5,800 adults who are Jewish or have some kind of connection to Judaism. We estimate there are about 5.8 million adult Jews living in the United States, including 4.2 million who identify as Jewish by religion and 1.5 million who are Jews of no religion. In addition, 1.8 million children live with at least one adult Jew and are being raised Jewish in some way. Altogether, about 7.5 million people, or 2.4% of the total U.S. population, are Jewish. We present population estimates for additional detailed categories of Jewish adults and children in Jewish households that are not available in any other recent source.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Abbagiri Tanda-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 877 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 96 per cent is covered by soils and 4 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 16 soil series and 52 soil phases (management units) and 8 Land Management Units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 6 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 57 per cent soils are loamy and 16 per cent clayey soils at the surface  About 32 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 4 per cent in the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 69 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands and 6 per cent area is gently sloping (3-5% slope)  An area of about 59 per cent is moderately (e2) eroded and 19 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 21 per cent soils are strongly acid (pH 5.0-5.5), an area of about 21 per cent soils are moderately acid (pH 5.5-6.0), an area of about 13 per cent soils are slightly acid (pH 6.0-6.5) in soil reaction, an area of 10 per cent is neutral (pH 6.5- 7.3), 5 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 7 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8-8.4) and 2 per cent is strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is 0.75%) in 61 per cent area.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in an area 25 per cent and high (>57 kg/ha) in an area of 54 per cent.  About 43 per cent is low (145 kg/ha) in available potassium, 27 per cent is medium (145-337 kg/ha) and 8 per cent is high (>337 kg/ha).  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 67 per cent area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 38 per cent area.  Available copper and manganese are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 40 (5) 177 (20) Pomegranate - 180 (20) Maize 15 (2) 202 (23) Guava - 158 (18) Bajra 19 (2) 316 (36) Jackfruit - 158 (18) Groundnut - 471 (54) Jamun - 160 (18) Sunflower 22 (3) 58 (7) Musambi 22 (3) 158 (18) Cotton 22 (3) 194 (22) Lime 22 (3) 158 (18) Red gram - 80 (9) Cashew 15 (2) 233 (27) Bengalgram 22 (3) 205 (23) Custard apple 79 (9) 531 (60) Chilli 18 (2) 199 (23) Amla 46 (5) 557 (64) Tomato 18 (2) 199 (23) Tamarind - 24 (3) Drumstick 2 (<1) 253 (29) Marigold 15 (2) 202 (23) Mulberry 2 (<1) 426 (48) Chrysanthemum 15 (2) 202 (23) Mango - 2 (<1) Jasmine 15 (2) 180 (20) Sapota - 158 (18) Crossandra 15 (2) 180 (20)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 124 (53.45%) men and 108 (46.55%) were women among the sampled households. The average family size of land less farmers was 4, marginal farmers were 4, small farmer was 5, semi medium farmer was 5 and medium farmers were 3.  There were 55 (23.71%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 101 (43.53%) were in 16-35 years of age, 57 (24.57 %) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (8.19%) were above 61 years of age.  The micro watershed had 34.48 per cent illiterates, 0.43 per cent functional literates, 34.48 per cent of them had primary school education, 2.59 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.36 per cent of them had high school education, 7.33 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.66 per cent of them diploma, 0.86 per cent of them had ITI, 3.45 per cent of them had degree education and 1.29 per cent of them had other education.  The results indicate that, 81.63 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 4.08 per cent of the household heads were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 53.88 per cent of the household members, 7.33 per cent were agricultural laborers, 4.31 per cent were general labours, 0.43 percent were in government service, 0.86 per cent of them were in private sector, 0.43 per cent of them were in trade and business, 21.98 per cent of them were students and 1.72 per cent were housewives.  The results shows that 1.72 per cent of them participated in self help groups, 0.86 per cent of them participated in gram panchayat, 0.43 per cent of them participated in Raitha Sangha and 96.98 per cent of them have not participated in any local institutions. Landless and medium farmers were found to have no participation in any local institutions. Semi medium farmers were found to participate in one or the other local institutions.  The results indicate that 87.76 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 10.20 per cent of them possess Pucca house and 2.04 per cent them possess semi Pucca house. 100 percent of the landless, marginal and small farmers possess Katcha house.  The results shows that 57.14 per cent of the households possess TV, 34.69 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 28.57 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 42.86 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 83.67 per cent of the households possess mobile phones. The average value of television was Rs.3178, mixer grinder was Rs.1876, DVD player was Rs.2000, motor cycle was Rs.33857, bicycle was Rs.1250, Auto Rs.200000 and mobile phone was Rs.1736.  About 34.69 per cent of the households possess plough, 30.61 per cent of them possess bullock cart and 26.53 per cent of the households possess sprayer, 12.24 2 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 46.94 per cent of the households possess weeder. The average value of plough was Rs.748, the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 18750 and the average value of sprayer was Rs.2117.  The results indicate that, 36.73 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 18.37 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6.12 per cent of the households possess buffalo and 2.04 per cent of the households possess equally for sheep and goat respectively.  Average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.91, average own labour (women) available was 1.45, average hired labour (men) available was 11.36 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.41.  The results indicate that, 89.80 per cent of the household opined that hired labour was adequate. The results indicate that, 1 person was migrated from micro watershed that belonged to semi medium farmer category. People have migrated on an average of 450 Kms and average duration was 10 months. Job/work was important reason for migration for all the migrants.  Households of the Abbagiri Tanda-1 micro watershed possess 40.54 ha (68.45%) of dry land and 18.69 ha (31.55%) of irrigated land. The average value of dry land was Rs.260116.79 and average value of irrigated was Rs.316639.24. There were 14 functioning and 7 defunct bore wells in the micro watershed. Bore well was the major irrigation source for 28.57 per cent of the farmers. There were 10.76 ha of irrigated area in total in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown Maize (29.38 ha), Navane (0.81 ha), Bajra (7.32 ha), Paddy (1.22 ha), Sorghum (3.04 ha), and Red gram (2.49ha) in kharif season and Bengal gram (4.08 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), Red gram (1.21 ha) and sorghum (0.81 ha) in Rabi season.  Marginal farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, sorghum, Ground nut, Bengal gram and Redgram. Small farmers have grown Maize, Bajra, sorghum, Bengal gram and paddy. Semi medium farmers have grown Maize, bajra, Bengal gram and Paddy. Medium farmers have grown Maize and Bengal gram. Medium farmers have grown Maize and Bengal gram.  The cropping intensity in Abbagiri Tanda-1 micro watershed was found to be 90.91 per cent. In case of Marginal farmers it was 96.40 per cent, for small farmers it was 87.36 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 89.84 per cent and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 55.10 per cent and 53.06 per cent of the households have both bank account and savings respectively. Among marginal farmers 63.64 percent of them possess both bank account and savings. 65 per cent of small farmers possess bank account and 60 per cent of savings. Semi medium farmers possess 54.55 per cent of both bank account and savings and medium category of farmers possess 50 per cent of bank account and also savings. 3  The results indicate that, 65.22 per cent have availed loan in Grameena bank, 43.48 per cent have availed loan in money lender and 4.35 per cent have availed loan from cooperative bank. Marginal, small, semi medium and medium have availed Rs.16142.86, Rs. 114444.44, Rs.50000, and Rs. 250000 respectively. Overall average credit amount availed by households in the micro watershed is 73608.70.  The results indicate that, 18.75 per cent of the households have repaid their institutional credit partially which includes 22.22 per cent of small farmers, 33.33 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The data also showed that 56.25 per cent of households have unpaid their loans and only 25 per cent of households have fully repaid their loans. The results also indicated that 20 per cent of the households have repaid their private credit partially and 80 percent of the households have unpaid their loan.  The results indicated that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 23153.0. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 22838.19. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -314.89, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.99.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 20389.96. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 47012.31. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 26622.35, and the income generated from red gram was Rs. 10618.55, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31.  Total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 12067.31. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25935. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 13867.69. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.15.  Total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 35259.34. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 41003.63. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 5744.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.16.  The total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 14260.22. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 27694.88. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 13715.62. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.96.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 41141.81. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80509.57. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 39367.76. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.96.  Total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 48921.12. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80878.78. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 31957.66. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.65.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 13963.32. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25468.44. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 11505.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.82. 4  The results indicate that, 59.18 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 4.08 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate also the data revealed that 24.49 per cent of the farmers opined that green fodder is adequate.  The table indicated that the average income from service/salary was Rs. 3571.43, business Rs.3632.65, wage Rs.27367.35, agriculture Rs. 52992.86, farm income Rs.1632.65, Non farm income Rs.3061.22, dairy farm Rs.2215.31 and goat farming was Rs.3061.22.  The results indicated that, 44.90 per cent of the households are interested in growing horticultural crops which include 45.45 per cent marginal farmers, 55 per cent small farmers, 45.45 per cent semi medium farmers and 50 per cent medium farmers.  The results indicated that for 12 per cent of the households were dependent on government subsidy for land development. Similarly for the dependency was for irrigation facility 48 percent and only 2 percent for improved crop production. The results indicated that, only Navane was sold to the extent of 100 per cent.  The data regarding marketing channels used for sale of agricultural produce was showing that 57.14 percent of the households have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 42.86 percent of the households sold their produce in regulated markets and only 4.08 per cent of the households sold their produce to agents/traders.  The data about mode of transport of agricultural produce indicated that 75.51 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transport and 28.57 per cent have used tractor. The results indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households have shown interest in soil testing i.e. 63.64 per cent of marginal farmers, 70 per cent of small farmers, 54.55 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium farmers have shown interest in soil testing.  The data pertaining to soil and water conservation practices and structures adopted in micro watershed was indicating that, 10.20 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding which includes 18.18 per cent of marginal, 10 per cent of small farmers, and 50 per cent of medium farmers. Summer ploughing was adopted by 57.14 per cent of the households i.e.63.64 per cent of the marginal farmers, 70 per cent of the small farmers, 54.55 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent medium farmers.  Form pond was adopted by the farmers was 2.04 per cent. The data regarding agencies involved in soil conservation structures in was showing that 2.04 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by farmers on their own, 8.16 per cent of the soil conservation structures are constructed by the government and another 2.04 per cent is constructed by farmer's organization. 5  The results indicated that, 83.67 percent used fire wood as a source of fuel, and 14.29 percent of the households used LPG. Also results indicated that, piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 53.06 per cent which includes 100 per cent of landless, 45.45 per cent of marginal, 40 per cent of small farmers, 63.64 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium farmers and 10.20 per cent of the households were using bore well as a source of drinking water.  The results indicated that, electricity was the major source of light which was found to be 93.88 per cent. The results indicated that, 34.69 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 60 per cent of landless, 45.45 per cent of marginal, 3 per cent of small, 9.09 per cent of semi medium and 50 per cent of medium had sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 91.84 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.04 per cent of the sampled households have not possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 36.73 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme which included 60 per cent of the landless, 45.45 percent of the marginal, 4 per cent of the small, 36.36 per cent of the semi medium and 100 percent of the medium farmers.  The result of data regarding adequacy of food items was showing that that, 97.97 per cent of cereals, 79.59 per cent of pulses, 63.27 per cent of oilseeds and 67.35 percent of both milk and egg were adequate for the households. Vegetables and fruits were adequate only for 10.20 per cent and meat was 4.08 per cent for the households respectively.  Also, the results indicated that, both vegetables and fruits were inadequate for 85.71 per cent of the households. Milk and egg were inadequate for 30.61 per cent respectively; meat was inadequate for 89.90 per cent. Cereals, pulses and oilseeds were inadequate for 2.04 per cent, 18.37 per cent and 8.16 per cent respectively.  The results of the farming constraints experienced by households in studied micro watershed was indicating that Lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 32.65 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (59.18%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (55.10%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.10%), high cost of Fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (65.31%), high rate of interest on credit (63.27%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65.31%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (67.35%), inadequate extension services (63.27%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (79.59%), less rainfall (30.61%) and Source of Agri-technology information(Newspaper/TV/Mobile) (12.24). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project