Suchergebnisse

The aim of the paper is to determine the scale of intervoivodship variation in terms of the level of household income, taking into account the sources of this income. To evaluate regional differences related to the economic situation of households, the authors used data on the sources and level of income per person in a household in a voivodship. Average values of income for each identified source were calculated on the basis of microdata from the 2016 Household Budget Survey carried out by Statistics Poland. For the purpose of the study, the authors employed k-medoid method, one of non-hierarchical techniques of division. It was demonstrated that of all the diagnostic features adopted in the study, it was the level of income from permanent employment abroad which differentiated among particular clusters of voivodships to the largest extent. The average value for this feature in cluster 2 was PLN 5000,70 per person in the household. The performed grouping of voivodships showed that the extent to which households search for additional sources of income depends on the economic potential of the region and available opportunities.

Aim of study: To investigate the structure and evolution of farm household income and examine the contribution of different sources of farm household income, particularly the impact of Common Agricultural Policy reform on farm household income inequality in Slovenia.Area of study: Slovenia, one of the European Union member states.Material and methods: A panel data set was compiled using Slovenian Farm Accountancy Data Network data at farm level for the period 2007-2013. Total farm household income was disaggregated into two different components: 1) income components, which can contain market income and off-farm income, and 2) subsidy components, which can contain subsidies from Pillars 1 and 2. Pillar 2 support included subsidies related to agri-environmental measures, less favoured areas and other rural development measures. The income distribution and decomposition were examined using the Gini decomposition method to determine the contribution of each income source and the policy shift from market to government support on farm household income and overall inequality.Main results: A shift in Common Agricultural Policy and related measures determined the structure and evolution of farm household incomes. Off-farm income had a lesser and rather stable impact on farm household income inequality, while the major change involved an increase in the importance of subsidies from Pillar 2 which is consistent with a policy of targeting farms in less favoured areas. Subsidies from Pillar 1 reduced, while market income increased farm household income inequality.Research highlights: Subsidies in farm incomes increased. They could reduce farm household income inequality.

Größe, Entstehung und Verteilung der Einkommen privater Haushalte zählen zu den wichtigsten Indikatoren einer Volkswirtschaft. Die aktuellen Haushaltseinkommen sind dabei nicht nur von theoretischer Bedeutung, sondern spielen eine wichtige Rolle für die politischen Entscheidungsträger. Diese Arbeit hat das Ziel einzuschätzen, welche Faktoren das Einkommen privater Haushalte in Afghanistan wesentlich bestimmen und wie sich das Haushaltseinkommen in den letzten Jahren verändert hat. Dazu werden Einkommen der bevölkerungsreichsten Provinzen Afghanistans analysiert. Die Analyse stützt sich auf Stichprobenwerte, die auf einer Befragung von insgesamt mehr als tausend Haushalten beruht. Dabei werden die Stärke und die Einflussrichtung verschiedener Faktoren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse erlauben nicht nur eine Einschätzung der vergangenen Wirtschaftspolitik, sondern können zudem aufzeigen, welche Faktoren die Politik in der Zukunft verstärkt berücksichtigen sollte. ; Household income is often used as an important indicator in Economic. Studying the role of this indicators and tracking the income share of household is not only an academic interest but also very helpful for future planning that the government and also policy makers take into account. The main objective of this research is to assess which factors of income for Household have changed during the last years in Afghanistan. And also to analyze the important elements of these factors on Household income in most populated provinces of Afghanistan. Besides analyzing the changes, this research aims to take into account how positive or negative changes of each variable have impacted the household income in local areas. This research determined the changes of factors determining the household incomes and effects of these changes. The results show how successful policies of government have been and highlight the factors that policy makers should take into account.

"This paper concentrates on official statistics on household income, poverty, and wealth. It characterizes the main research questions in this field, and it presents an overview of the available statistics and Scientific Use Files produced by the four Research Data Centers (RDC) in Germany. (RDC of the Federal Statistical Office; RDC of the Statistical Offices of the German states; RDC of the German Labor Office; RCD of the German Pension Insurance). We support the recommendations of a peer review group for the Federal Statistical Office based on the European Statistics Code of Practice, and suggest peer reviews for all data producing bodies including ministries. We repeat a recommendation of a former Commission to find ways of distributing Scientific Use Files to reliable foreign research institutes. Special recommendations refer to the improvement of survey methods and extended questionnaires of the Income and Consumption Survey (EVS) and the German contribution to the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC). We also recommend a harmonization of the administrative statistics on the various minimum benefit programs, and the development of a single Scientific Use Files for all minimum benefit recipients." (author's abstract)

Considering income is a key point for most people's well- being, the article is focusing on the role of economic situation in the country and government policy transfers to meet American household's expenses under pandemic. While economic trends being quite positive for the well-being of most adults before pandemic, it has become a serious problem for them during COVID‑19 stress. The economic well-being of the American households depends mainly on wages; with dividends, percent, rent income and government transfers coming by. The government programs have been of great importance for personal incomes support, but the uncertainty of the economic recovery demands to continue providing needed relief to Americans. Meanwhile continuing extraordinary budget spending for providing relief to American families and communities have turned out in the highest – since the middle of the last century – federal budget deficit. After President Biden in March signed into law the American Rescue Plan, this financial year budget's deficit may even exceed the previous one. President Biden's proposals may also represent important steps toward increasing tax revenues by making wealthy people to pay more fair amount of taxes on their income; raising the top marginal income tax rate, requiring. But, it would depend on changing current laws regulating taxes. The article also highlights continuing financial concerns for many households facing uncertainty of economic recovery, and especially challenges for those who lack savings, government transfers. It is pointing out that at the beginning of the Biden's presidency the percentage of Americans who worry a great deal about hunger, homelessness as the consequences of poverty, unemployment has been rising. The financial security of the households will depend on the economic situation; the government policy to meet income declines and provide greater income stability through increased social insurance.

We explore the link between personal and functional income distribution at the micro level. We focus on the European experience over the crisis, comparing European households' incomes in 2007, 2012 and 2014. Throughout the period, most households earned income from more than one source, and a positive relation exists between both the capital and labour shares of incomes and total household incomes. We find that functional distribution, i.e. what kind of income a household earns, significantly affects both its position in the income distribution and its chances of mobility within it, and such impact is magnified by the crisis. However, the geography of European households' incomes is much more complex than frequently suggested. In general, the more households depend on labour incomes the more likely they were to move downwards in the income distribution. However, this does not imply that capital incomes made households more likely to move upwards.