The article draws lessons from the 1993 state reform on the division of competences between federal and regional governments in the field of foreign arms trade in Belgium. ; L'article tire les enseignements de la réforme de l'Etat intervenue en 1993 sur le partage des compétences entre Etat fédéral et régions en matière de commerce extérieur de l'armement en Belgique.
In this note, the first part provides a summary overview of the different types of global modelling tools: integrated assessment models for the analysis of climate change adaptation/mitigation policies; market and trade models for the projection of food availability and needs and the assessment of the impact of various factors (including policies in particular) in terms of global food security. The second part identifies the main internal INRA work, which could constitute the bricks of a global model with biogeophysical and economic components, whether developed at INRA or elsewhere. The third part proposes research into the potential overall modelling of the GloFoodS metaprogramme. ; Dans cette note, la première partie donne un aperçu synthétique des différents types d'outils de modélisation globale : les modèles d'évaluation intégrée pour l'analyse des politiques d'adaptation au/mitigation du changement climatique, d'une part ; les modèles de marchés et d'échanges pour la projection des disponibilités et des besoins alimentaires et l'évaluation de l'impact de différents facteurs (dont en particulier les politiques) en termes de sécurité alimentaire mondiale, d'autre part. La deuxième partie recense les principaux travaux internes à l'INRA, qui pourraient constituer les briques d'un modèle global avec composantes biogéophysiques et économiques, que ce dernier soit développé à l'INRA ou ailleurs. La troisième partie propose des pistes de recherche en matière de modélisation globale que pourrait porter le métaprogramme GloFoodS.
International audience This paper is about the contested use of urban space, focusing on the appropriation of informal trading spaces by street traders in Kisumu, Kenya's third largest city. The objective is to understand the access to and control of the trading streets around Jomo Kenyatta Sports Ground. These trading places are understood as a resource. I argue that legal and political contradictions create an ambiguous institutional environment. These ambiguities contribute to the development of conflicts in the use of these trading places and give advantages to actors with a key position, particularly the brokers acting as an interface between street traders and authorities. The empirical material for this study comes from surveys carried out in Kisumu between April and December 2016. 26 semi-structured interviews, three life story interviews and two focus group interviews were carried out, mainly with street traders. The first part of this paper develops the theoretical approach and the ambiguity of the street trading institutional environment. The second part deals with the daily struggle for trading places and then it focuses on projects by local authorities about street trade management. These projects increase the process of fragmentation of street traders' associations.
On 28 October 2016, the Council of the European Union (EU) adopted a set of decisions on the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada (CETA): in a first Decision1, the Council authorises the signing of the Agreement; in a second, it decides on the provisional application of the majority of CETA by the Union, in accordance with Article 30.7 (3) of the Agreement and Article 218.5 TFEU; in the third Decision3, it calls on the European Parliament to give its consent to the conclusion of the Agreement. ; Publisher: academia.edu Type: PDF International audience ; On 28 October 2016, the Council of the European Union (EU) adopted a set of decisions on the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement with Canada (CETA): in a first Decision1, the Council authorises the signing of the Agreement; in a second, it decides on the provisional application of the majority of CETA by the Union, in accordance with Article 30.7 (3) of the Agreement and Article 218.5 TFEU; in the third Decision3, it calls on the European Parliament to give its consent to the conclusion of the Agreement. ; Le 28 octobre 2016, le Conseil de l'Union européenne (UE) a adopté un ensemble de décisions relatives à l'Accord économique et commercial global avec le Canada (AECG): dans une première décision1, le Conseil autorise la signature de l'accord; dans une deuxième, il décide de l'application, à titre provisoire, de la plus grande partie de l'AECG par l'Union, conformément à l'article 30.7 §3 de l'accord et à l'article 218.5 du TFUE ; dans la troisième décision3, il invite le Parlement européen à donner son approbation à la conclusion de l'accord.
summary from George H. Bush's presidency (1989-1993), there has been a profound change in the US diplomatic and strategic vision accompanied by two priority areas for action: commercial and military. Bill Clinton (1993-2001) and George W. Bush (2001-2009) continued this strategy. Trade development requires strengthening and deepening free trade on a continental scale. This trade facilitation requires the implementation of parallel measures to promote investment, the establishment of business-friendly legal standards and the control of natural resources. On the military side, States that are important trading partners, due to the volume of trade and the amount of investment in particular, become de facto states "protected" by the world leader; this is all the more so if they have a central and sensitive location that causes them to suffer because of the weight of drug trafficking, for example. This shows the links between geopolitics, geoeconomics and geostrategy. The FLAA is a good example of this ambitious project. ; Resumen Desde la presidencia de George H. Bush (1989-1993), ha habido un cambio profundo en la visión diplomática y estratégica estadounidense acompañado de dos campos de acción prioritarios: el comercial y el militar. Bill Clinton (1993-2001) y George W. Bush (2001-2009) continuaron dicha estrategia. El desarrollo comercial requiere fortalecer y profundizar el libre comercio a escala continental. Esta facilitación del comercio requiere la implementación de medidas paralelas para promover la inversión, el establecimiento de estándares legales favorables para las empresas y el control de los recursos naturales. En el aspecto militar, los Estados que son socios comerciales importantes, por el volumen de comercio y la cantidad de inversión en particular, se convierten en Estados de facto "protegidos" por el líder mundial; más aún si tienen una ubicación central y sensible que los haga sufrir por el peso del narcotráfico, por ejemplo. Esto muestra los vínculos entre geopolítica, geoeconomía y ...
The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
We study the ever more integrated and ever more unbalanced trade relationships between European countries. To better capture the complexity of economic networks, we propose two global measures that assess the trade integration and the trade imbalances of the European countries. These measures are the network (or indirect) counterparts to traditional (or direct) measures such as the trade-to-GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and trade deficit-to-GDP ratios. Our indirect tools account for the European inter-country trade structure and follow (i) a decomposition of the global trade flow into elementary flows that highlight the long-range dependencies between exporting and importing economies and (ii) the commute-time distance for trade integration, which measures the impact of a perturbation in the economy of a country on another country, possibly through intermediate partners by domino effect. Our application addresses the impact of the launch of the Euro. We find that the indirect imbalance measures better identify the countries ultimately bearing deficits and surpluses, by neutralizing the impact of trade transit countries, such as the Netherlands. Among others, we find that ultimate surpluses of Germany are quite concentrated in only three partners. We also show that for some countries, the direct and indirect measures of trade integration diverge, thereby revealing that these countries (e.g. Greece and Portugal) trade to a smaller extent with countries considered as central in the European Union network.
This article examines the application of neoclassical economics to the discussion of China's transition to the market in the 1990s and its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. It shows how this theory shaped, and misled, forecasts of the impact of that accession and of China's subsequent economic performance. It discusses the debate between mini-bang and big-bang transition policies in the 1990s and shows the two sides shared far more in common than separated them. Both sides misestimated, in fact grossly underestimated, the dynamism of China's economy. It shows how widely anticipated predictions of crisis and collapse with China's WTO accession were the natural result of the assumptions of the neoclassical model. It suggests that a rival model of market transition based on Bukharin and Kuznets has much to offer.
Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco ; N° 100 ; Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco ; Périodiques Bulletin économique et social du Maroc ; Economic and Social Bulletin of Morocco ; BESM-article_100-03
Summary The aim of this article was to carry out a diagnosis of how women-led companies are being financed and what are the main obstacles to accessing funding sources. The data were collected by applying a questionnaire to a sample of 272 voluntary female entrepreneurs in Mexico City. The main findings show that micro size predominates in services and trade sectors and do not have legal personality. Female entrepreneurs do not access government and private support as a result of the lack of participation in business networks, so they prefer to finance themselves and family and friends. For this reason, only a third have accessed sources of external financing, and the main obstacle to obtaining this is the excess of requirements, including ownership of immovable property and collateral. These findings highlight the lack of support for female entrepreneurs, who need both skills and funding to make their businesses competitive. ; Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar un diagnóstico para conocer de qué manera se están financiando las empresas dirigidas por mujeres y cuáles son los principales obstáculos para acceder a fuentes de financiamiento. Se recolectaron los datos aplicando un cuestionario a una muestra de 272 empresarias voluntarias de la Ciudad de México. Los principales hallazgos muestran que predomina el tamaño micro, en sectores servicios y comercio, y no cuentan con personalidad jurídica. Las empresarias no acceden a las ayudas gubernamentales y privadas como consecuencia de la falta de participación en redes empresariales, por lo que prefieren financiarse con recursos propios y con familiares y amigos. Por esta razón, solo una tercera parte han accedido a fuentes de financiamiento externo, y el principal obstáculo para obtenerlo es el exceso de requisitos, entre ellos, ser propietarias de bienes inmuebles y contar con garantías. Estos hallazgos ponen en evidencia la falta de apoyo para las mujeres empresarias, las cuales requieren tanto capacitación como financiamiento para hacer ...
Little is generally known about international trade in forest-related products in spite of the fact that a significant portion of world production is exported. Two irreversible trends underlie international trade in forest-related products. one is globalisation while the other is adding as much value as possible locally by processing the materials to the greatest extent possible in the country of origin. Some of the more surprising recent developments are the growth in trade in wood as a source of energy and the dependency of Europe on its massive imports in this area. International trade in forest-related products is a continually changing sector that follows developments in the technical, economic, social and political spheres. Its growth has been spectacular and will remain strong in coming years. The greatest potential for development will come from environmental management, improved logistics and innovation. ; Le commerce international des produits forestiers est souvent mal connu dans son ensemble, bien qu'une proportion importante de la production mondiale soit exportée. Deux tendances irréversibles sous-tendent les échanges internationaux de produits forestiers. La première est celle de la globalisation, la deuxième est d'ajouter le plus de valeur possible localement en transformant autant que possible dans le pays d'origine. Parmi les évolutions récentes, le développement du commerce de bois énergie est surprenant, tout comme la dépendance de l'Europe vis-à-vis de ses importations massives dans ce domaine. Le commerce international des produits forestiers est un secteur en constante mutation. Il évolue avec les réalités techniques, économiques, sociales et politiques. Sa croissance a été spectaculaire et restera forte dans les années à venir. Ses principaux axes de développement seront la gestion environnementale, l'amélioration de la logistique et l'innovation.
Inventory of the archives of Louis Kawan, European official. A former employee of the European Commission, DG External Relations, he deals mainly with the trade and political relations between the EEC and third countries, which vary over the years: EFTA countries, Eastern Europe, China, Japan and Korea. As such, in the 1960s he was one of the Commission's experts for relations with Eastern Europe and participated, for example, in the GATT Trade Negotiation Committee. He will negotiate the entry of Poland, Hungary and Romania while taking part in the first debates that will ultimately lead to the accession of China and Bulgaria. ; Inventaire des archives de Louis Kawan, fonctionnaire européen. Ancien employé de la Commission européenne, DG des relations extérieures, il s'occupe principalement des relations commerciales et politiques entre la CEE et des pays tiers, qui varient au fil des années : pays membres de l'AELE, Europe de l'est, Chine, Japon et Corée. À ce titre, il est dans les années 1960 un des experts de la Commission pour les relations avec l'Europe de l'est et participe par exemple au Trade negotiation Committee du GATT. Il y négociera l'entrée de la Pologne, la Hongrie et la Roumanie tout en participant aux premiers débats qui mèneront in fine à l'adhésion de la Chine et la Bulgarie.
report in the framework of the French Political Barometer, Engamations and Analyses, Elections 2007 (Winter 2007) ; Rapport réalisé dans le cadre du Baromètre politique français, Enjeux et analyses, élections 2007 (hiver 2007)
Little is generally known about international trade in forest-related products in spite of the fact that a significant portion of world production is exported. Two irreversible trends underlie international trade in forest-related products. one is globalisation while the other is adding as much value as possible locally by processing the materials to the greatest extent possible in the country of origin. Some of the more surprising recent developments are the growth in trade in wood as a source of energy and the dependency of Europe on its massive imports in this area. International trade in forest-related products is a continually changing sector that follows developments in the technical, economic, social and political spheres. Its growth has been spectacular and will remain strong in coming years. The greatest potential for development will come from environmental management, improved logistics and innovation. ; Le commerce international des produits forestiers est souvent mal connu dans son ensemble, bien qu'une proportion importante de la production mondiale soit exportée. Deux tendances irréversibles sous-tendent les échanges internationaux de produits forestiers. La première est celle de la globalisation, la deuxième est d'ajouter le plus de valeur possible localement en transformant autant que possible dans le pays d'origine. Parmi les évolutions récentes, le développement du commerce de bois énergie est surprenant, tout comme la dépendance de l'Europe vis-à-vis de ses importations massives dans ce domaine. Le commerce international des produits forestiers est un secteur en constante mutation. Il évolue avec les réalités techniques, économiques, sociales et politiques. Sa croissance a été spectaculaire et restera forte dans les années à venir. Ses principaux axes de développement seront la gestion environnementale, l'amélioration de la logistique et l'innovation.
From the beginning of the 21st century, and during its course until the drafting of this Article 14, the Peruvian foreign policy landscape has developed in a dynamic that focuses on maintaining openness towards assertive communication with the countries of the region, seeking to create spaces for the conclusion of trade agreements. Also seeking to position itself as a leading country in the region, defending democracy, fighting poverty and making progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, among others; avoiding that changes in government, and thus the leader of foreign policy, change or divert the action of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which, with various nuances as regards the designation of the ministers (ministers) of this portfolio, have sought to maintain a fixed line of action, which creates trust and confidence in Peruvian action. However, it is necessary to carry out an analysis of the recent operation of the Chancellery of the Republic (as is also known to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs), taking into account the presidential succession (by vacation made by the Congress of the Republic) from Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard to Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (First Vice-President), who, since the beginning of his period on 23 March 2018, has appointed two Foreign Ministers, Nestestor Popolizio Bardales (02/04/2018-30/09/2019) and Gustavo Meza-Cuadra Velásquez (03/10/2019 — Actuality), the latter takes over the portfolio after the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic (30/09/2019) by President Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo. It is also important to stress that the Peruvian Constitutional Court has now accepted the application for competence brought by Mr Pedro Carlos Olaechea Álvarez-Calderón (who invoked the status of President of the Congress of the Republic) due to the dissolution of the Congress of the Republic. In this order, an analysis of the legal bases governing Peruvian foreign policy will be carried out, identifying the actions of the governments of Alejandro ...
