The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
Explanations of why migrants return to their countries of origin tend to focus on factors at micro and macro levels: from seeing it as individual choice (e. g. neoclassical economics) or household strategy (e. g. neweconomics of labor migration), to seeing it as determined by structural conditions of receiving or sending countries (e. g. economic cycles, wage differentials, etc.). Yet we know very little about how states of origin combine their policies towards emigrants to establish economic links with them, from remittances to return. With an original dataset for Latin American and Caribbean countries, we can provide an initial descriptive panorama that highlights the choices that countries make in this regard. We compare the return policies to other economic policies geared to emigrants. This helps us in detecting return policies, which is often a neglected dimension in comparative diaspora policy studies, as one among several that states oforigin develop to achieve their economic strategies. Also, this first attempt at descriptive analysis provides further paths to explore the causal links behind diaspora policy development in the realm of economic policy. ; Las explicaciones sobre por qué los migrantes retornan a sus países de origen tienden a centrarse en factores de nivel micro o macro: desde considerar la decisión como una elección individual (la perspectiva de la economía neoclásica) ó como una estrategia familiar (el punto de vista de la nueva economía de la migración laboral) hasta asumir que está determinada por condiciones estructurales de los países receptores o de origen (es decir, por los ciclos económicos, las diferencias salariales, etc.). Muy poco sabemos, sin embargo, sobre cómo los Estados de origen combinan distintas opciones de políticas hacia los emigrantes para establecer vínculos económicos con ellos, desde las remesas hasta el retorno. Empleando un conjunto de datos originales, correspondientes a países de América Latina y el Caribe, brindamos un panorama descriptivo inicial que ...
local policies in relation to Roma Face to Roma, local policies seem to be caught in an absurd cycle of evacuations from settlements, the costs of which are considerable in economic and human terms, for very limited benefits. Local experiences, often based on citizens' initiatives, suggest alternatives to these destructive and sterile cycles. ; politiques locales face aux Roms Face aux Roms, les politiques locales semblent prises dans un cycle absurde d'évacuations des campements, dont les coûts sont considérables aux plans économique et humain, pour des bénéfices bien maigres. Des expériences conduites à l'échelle locale, souvent à partir d'initiatives citoyennes, suggèrent l'existence d'alternatives à ces cycles destructeurs et stériles.
9 ; S ; [EN] Copper is an essential element in plants. When scarce, copper is acquired from extracellular environment or remobilized from intracellular sites, through members of the high affinity copper transporters family COPT located at the plasma membrane and internal membrane, respectively. Here, we show that COPT3 is an intracellular copper transporter, located at a compartment of the secretory pathway, that is mainly expressed in pollen grains and vascular bundles. Contrary to the COPT1 plasma membrane member, the expression of the internal COPT3 membrane transporter was higher at 12 h than at 0 h of a neutral photoperiod day under copper deficiency. The screening of a library of conditionally overexpressed transcription factors implicated members of the TCP family in the COPT3 differential temporal expression pattern. Particularly, in vitro, TCP16 was found to bind to the COPT3 promoter and down-regulated its expression. Accordingly, TCP16 was mainly expressed at 0 h under copper deficiency and induced at 12 h by copper excess. Moreover, TCP16 overexpression resulted in increased sensitivity to copper deficiency, whereas the tcp16 mutant was sensitive to copper excess. Both copper content and the expression of particular copper status markers were altered in plants with modified levels of TCP16. Consistent with TCP16 affecting pollen development, the lack of COPT3 function led to altered pollen morphology. Furthermore, analysis of copt3 and COPT3 overexpressing plants revealed that COPT3 function exerted a negative effect on TCP16 expression. Taken together, these results suggest a differential daily regulation of copper uptake depending on the external and internal copper pools, in which TCP16 inhibits copper remobilization at dawn through repression of intracellular transporters. This work has been supported by grants BIO2017-87828-C2-1-P (LP) and the TRANSPLANTA Consortium (CSD2007-00057) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and by FEDER funds from the European Union. NA-C and AC-S ...
RESUMEN This article aims to assess the general orientation (expansionist or counter-shareholder) of the discretionary component of Brazilian fiscal policy in the period 1995-2017, as well as to verify its position with respect to the business cycle (pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical). To this end, we propose and apply a new methodology to separate the discretionary fiscal impulse from that part of the fiscal outcome obtained from the activation of automatic fiscal stabilisers. We conclude that tax policy: (1) generated a mostly pro-cyclical (destabilising) position of its discretionary component, which led it to amplify rather than dampen business cycles; (2) it could not prevent the government debt-to-GDP ratio from entering an unsustainable path at the end of the period. Some suggestions are made to improve their performance. ; RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la orientación general (expansionista o contraccionista) del componente discrecional de la política fiscal brasileña en el periodo 1995-2017, así como verificar su posición respecto al ciclo económico (procíclica o anticíclica). Con este fin, proponemos y aplicamos una nueva metodología para separar el impulso fiscal discrecional de la parte del resultado fiscal que se obtiene de la activación de los estabilizadores fiscales automáticos. Concluimos que la política fiscal: 1) generó una posición mayormente procíclica (desestabilizadora) de su componente discrecional, lo que la llevó a amplificar en lugar de amortiguar los ciclos económicos; 2) no pudo evitar que la relación deuda pública/PIB entrase en una trayectoria insostenible al final del periodo. Se hacen algunas sugerencias para mejorar su rendimiento.
Abstract: Economic theory suggests that dollarization increases the degree of interdependence between the dollarized economy and the anchor country. We test this theory for the case of the U.S. and Ecuador. We perform cointegration and common cycles tests for data at the aggregate and industry levels. The results show that the economies of the U.S. and Ecuador were interrelated prior to dollarization. The interrelation increased after Ecuador adopted the U.S. dollar. This finding holds true for various Ecuadorian industries. Synchronization for the case of the financial industry is particularly revealing, as it shows how dollarization leads to the integration of financial markets.
International audience To palliate the irregular periodicity of Quercus suber acorn production and to sow in the appropriate time, the safe storage of seed of the species is unavoidable. Thus, the aim of this work was to find out a storage method that allows to preserve as long as possible the viability of cork oak acorns, already known as recalcitrant seeds. Thus, the storability of cork oak seeds harvested from two seed sources have been followed through a period of 21 months. After a vigorous cleaning, apparently healthy and intact acorns were subjected to three drying periods and stored under low temperature (0-2°C) within four storage containers. Five hundred acorns from each storage combination were sampled at three-month intervals for moisture content determination, germination tests and acorn losses. Additionally, a nursery experiment was carried out with fifteen-month well preserved acorns to evaluate whether or not they were able to develop further into normal seedlings. The results obtained show that cork oak acorns can be safely stored up to twenty-one months without substantial reduction in germinability. Moreover, storage life span seems influenced by seed origin and drying prior to storage. Sealed drums are better for long storage as compared to unsealed drums and sealed bags here tested. An initial moisture content ranging between 37 and 40 % would be suitable for storage success. Furthermore, results got from nursery trials showed that acorns kept inside sealed drums even ones after one-year storage produce more vigorous seedlings and that sowing of acorns in April seems optimal for containerized seedling production. Certainly, this long safe storage period known for this species is of considerable practical implication to its regeneration, set a solid base for longer seed storage and to carry out further investigations to explain viability loss in these recalcitrant seeds. ; Afin de pallier l'irrégularité des glandées de Chêne-liège et de pouvoir faire le semis des glands au bon moment, le ...
Taking as framework the importance of addressing conceptions about Nature of Science (NoS) and approaching the study of authentic science (scientific practice as is actually carried out in laboratories and other areas), we analyze the implementation of a didactic sequence using an autobiographic narration of an investigation about dengue. The process can be characterized as action research, because it was carried out in successive cycles of planning, implementation, analysis and reflection. The sequence was implemented at the university level and allowed approaching various facets of NoS: trajectories of entry into the system and actors; scientific methodology; construction of hypotheses and development of experimental designs; processes of scientific paper writing; editorial fashions; and science as socially and politically embedded. The proposal appears to have promoted changes in the representations of the students and the identification of biases in their previous scientific training. ; Tomando como marco la importancia de abordar las concepciones sobre la Naturaleza de la Ciencia (NdC) y de acercarnos al estudio de una ciencia auténtica (la práctica científica tal y como se desarrolla en laboratorios y otros ámbitos), analizamos la implementación de una secuencia didáctica utilizando el relato autobiográfico de una investigación sobre dengue. El proceso desarrollado puede caracterizarse como de investigación-acción, ya que se efectuó en ciclos sucesivos de planificación, puesta en práctica, análisis y reflexión. La secuencia fue implementada en el nivel universitario y permitió un acercamiento a diversas facetas de la NdC: trayectorias de ingreso al sistema y actores; metodología científica; construcción de hipótesis y desarrollo de diseños experimentales; proceso de escritura de artículos científicos; modas editoriales; e inserción de la ciencia en la trama social y política. La propuesta habría promovido modificaciones en las representaciones de los estudiantes, así como la identificación de sesgos en su ...
Empirical evidence suggests that most firms operate in imperfectly competitivemarkets. We develop a search-matching model between wholesalers and retailers. Firms face search costs and form long-term relationships. Price bargain results in both wholesaler and retailer markups, depending on firms' relative bargaining power. We simulate the model to explore the role of product market search frictions in business cycles. We show that the way search costs are modelled is crucial to provide a realistic picture of firms' business environment and improve the cyclical properties of an otherwise standard real business cycle model.
Many plate tectonic processes, such as subduction initiation, are embedded in long-term (> 100 Myr) geodynamic cycles often involving subsequent phases of extension, cooling without plate deformation and convergence. However, the impact of upper mantle convection on lithosphere dynamics during such long-term cycles is still poorly understood. We have designed two-dimensional upper mantle- scale (down to a depth of 660 km) thermo-mechanical numerical models of coupled lithosphere–mantle deformation. We consider visco–elasto–plastic deformation including a combination of diffusion, dislocation and Peierls creep law mechanisms. Mantle densities are calculated from petrological phase diagrams (Perple_X) for a Hawaiian pyrolite. Our models exhibit realistic Rayleigh numbers between 1e6 and 1e7, and the model temperature, density and viscosity structures agree with geological and geophysical data and observations. We tested the impact of the viscosity structure in the asthenosphere on upper mantle convection and lithosphere dynamics. We also compare models in which mantle convection is explicitly modelled with models in which convection is parameterized by Nusselt number scaling of the mantle thermal conductivity. Further, we quantified the plate driving forces necessary for subduction initiation in 2D thermo- mechanical models of coupled lithosphere–mantle deformation. Our model generates a 120 Myr long geodynamic cycle of subsequent extension (30 Myr), cooling (70 Myr) and convergence (20 Myr) coupled to upper mantle convection in a single and continuous simulation. Fundamental features such as the formation of hyperextended margins, upper mantle convective flow and subduction initiation are captured by the simulations presented here. Compared to a strong asthenosphere, a weak asthenosphere leads to the following differences: smaller value of plate driving forces necessary for subduction initiation (15 TN/m instead of 22 TN/m) and locally larger suction forces. The latter assists in establishing single-slab ...
S ; [EN] The combination of more strict regulation for pollutant and CO2 emissions and the new testing cycles, covering a wider range of transient conditions, makes very interesting the development of predictive tools for engine design and pre-calibration. This paper describes a new integrated Virtual Engine Model (VEMOD) that has been developed as a standalone tool to simulate new standard testing cycles. The VEMOD is based on a wave-action model that carries out the thermo-and fluid dynamics calculation of the gas in each part of the engine. In the model, the engine is represented by means of 1D ducts, while the volumes, such as cylinders and reservoirs, are considered as 0D elements. Different sub-models are included in the VEMOD to take into account all the relevant phenomena. Thus, the combustion process is calculated by the Apparent Combustion Time (ACT) 1D model, responsible for the prediction of the rate of heat release and NOx formation. Experimental correlations are used to determine the rest of pollutants. In order to predict tailpipe pollutant emissions to the ambient, different sub-models have been developed to reproduce the behavior of the aftertreatment devices (DOC and DPF) placed in the exhaust system. Dedicated friction and auxiliaries sub-models allow obtaining the brake power. The turbocharger consists of 0D compressor and turbine sub-models capable of extrapolating the available maps of both devices. The VEMOD includes coolant and lubricant circuits linked, on the one hand, with the engine block and the turbocharger through heat transfer lumped models; and on the other hand with the engine heat exchangers. A control system emulating the ECU along with vehicle and driver sub-models allow completing the engine simulation. The Virtual Engine Model has been validated with experimental tests in a 1.6 L Diesel engine using steady and transient tests in both hot and cold conditions. Engine torque was predicted with a mean error of 3 Nm and an error below 14 Nm for 90 % of the cycle duration. CO2 ...
Recycling helps to limit or slow down the creation of entropy of the material system; however, full recycling appears unrealistic, in particular due to physical degradation of the material.The article aims to show that very high recycling rates can only be achieved through "loop" recycling, as opposed to "cascading" recycling. Examples of this are the cases of a few materials: firstly, the case of cardboard paper in 2000 at European level. In addition, plastics and, very succinctly, aluminium. In addition, the case of glass refers to an article already published in Waste, Sciences and Techniques No 13, 1994.However, for a more comprehensive view, the analysis will have to incorporate the energy, environmental, economic and social balances. ; International audience A limit to sustainable development could be the exhaustion of some natural resources. A counterpoint is represented by a global closed-loop replenishing system, but real cycles cannot be completely closed. Concerning material systems a factor of entropy lies in losses of physical properties. However recycling is a way to reduce or slow up entropy of material systems. To reach very high recycling rates, loop recycling, and not only cascade recycling, is needed.Cases of some materials provide illustration : at first the case of paper (and cardboard) for the year 2000 at an European level (on the basis of data from the European Recovery Paper Council). The case of plastics is surveyed too ; by comparison with paper, their recycling rates are low ; however not only mechanical recycling but also chemical (feedstock) recycling and energy recovery have to be taken into account. Another case is aluminium, with a high recycling rate, and the case of glass has been considered previously (Déchets, Sciences et Techniques n° 13, 1994).For a global view, the logic in terms of material entropy would have to be supplemented by energy and environmental balances and economic and social aspects. ; Recycling helps to limit or slow down the creation of entropy of the ...
In this article we will investigate the state action in the field of occupational health based on the analysis of the transformations and continuities in the Occupational Risk System in Argentina between 1995 and 2017. We argue that these actions must be understood in a broader framework that contemplates political-economic cycles. For this, we will analyse the modifications made in the normative plexus at three specific moments. In the first place, we will not focus on the birth of the current system with the Labour Risks Law No. 24,557, passed in 1995. Second, we will deepen the scope and limitations of the modification made during Cristina Fernández's second term. of Kirchner, in 2012. Finally, we will focus on the current characteristics after the reform promoted by the government of Mauricio Macri in 2017. We maintain that the Argentine State has prioritized normative-legal actions, focused on control that promote an assistance response, oriented towards the repair of damages and monetary compensation over other levels of intervention. Behind the ways of conceptualizing and recognizing certain professional risks we find hegemonic processes that reduce this problem to a series of physical, chemical and / or biological agents. Thus, current legislation is unaware of the conditions associated with psychosocial dimensions and their impact on the health of workers in an integral sense. ; En este artículo indagaremos en la acción estatal en materia de salud laboral a partir del análisis de las transformaciones y continuidades en el Sistema de Riesgos del Trabajo en Argentina entre 1995 y 2017. Argumentamos que dichas acciones deben comprenderse en un marco más amplio que contemple los ciclos político-económicos. Para ello analizaremos las modificaciones suscitadas en el plexo normativo en tres momentos específicos. En primer lugar, no enfocaremos en el nacimiento del sistema actual con la Ley de Riesgos del Trabajo N°24.557, sancionada en 1995. En segundo lugar, profundizaremos en los alcances y las limitaciones ...
165802-1 165802-11 25 16 ; S Hahn, H., Frank, G., Klingler, W., St�rger, A. D., & St�rger, G. (1955). Untersuchungen �ber tern�re Chalkogenide. VI. �ber Tern�re Chalkogenide des Aluminiums, Galliums und Indiums mit Zink, Cadmium und Quecksilber. Zeitschrift f�r anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 279(5-6), 241-270. doi:10.1002/zaac.19552790502 Haeuseler, H. (1978). FIR- und Ramanspektren von ternären Chalkogeniden des Galliums und Indiums mit Zink, Cadmium und Quecksilber. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 26(4), 367-376. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(78)90171-8 Perdew, J. P., Burke, K., & Ernzerhof, M. (1997). Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]. Physical Review Letters, 78(7), 1396-1396. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.1396 ; Order-disorder phase transitions induced by thermal annealing have been studied in the ordered-vacancy compound ZnGa2Se4 by means of Raman scattering and optical absorption measurements. The partially disordered as-grown sample with tetragonal defect stannite (DS) structure and I (4) over bar 2m space group has been subjected to controlled heating and cooling cycles. In situ Raman scattering measurements carried out during the whole annealing cycle show that annealing the sample to 400 degrees C results in a cation ordering in the sample, leading to the crystallization of the ordered tetragonal defect chalcopyrite (DC) structure with I (4) over bar space group. On decreasing temperature the ordered cation scheme of the DC phase can be retained at ambient conditions. The symmetry of the Raman-active modes in both DS and DC phases is discussed and the similarities and differences between the Raman spectra of the two phases emphasized. The ordered structure of annealed samples is confirmed by optical absorption measurements and ab initio calculations, that show that the direct bandgap of DC-ZnGa2Se4 is larger than that of DS-ZnGa2Se4. This study was supported by the Spanish government MEC under grants MAT2010-21270-C04-01/03/04 and ...
