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Since its creation in 1999, the European Central Bank has sought to influence the economic governance rules of the euro area while its initial responsibilities have been refocused on the monetary field. Although it was unable to exert any real influence on these areas during the first ten years of the euro, the sovereign debt crisis, which began in December 2009, created a window of opportunity for central bankers. The purpose of this article is then to identify the means by which the ECB has been able to expand its influence beyond the monetary sphere during the euro area crisis. After exploring the different dimensions of the ECB as a political actor, the article explores the impact of the ECB through three channels: its monopoly over liquidity, recognition of its expertise and moral authority over the Member States. Beyond this empirical study, the article calls into question the ownership of the process of delegating powers to independent agencies by policy makers and highlights the central role of misperceptions in crisis management. ; Depuis sa création en 1999, la Banque centrale européenne a cherché à influencer les règles de gouvernance économique de la zone euro alors que ses responsabilités initiales sont recentrées sur le domaine monétaire. Bien qu'elle n'ait pas pu exercer de véritable influence sur ces domaines lors des dix premières années de l'euro, la crise des dettes souveraines débutée en décembre 2009 a fait apparaître une fenêtre d'opportunité pour les banquiers centraux. Le but de cet article est alors d'identifier les moyens par lesquels la BCE a pu étendre son influence au-delà du domaine monétaire pendant la crise de la zone euro. Après avoir exploré les différentes dimensions de la BCE en tant qu'acteur politique, l'article explore l'impact de la BCE à travers trois canaux : son monopole sur les liquidités, la reconnaissance de son expertise et son autorité morale sur les États membres. Au-delà de cette étude empirique, l'article remet en cause la maîtrise du processus de délégation de ...

The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."

No hemos mostrado por qué mecanismo general la ideología «hace actuar por sí solos» a los individuos concretos en la división social-técnica del trabajo, es decir, en los diferentes puestos de los agentes de la producción de la explotación, de la represión y de la ideologización (y también de la práctica científica). En suma, no hemos mostrado por qué mecanismo la ideología «hace actuar por sí solos» a los individuos, sin que haya necesidad de ponerle a cada uno un gendarme en el culo.Louis Althusser

In historiography, Auguste's matrimonial laws, in 18 BC and then 9 ap. J.-C., are generally linked to demographic or fiscal objectives and to the reform of the lifestyles of aristocratie. This article emphasises the use of large-scale honorary privilege to reward citizens who comply with the aims promoted by the laws. While the control of morals was, under the Republic, mainly covered by the morum regimen of centers, the new legislation upgraded the role of the law as a means of regulating individual pipes and, therefore, as a means of transforming everyday life. ; The Augustan marriage laws in 18 BC and 9 AD have generally been linked by historians to demographical or fiscal objectives and to the reform of the aristocratic way of life. This paper stresses the large-scale use of honorific privileges rewarding citizens who complied with the purposes encouraged by the laws. Whereas moral restraint had mostly been pertaining, until the end of the Republic, to the censorial regimen morum, the new legislation increased the role of law as control instrument over individual conducts and, therefore, as a way of transformation of the everyday life. ; In historiography, Auguste's matrimonial laws, in 18 BC and then 9 ap. J.-C., are generally linked to demographic or fiscal objectives and to the reform of the lifestyles of aristocratie. This article emphasises the use of large-scale honorary privilege to reward citizens who comply with the aims promoted by the laws. While the control of morals was, under the Republic, mainly covered by the morum regimen of centers, the new legislation upgraded the role of the law as a means of regulating individual pipes and, therefore, as a means of transforming everyday life. ; Dans l'historiographie, les lois matrimoniales d'Auguste, en 18 av. J.-C. puis 9 ap. J.-C., sont généralement reliées à des objectifs démographiques ou fiscaux et à la réforme des modes de vie de l'aristocratie. Cet article insiste sur l'utilisation de la mécanique du privilège honorifique à grande échelle pour ...

This paper seeks to provide an overview of some of the main areas of debate that have emerged in recent years at the interface between theories of justice and health care. First, the paper considers various positions as to what the index of justice with respect to health ought to be. It warns on practical and principled grounds against conceptual inflation of the notion of "health" as it appears in theories of distributive justice. Second, it considers how various standards according to which goods ought to be distributed in a just society apply to debates within health care. ; Le présent article vise à fournir un aperçu de certains des principaux débats qui ont émergé ces dernières années entre les théories de la justice et la réflexion sur les soins de santé. L'article examine tout d'abord des arguments qui prennent position sur la définition de la justice dans des contextes de santé. Une mise en garde se fondant sur des motifs pratiques et théoriques est ensuite émise à l'encontre d'une inflation conceptuelle de la notion de « santé » telle que celle-ci apparaît dans les théories de la justice distributive. L'article examine en second lieu comment divers standards relatifs à la redistribution juste des biens s'arriment aux débats en soins de santé.

Two central concepts for understanding the work of Enrique Dussel are those of totality and exteriority. They both recur throughout the thematic variety of his work: in his studies on ethics, history of philosophy, political philosophy, theology, and economy criticism. This article attempts an overview on the two concepts, taking into account a double argumentation—one of a philosophical nature, and another historical. The objective is to highlight some redirection from one to the other sphere of the philosophical and the historical arguments that is found to pose certain pitfalls. To that end, the philosophical conception of totality is presented, followed by the need to give an account of its structuring character: the so-called ethical-mythical nucleus. The two-general ethical-mythical paths de facto followed by the great civilizations are also explained, to show then—taking the relationship between Christendom and Christianity as an example—the complex and unstable relations between totalities, exteriority (in both its metaphysical and historical dimensions), and the problem of fetishism. Then, a few comments will be made regarding the notions of différance (Derrida) and of dislocation (Laclau), paying attention to their impact on decolonial thinking. From that basis, given the absence of origin or transcendental center, the idea of closed totality is qualified, the notion of ethical-mythical nucleus as monolithic, univocal, and monovalent is revised, and a more complex look into the matter of exteriority—and its relation to the notion of victim—is attempted by questioning its metaphysical or original character. ; Dos conceptos centrales para comprender la obra de Enrique Dussel son los de totalidad y exterioridad. Ambos aparecen en toda la variedad temática de su obra: en trabajos de ética, de historia de la filosofía, de filosofía política, teología o de crítica económica. Este artículo se propone un recorrido por ambos conceptos teniendo en cuenta la presencia de una doble argumentación: una de corte ...

Summary This article explores three broad constructions: ethics, economics and health. This is done by using Xavier Zubiri, Amartya Sen and Angus Deaton to bring them closer together. What this work proposes is how ethics impinges on building a way of being in people, and similarly in companies. It also sets out the implications for the economic and health spheres of societies. A desk research was carried out to address these thematic proposals. ; Resumen En el presente artículo se exploran tres amplios constructos: ética, economía y salud. Para ello se recurre a Xavier Zubiri, Amartya Sen y Angus Deaton que permiten un acercamiento a los mismos. Lo que propone el presente trabajo es cómo la ética impacta la construcción de un modo de ser en las personas, y análogamente en las empresas. También expone las implicaciones en las esferas económicas y de salud de las sociedades. Se llevó a cabo una indagación documental para abordar dichas propuestas temáticas.

On November 7th, 2014 the Humanitarian Health Ethics Workshop was held at McGill University, in Montreal. Co-hosted by the Montreal Health Equity Research Consortium and the Humanitarian Health Ethics Network, the event included six presentations and extensive discussion amongst participants, including researchers from Canada, Haiti, India, Switzerland and the US. Participants had training in disciplines including anthropology, bioethics, medicine, occupational therapy, philosophy, physical therapy, political science, public administration and public health. The objective of the workshop was to create a forum for discussion amongst scholars and practitioners interested in the ethics of healthcare delivery, research and public health interventions during humanitarian crises. This review is a summary of the presentations given, key themes that emerged during the day's discussions, and avenues for future research that were identified. ; Compte-rendu / Review Le 7 novembre 2014, l'atelier intitulé Humanitarian Health Ethics Workshop a été tenu à l'Université McGill, à Montréal. Hébergé conjointement par le Consortium de recherche sur l'équité en santé de Montréal et le Humanitarian Health Ethics Network, l'événement comprenait six présentations et une discussion extensive entre les participants, incluant des chercheurs du Canada, de Haïti, de l'Inde, de la Suisse et des États-Unis. Les participants étaient de diverses disciplines, soit l'anthropologie, la bioéthique, la médecine, l'ergothérapie, la philosophie, la physiothérapie, les sciences politiques, l'administration et la santé publique. L'objectif de l'atelier était de créer un forum de discussion entre experts et praticiens qui s'intéressent à l'éthique dans la prestation de soins de santé, en recherche et dans les interventions de santé publique en cours de crise humanitaire. Ce compte rendu résume les présentations, les thèmes clés qui ont émergé des discussions de la journée et identifie des pistes de recherches futures.

The Aristotélica exaltation of the imaginative ideal of life in Ethics to Nicómaco X was very influential in the history of philosophy and its effects extend well beyond helenism and late antiquity. However, it is in Policy VII 1-3 that Aristotle presents the most detailed consideration of the gender of life and, in particular, the opposition between politics and philosophy. The purpose of this work is to reconsider the praise of the expected life at the end of the EN and to regain the political significance that the ethical proemio that precedes the design of the ideal Plis has in this discussion, with a view to showing the correspondence between the redefinition of práxis in Pol. VII 3 and the happiness hierarchy in EN X 7-8. Institute for Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ; The Aristotelian praise of the contemplative life in Nicomachean Ethics X was very influential in the history of philosophy and its effects go much more beyond the limits of Hellenism and Late Antiquity. Although, it is in Politics VII 1-3 where Aristotle presents the more detailed consideration of the ways of life, in particular, the opposition between the political and philosophical life. The purpose of this work is to reconsider the praise of the contemplative life at the end of NE and to recover the political significance that the ethical preface that precedes the design of the ideal polis has in this discussion in order to show the correspondence that exists between the redefinition of praxis in Pol. VII 3 and the hierarchy of eudaimonia in NE X 7-8. ; The Aristotélica exaltation of the imaginative ideal of life in Ethics to Nicómaco X was very influential in the history of philosophy and its effects extend well beyond helenism and late antiquity. However, it is in Policy VII 1-3 that Aristotle presents the most detailed consideration of the gender of life and, in particular, the opposition between politics and philosophy. The purpose of this work is to reconsider the praise of the expected life at the end of the EN and to ...

The analysis examines the sociopsychological findings of climate sceptical discourse. The author distinguishes two elements in the debate on climate change: a diagnostic part including observation of global warming, its causes (greenhouse gas emissions) and its possible consequences (trend scenario of major climate change); and a "prescription" part which, taking into account the diagnosis, proposes policy measures and is no longer a matter of scientific observations but a moral assessment. After a reminder of what is fuelling the debate (the part of uncertainty which can only concern the prospective vision arising from the observation of the facts, and not the characterisation of the facts observed), Antonin Pottier clearly shows that climato-sceptical arguments are confusing between diagnosis and prescription: it is because they refuse to accept the need for or content of climate policies that they deny the scientific reality of climate change, shifting the debate and embracing themselves in error. This is all the more damaging as it finds a significant media resonance which tends to stifle the information available to public opinion somewhat more: "Citizens' perception of contemporary challenges is hampered, to the benefit of the interests that would be undermined by combating greenhouse gas emissions. ' ; International audience The analysis examines the socio-psychological mechanisms underlying the dimate-sceptical position. Pottier distinguishes between two elements in the debate on climate change: a "diagnostic" component, induding the observation of the warming of the planet, its causes (the emission of greenhouse gases) and its possible consequences (a scenario tending towards large-scale dimatic upheavals), and a "prescriptive" part which, taking account of the diagnosis, proposes political measures and relates not to scientific observations but to a moral evaluation of the situation. After reminding us of what "fuels" the debate (the element of uncertainty which, Pottier argues, can relate only to the ...

This article is based on data from a survey distributed in 1991 during a national competition organised by the AGF (Assurances générale de France). 4 465 questionnaires were collected and correspond to the responses of a spontaneous sample of young people aged between 8 and 18 years. The use of this survey provided an overview of young people's sporting practices. Like adults, gender and social models influence the likelihood of access to practice and significantly mark the choices and methods of this practice. The results also shed light on the role of sport in the process of socialising children through their sporting ideology and their identification with champions. Overall, young people broadly adhere to the main principles of traditional sports ethics, but they also take into account the social reality of sport conveyed by mass media. The profusion of champions mentioned by children leads to a diversification of success figures. The media are helping to make champions closer and more ephemeral. ; International audience This article is based upon the data collected after a survey organized by the agf (Assurances générales de France) in 1991. A sample of 4 465 young people aged 8 to 18 volunteered to answer questionnaires which were collected thereafter. Studying the responses led to framing the young people's sport practises. The young people's sexual and social patterns, just like the adult's, strongly determine whether they will or won't practise sport and remarkably underline the selected type of sport activity as well as the conditions of practice. These results also make it clear that sport plays a great part in children's socialization through their sporting ideology and the way they identify with champions. The young generally hold to the great principles of traditionnal sport ethics, but they also take into account the social reality of sport conveyed by the mass media. The fact that chidren refer to such a big number of champions leads to diversified figures of success. The media play a great part ...

lobbying enables many companies to influence political decisions concerning them. Influence techniques are now part of any good strategy manual. However, they remain very risky from an ethical point of view: trade in influence or corruption is never far away. There are a number of specific regulations on the subject in Anglo-Saxon countries, but less so in France. For this reason, companies need to put in place their own safeguards to prevent inthetic behaviour. In particular, lobbying is persuaded when it fits into charters or generates positive social externalities. ; Le lobbying permet à de nombreuses entreprises d'influencer des décisions politiques les concernant. Les techniques d'influence font désormais partie de tout bon manuel de stratégie. Elles demeurent pourtant très risquées d'un point de vue éthique : trafic d'influence ou corruption ne sont jamais loin. Il existe un certain nombre de réglementations précises en la matière dans les pays anglo-saxons mais moins en France. C'est pourquoi, les entreprises doivent mettre en place leurs propres garde-fous pour prévenir les comportements inéthiques. En particulier, le lobbying gagne en persuasion dès lors qu'il s'inscrit dans le cadre de chartes ou génère des externalités sociales positives.

The issue of euthanasia presents a contact area of ethics, law, and politics. This text provides a contribution to the expert public debate on the introduction of euthanasia into Serbian legislation. It does so first by clarifies the term – euthanasia (as a right to die with dignity). Further, it considers the obligations of other persons that arise from this right and the conditions under which they present a restriction on personality rights. By citing examples from the fields of ethics and law, the text states that the distinction between active and passive euthanasia is in fact a product of inadequate deliberation during the implementation of this differentiation. ; Problem eutanazije predstavlja dodirno područje etike, prava i politike. U ovom tekstu, koji nastoji da pruži doprinos stručnoj javnoj raspravi o uvođenju eutanazije u srpsko zakonodav stvo, najpre je terminološki jasno preciziran sam termin – eutanazija (kao pravo na dostojan stvenu smrt). Nadalje, u tekstu se razmatra kakve su obaveze drugih lica koje proističu iz ovog prava i pod kojim uslovima obaveze drugih lica, koje proističu iz pomenutog prava, predstavljaju ograničavanje njihovih prava ličnosti. Navođenjem primera iz područja etike i prava, u tekstu se konstatuje da je razlikovanje aktivne i pasivne eutanazije zapravo proizvod neadekvatnog promišljanja prilikom izvođenja ove diferencije.

People's neighbourhoods provide the bulk of troops in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. It is therefore not forbidden to expect that the 'health war' will succeed a political and social battle, so that their inhabitants are no longer regarded as a threat, but their merits are recognised and the risks that they ultimately face are taken into account. Regrets the stigma experts who have still given voice in recent days. ; International audience ; People's neighbourhoods provide the bulk of troops in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. It is therefore not forbidden to expect that the 'health war' will succeed a political and social battle, so that their inhabitants are no longer regarded as a threat, but their merits are recognised and the risks that they ultimately face are taken into account. Regrets the stigma experts who have still given voice in recent days. ; Les quartiers populaires fournissent le gros des troupes face à l'épidémie de Covid-19. Il n'est donc pas interdit d'espérer qu'à la « guerre sanitaire » succédera une bataille politique et sociale, pour que leurs habitants ne soient plus considérés comme une menace, mais voient leurs mérites reconnus et les risques disproportionnés qu'ils encourent enfin pris en compte. N'en déplaise aux spécialistes de la stigmatisation qui ont encore donné de la voix ces derniers jours.

Summary. This article analyses Madame de Staël's position on the search for happiness, the treatment of passions and the role of compassion, three central themes in Schopenhauer, but with which she sets out a different path to denial of will and mere affirmation of will. Madame de Staël interpreted compassion, that female passion excellence in Schopenhauer, also in a broader way and where ethics and politics combine in relation to the art of living rather than denying will. ; Resumen En este artículo se analiza la posición de Madame de Staël sobre la búsqueda de la felicidad, el tratamiento de las pasiones y el papel de la compasión, tres temas centrales en Schopenhauer, pero con los cuales ella articula un camino diferente a la negación de la voluntad y a la mera afirmación de la voluntad. Madame de Staël interpretó la compasión, esa pasión femenina por excelencia en Schopenhauer, también de una manera más amplia y en la que la ética y la política se combinan en relación con el arte de vivir en lugar de negar la voluntad.