The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
The paper presents contemplations about the role of Christianity in renewing modern culture. The central point of the research is the event of the Pentecost, described in the Acts of the Apostles, that represents the union of the sacred and secular in the renewal of mutual understanding and experience. The revelation of God disseminated by the original Church is juxtaposed to the broken unity described in the building of the tower of Babylon. The Pentecost, as a model of renewal of unity of mankind, represents a prototype of any Christian announcement, and the Second Vatican Council leans on it to a great extent. Special attention is paid to the vision of »Council Christianity« in the writings of Željko Mardešić that offer a first-rate theological corpus in keeping with the Council renewal. Christianity as seen by Mardešić is far from any project of ideologisation, politicisation or secularisation. The crises of faith in modern times have greatly been promoted by an inappropriate response to the challenges. As a symptom of the crisis there also emerge new spiritual movements, a form of the eclectic and informal spirituality that is beginning to compete with institutionalised religions. The last section of the paper makes suggestions for renewing the evangelisation and dialogue with the world that should neither be judgemental nor mimicric, but mature, authentic, inspired, optimistic and filled with deep confidence in personalism and freedom.
RESUMEN. This work analyses the action for damages which the Rei-vIndicator may seek against the defendant who, in bad faith, is given by possessor of the item without being so, and which the Chilean Civil Code deals with in Article 897. It is of interest because it appears to be a case of purely mandatory protection in favour of the owner, since it has emerged from the assimilation to the action for recovery that occurred in the post-classic Roman right, and it is linked to the duty of the holder alone to indicate the holder's name and residence in order for the trial to continue against him. That configuration requires, in particular, consideration of the legislative history of the rule in the Chilean Civil Code, as well as its correspondence with other codes which have retained it, and then disregarding its factual situation and legal consequences, with particular regard to the problems which its exercise may entail as regards compatibility with other actions, limitation periods and damage for reparation. ; RESUMEN. Este trabajo analiza la acción de indemnización de perjuicios que el rei-vindicador puede intentar contra el demandado que, de mala fe, se da por poseedor de la cosa sin serlo, y que el código civil chileno trata en el artículo 897. Ella reviste interés porque viene recogida como un supuesto de protección meramente obligacional a favor del dueño, habiéndose desprendido de la asimilación a la acción reivindicatoria que se había producido en el derecho romano posclásico, y queda conectada con el deber que tiene el mero tenedor de indicar el nombre y la residencia del poseedor para que el juicio continúe contra él. Esta configuración exige considerar en particular la historia legislativa de la regla en el código civil chileno, así como su correspondencia con otros códigos que la han conservado, para después diseccionar su supuesto de hecho y consecuencias jurídicas, con especial atención a los problemas que su ejercicio puede entrañar en lo que atañe a la compatibilidad con otras acciones, la ...
Summary This article analyses the differences in the use of violence related to illicit drug markets between sub-national units in the same country. The aim is to challenge the academic literature's argument that certain policy variables, such as advocacy rotation and increased political competition at sub-national level, affect the levels of violence associated with the illegal drug market, as a result of the disruption of state protection networks to these markets. Based on the literature addressing the relationship between violence and illegal markets, the cases of the Argentinian provinces of Buenos Aires and Santa Fe during the period 2007-2018 are analysed on the basis of a triangular between official statistics, journalistic articles and secondary sources. It is argued that the hypothesis put forward for other countries in the region, which links supporter rotation and increased political competition to differences in the use of violence related to the illicit drug market, is not applicable to the Argentinian case, so explanations should be sought on the basis of other variables taking into account subnational contexts. ; Resumen El presente artículo analiza las diferencias en la utilización de la violencia relacionada con los mercados ilegales de drogas entre unidades subnacionales de un mismo país. El objetivo es poner en discusión el argumento sostenido por parte de la literatura académica que postula que ciertas variables políticas, como la rotación partidaria y el incremento en la competencia política a escala subnacional, afectan los niveles de violencia asociada con el mercado ilegal de drogas, como consecuencia de la ruptura de las redes de protección estatales a dichos mercados. Partiendo de la literatura que aborda la relación entre violencia y mercados ilegales, se analizan los casos de las provincias argentinas de Buenos Aires y Santa Fe durante el período 2007-2018 con base en una triangulación entre estadísticas oficiales, artículos periodísticos y fuentes secundarias. Se sostiene que la ...
RESUMEN: The prohibition on acting against its own act is a typical scenario of infringement of good faith in proceedings, the content and limits of which have not been defined by Chilean law. This article analyses the two interpretations — one broad and the other restricted — that touch upon civil case law with regard to this duty of consistency and the way in which they affect the parties' rights of defence. The text distinguishes between a secondary application (obiter dicta) and a residual application of that duty, the latter being a judicial review of the legal arguments of the litigant in the event of abuse, deception and manifestly delaying actions. The procedural effect of breaching that duty is the inadmissibility of the inconsistent act. This effect is compatible with other specific measures, such as the payment of costs and compensation for damage caused. ; RESUMEN: La prohibición de ir contra acto propio es un escenario típico de infracción a la buena fe procesal, cuyo contenido y límites la ley chilena no ha definido. Este artículo analiza las dos interpretaciones -una amplia y otra restringida- que cobija la jurisprudencia civil respecto de este deber de coherencia y la manera en que ellas inciden en el derecho de defensa de las partes. El texto distingue entre una aplicación secundaria (obiter dicta) y una aplicación residual de este deber, siendo esta última un control judicial de la argumentación jurídica del litigante ante situaciones de abuso, engaño y actuaciones manifiestamente dilatorias. El efecto procesal de infringir este deber es la inadmisibilidad del acto incoherente. Este efecto es compatible con otras medidas específicas, como el pago de las costas y la indemnización de los daños causados.
Summary In 1597, Campeche port was raided by English corsary William Parker. The incursion was responded to by the inhabitants of the villa, who expelled the consignment leader and part of the crew, leaving some seafarers dead in fighting, others captured by the neighbours, who sent them to the civil authorities to prosecute them for piracy, and three others went to another fate as they were arrested on the instructions of the Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquibución de México, for prosecution for luteranism and piracy between 1598 and 1601. The aim of this text is to review the way in which the Fe Court conducted the trials against these figures and the influence that Anglo-Spanish relations at the end of the 16th century could have had on the sentences handed down to these prisoners. ; Resumen En 1597, el puerto de Campeche fue asaltado por el corsario inglés William Parker. La incursión fue respondida por los pobladores de la villa, quienes expulsaron al líder de la expedición y a una parte de la tripulación, dejando como saldo algunos marinos muertos en combate, otros capturados por los vecinos, quienes los remitieron a las autoridades civiles para procesarlos por piratería y tres más corrieron con otra suerte al ser detenidos por orden del Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición de México, para ser procesados por luteranismo y piratería entre 1598 y 1601. El objetivo de este texto es revisar la manera en que el Tribunal de la Fe llevó a cabo los juicios contra estos personajes y la influencia que pudieron tener las relaciones anglo-españolas de finales del siglo XVI en las sentencias dictadas a estos presos.
The purpose of this note is to correct an error in the seminal article on secession by Buchanan and Faith (1987). In their paper, Buchanan and Faith neglected an important effect: political separation affects markets and consequently individual private incomes.
Nulle shares theo-conservative thinking as well as under the often spic feather of Richard John Neuhaus (1936-2009). This arduous and controversial spirit shifts from left-wing Christian radicalism in the 1960s to the right-wing Christian protest in the 1970s, then from the lutherian faith to the Catholic faith in the 1980s. He began his political life with the civil rights movement and moved to the grassroots struggle in the anti-war movement in Vietnam. Some twenty years later, in 1984, he became with The Naked Public Square: Religion and Democracy in America, the most incisive thinker of the new theo-conservative movement. It is he who, in the United States political debate, demands the idea that religion has been unduly and catastrophically excluded from the public sphere, not so much as a result of a liberal structural change in American public institutions, law and society, but because of the manoeuvres of the 'secularised elites' contaminated by an atheistic and 'imported' modernity, cut off from the People and undermining his will. A confusing personality, he appears marxist in his analysis of captator and monopolistic, republican and jacobin elites in his vision of a sovereign People deprived of his right of religious expression (Christian), a nationalist in his certainty of the (welfare) exception of the United States, populist and revolutionary in his (democratic) call to hunt the fossovers of God and Peuple, leading America to its loss and denying its vocation. Speaking out of authoritarianism, he considered himself deeply democratic. Embracing theocracy, he sees himself as the strongest defender of American freedoms. Her spiritual life is the driving force behind her struggle and she is also tough. ; Nulle part la pensée théo-conservatrice n'a autant mérité son nom que sous la plume souvent épique de Richard John Neuhaus (1936-2009). Cet esprit ardent et polémique, passe du radicalisme chrétien de gauche dans les années 1960, à la contestation chrétienne de droite dans les années 1970, puis de la ...
the President of the Republic launched a reflection on Islam in France, relaunching a recurring topic since the 2001 attacks. At the time, the debate already focused on the difference between 'Islam de France' and 'Islam in France'. However, it was these subjects that the Elysée chose to exhume. At a time when the case law is largely in favour of Muslims wishing to praise and practise their faith, is it really useful to try to impose a clergy on a religion that does not manifest its need? We are talking about forming French imams, allowing public funding through legal trustees to circumvent the 1905 law (lease leases, loan guarantees, etc.). However, Muslims seem to be excluded from the equation — because in substance they really want to be "organised" — as well as those who have to manage relations with them on a daily basis: local elected representatives. They see their scope for manoeuvre increasingly limited by recent case-law. This ultimately deprives them of political arbitrage. The religious issue — Muslim in particular — is the one where the law is almost systematically unfavourable to local power. The decision of the Administrative Court of Dijon, which requires the mayor of Chalon on Saône to reinstate alternative menus in his municipality's canteens, is only one of many judgments which, in the name of completely republican principles, deprive mayors of any possibility of political choice and may lead to almost compulsory religious inclusion in local public policies. ; International audience ; the President of the Republic launched a reflection on Islam in France, relaunching a recurring topic since the 2001 attacks. At the time, the debate already focused on the difference between 'Islam de France' and 'Islam in France'. However, it was these subjects that the Elysée chose to exhume. At a time when the case law is largely in favour of Muslims wishing to praise and practise their faith, is it really useful to try to impose a clergy on a religion that does not manifest its need? We are talking about ...
If national and international governments establish rules that private actors are required to respect, major production and finance firms have a considerable impact upstream on intergovernmental multilateralism decisions. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, propose technological or legal standards favourable to them, take advantage of oppositions between national and international public actors and apply a policy of lobbying on the ground, under the guise of scientific analysis. Indeed, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are heavily influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; International audience While national and international public authorities establish rules that private actors are obliged to respect, the large firms of production and finance exert considerable upstream influence on the decisions of intergovernmental multilateralism. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, they propose technological or legal standards that are favourable to them, they take advantage of opposition between national and international public actors and they apply an all-out lobbying policy under the guise of scientific analyses. In fact, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are strongly influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; If national and international governments establish rules that private actors are required to respect, major production and finance firms have a considerable impact upstream on intergovernmental multilateralism decisions. They spread faith in the effectiveness of liberalism, propose technological or legal standards favourable to them, take advantage of oppositions between national and international public actors and apply a policy of lobbying on the ground, under the guise of scientific analysis. Indeed, intergovernmental multilateralism is dependent on states, which are heavily influenced by the private sector of oligopolistic production. ; Si les pouvoirs publics nationaux ...
The principle of cooperation directs conduct in the proceedings, although it goes beyond the classic principle of good faith. It applies throughout the proceedings to the parties, to the judge and to third parties outside the proceedings, to a degree that will depend on the conflicting rights and inequalities presented by the parties. The differentiated guardianship shows the highest level of cooperation required, which is combined with the increased duties of the judge. Although its application with the current profiles has been made possible mainly by the work of the case law, it would be advisable to regulate its application in order to avoid possible excesses resulting in a breach of the rights of the defence. Faculty of Legal and Social Sciences ; El principio de cooperación dirige las conductas en el proceso, aunque excede el clásico principio de buena fe. Se aplica a lo largo de todo el proceso a las partes, al juez y a los terceros ajenos al mismo, en un grado que dependerá de los derechos en conflicto y las desigualdades que las partes presenten. En las tutelas diferenciadas se puede observar el máximo nivel de colaboración exigida, que se conjuga con el aumento de los poderes-deberes del juez. Si bien su aplicación con los perfiles actuales se ha hecho posible, principalmente, por la labor de la jurisprudencia, sería aconsejable regular su aplicación a fin de evitar eventuales excesos que terminen por violar el derecho de defensa. Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales
Boswell yearned for most of his life for a political career, attempting to achieve office both through his own efforts and through the patronage of others. His own political views were those of an orthodox, at times extreme, Tory. Their origins, however, were complicated and involved Boswell's own attraction to feudal lairdship in a romanticised Scottish past, as well as stresses and rivalries with his own Whig father. Moreover, his Torysm was also complicated by his sense of personal unworthiness, deepened by his doubts over succeeding his father as laird of Auchinleck. These fears in their turn were sustained by, and encouraged, his temperamental hypochondria, with its self-contempt and visions of futility. Political success would have given a measure of stability, and would have been a proof of worthiness, both for himself and for his father. As it was, his faith in land, order, male succession, political office were undermined by self-doubt, changeability, failure, fear of failure: political hypochondria.
Protestant genevois, later established at the Windsor Court, Jean-André de Luc (or Deluc), had a well-known reputation as a talent physician and naturalist. One of the first to say 'Geologist' (1), its 'Geology', in its many written texts, is firmly mixed with biblicist apologists. In good faith, he fought to regain the stages of Creation according to the Genesis in the monuments of the world's past, extending the six 'days' to indeterminate, certainly long periods. His main effort was to demonstrate the very recent age of the emersion of our present continents, emersion for him and corresponding to the biblical deluge. The natural 'chronometers' which, in his view, testify to this recent age (low filling of alpine lakes, etc.) are indeed a fairly accurate estimate of the length of time that has elapsed since the removal of the alpine ice cream, which was then ignored (2). (.) ; International audience ; Protestant genevois, later established at the Windsor Court, Jean-André de Luc (or Deluc), had a well-known reputation as a talent physician and naturalist. One of the first to say 'Geologist' (1), its 'Geology', in its many written texts, is firmly mixed with biblicist apologists. In good faith, he fought to regain the stages of Creation according to the Genesis in the monuments of the world's past, extending the six 'days' to indeterminate, certainly long periods. His main effort was to demonstrate the very recent age of the emersion of our present continents, emersion for him and corresponding to the biblical deluge. The natural 'chronometers' which, in his view, testify to this recent age (low filling of alpine lakes, etc.) are indeed a fairly accurate estimate of the length of time that has elapsed since the removal of the alpine ice cream, which was then ignored (2). (.) ; Protestant genevois, plus tard établi à la cour de Windsor, Jean-André de Luc (ou Deluc) eut de son vivant une réputation notoire de physicien et naturaliste de talent. L'un des premiers à se dire Géologue (1), sa "Géologie",dans ses ...
Highly christology elements appear in Jacques's sister. Jésus-Christ's name or its attributes appear on several occasions in expressions that are not insignificant, and the text produces an image of Christ and the way of life it advocates, but does not merely explain the synthetic terms of a faith, but offers a more existential perspective. A few expressions can be interpreted as a network of particularly significant references to Christ: the 'beautiful name', the 'law of freedom', the 'original face' and the 'implanted parole'. ; International audience ; Highly christology elements appear in Jacques's sister. Jésus-Christ's name or its attributes appear on several occasions in expressions that are not insignificant, and the text produces an image of Christ and the way of life it advocates, but does not merely explain the synthetic terms of a faith, but offers a more existential perspective. A few expressions can be interpreted as a network of particularly significant references to Christ: the 'beautiful name', the 'law of freedom', the 'original face' and the 'implanted parole'. ; Des éléments de haute christologie apparaissent dans l'Épître de Jacques. Le nom de Jésus-Christ ou ses attributs y figurent à plusieurs reprises dans des expressions qui ne sont pas anodines, et le ce texte produit une image du Christ et du mode de vie qu'il préconise sans se limiter à l'explicitation des termes synthétiques d'une confession de foi, mais en proposant une perspective plus existentielle. Quelques expressions peuvent être interprétées comme un réseau de références particulièrement significatives faites à la personne du Christ : le «beau Nom », la «Loi de liberté », le «visage originel », la «Parole implantée ».