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Developing a valorisation policy requires knowledge of the funds, the establishment of minimum conservation conditions and the guarantee of their accessibility. It makes sense only in relation to its audiences, which must therefore be well known in their diversity and properly defined when implementing specific actions. Finally, any such work must be part of an overall policy of the institution concerned and be integrated into well-defined programmes. D. ; Élaborer une politique de valorisation nécessite la connaissance des fonds, l'établissement de conditions minimales de conservation, la garantie de leur accessibilité. Elle n'a de sens que par rapport à ses publics, qu'il faut, en conséquence, bien connaître dans leur diversité et bien définir lors de la mise en œuvre d'actions particulières. Enfin, tout travail de ce type doit relever d'une politique globale de l'établissement concerné et s'intégrer dans le cadre de programmes bien délimités. D …

This document details the guidelines for financing a project for the development of biotechnology from MERCOSUR. Institute for International Relations (IRI) ; En el presente documento se detallan las pautas para el financiamiento de un proyecto para desarrollo de biotecnología de parte del MERCOSUR. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

The European Union (EU) still has an outstanding problem with money laundering despite six revisions of its legal framework. The 2018 Danske Bank scandal exposed regulatory failures that allowed a large amount of euro to enter the internal market from dubious origins. This is why EU finance ministers are expected to ask the EU against money laundering and urge the bloc to set the rules and close the door to illicit money. Department of International Security and Defence. Institute for International Relations ; La Unión Europea (UE) sigue teniendo un problema pendiente con el lavado de activos a pesar de seis revisiones de su marco legal. El escándalo del Danske Bank de 2018 expuso las fallas regulatorias que permitieron que una suma cuantiosa de euros ingresase al mercado interno desde orígenes dudosos. Es por esto que se espera que los ministros de finanzas de la UE soliciten a la UE contra el lavado de activos e insten al bloque a establecer las reglas y cerrar la puerta al dinero ilícito. Departamento de Seguridad Internacional y Defensa. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

International audience The way seemed to be promisingly open for the decade 2000 to become a period of the rich and shared implementation of practical and key developments in terms of forest biodiversity. Some steps forward have been made, especially in terms of protected areas both in overseas and mainland France, development of certification schemes and decentralisation. However, the emergence of the climate issue and the reduction in public funds and human resource allocations, among other reasons, slowed down the expected improvements. The 1999 and 2009 storms highlighted the low resilience of the dominant silvicultural model. In the area of climate change, short-term mitigation policies tend to overshadow guidelines aimed at long term adaptation and call on a partial approach that does not take into account the forest ecosystem as a whole. In fact, France's commitments in respect of the EU and the resolutions that arose from the Grenelle consultations have strongly reintroduced the question of increasing wood harvesting into public debate, creating sharp new tensions in many forests, especially public ones. It was a difficult task to implement Natura 2000 on 10% of the forested area. This article is a review of 10 years of debate and practice relating to the introduction of biodiversity concerns into forest management in France. It describes some avenues for moving forward in the current decade. ; La voie semblait toute tracée pour que la décennie 2000 soit une période de mise en pratique partagée et fructueuse d'évolutions concrètes et majeures en matière de biodiversité forestière. Des avancées ont eu lieu, notamment en matière d'espaces protégés en métropole et outre-mer, de développement de la certification, de décentralisation. Cependant, l'émergence de la question climatique et la diminution des moyens humains et financiers publics ont, entre autres raisons, freiné les améliorations attendues. Les tempêtes de 1999 puis de 2009 ont mis en évidence la faible résilience du modèle sylvicole dominant. Les ...

Peer Reviewed ; This research aims to shed light on the early stages of agricultural development in Northern Africa through the analysis of the rich macro-botanical assemblages obtained from Ifri Oudadane, an Epipalaeolithic-Early Neolithic site from North-East Morocco. Results indicate the presence of domesticated plants, cereals (Hordeum vulgare, Triticum monococcum/. dicoccum, Triticum durum and Triticum aestivum/. durum) and pulses (Lens culinaris and Pisum sativum) in the Early Neolithic. One lentil has been dated to 7611 ± 37 cal BP representing the oldest direct date of a domesticated plant seed in Morocco and, by extension, in North Africa. Similarities in both radiocarbon dates and crop assemblages from Early Neolithic sites in Northern Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula suggest a simultaneous East to West maritime spread of agriculture along the shores of the Western Mediterranean. Wild plants were abundantly collected in both the Epipalaeolithic and the Early Neolithic periods pointing to the important role of these resources during the two periods. In addition to fruits and seeds that could have been consumed by both humans and domesticated animals, fragments of esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) rhizomes have been identified. This is a western Mediterranean native plant that may have been used as a source of fibres for basketry. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n° 230561. In addition, the research has also benefited from the project I-COOP0011 funded by the CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) and from projects TPC-CSD2OO7-00058 and CGL2011-30512-C02-01 and HAR2008-09120/HIST funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain. Fieldwork was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the frame of the CRC 806 "Our way to Europe".

The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."

190 197 307 1-2 ; S ; Galvanic coupling during tribocorrosion of passive metals at open circuit potential (OCP) generates a wear-accelerated corrosion process within the depassivated area (worn surface) that is electrically in contact with the still passive one. The galvanic coupling effect at OCP was recently modeled using an electrochemical approach allowing for the theoretical quantification of the wear-accelerated corrosion under equilibrium conditions. Despite the usefulness of this model that mathematically determines the electrochemical conditions inside the wear track in terms of anode potential via the approximation of the net anodic current density, an experimental technique allowing for their experimental determination is essential in the effort to verify the galvanic coupling models and further understand the tribocorrosion mechanisms at OCP. In the present work, a new experimental technique based on galvanic current and potential measurements through a Zero-Resistance Ammeter (ZRA) for quantifying the electrode potential and anodic current inside the wear track during rubbing at OCP has been assessed. This experimental set-up has allowed for the first time to determine the prevailing electrochemical conditions (electrode potential and anodic current) inside the wear track by solely exposing the wear track to the electrolyte and physically separating the cathode from the anode (wear track). The effects of sliding wear at open circuit potential have been investigated for a super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32750) in 3.4 wt% NaCl. The new experimental set-up proposed in this work separates the cathode from the anode and exposes solely the wear track to the electrolyte. Using well-established electrochemical theories, the effect of the extent of the galvanic coupling on wear at the open circuit potential conditions has been quantified. The authors would like to thank the support from the European Union for funding C. Torres through the Leonardo da Vinci Mobility program. C.B. von der Ohe and E. Jensen ...

The IDB is historically the main multilateral development partner of Argentina and currently provides its services through various instruments in various fields, such as projects aimed at promoting growth and competitiveness, promoting social development and governance, as stated by the IDB on its website. The article deals with relations between Argentina and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) during the presidencies of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Mauricio Macri (2007-2019), discussing and analysing the role played by the IDB in financing the various policies implemented by those governments in our national territory, and the objectives of such borrowing. Institute for International Relations ; El BID constituye históricamente el principal socio multilateral para el desarrollo de Argentina, y actualmente brinda sus servicios mediante diferentes instrumentos en diversos campos, como en proyectos dirigidos a promover el crecimiento y la competitividad, en la promoción del desarrollo social y la gobernabilidad, tal cual lo enuncia el BID en su página web. El artículo aborda las relaciones entre Argentina y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) durante las presidencias de Cristina Fernández de Kirchner y de Mauricio Macri (2007-2019), discutiendo y analizando el papel que jugó el BID en la financiación para las diferentes políticas implementadas por dichos gobiernos en nuestro territorio nacional, y los objetivos de tales empréstitos. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales

Summary The aim of this article was to carry out a diagnosis of how women-led companies are being financed and what are the main obstacles to accessing funding sources. The data were collected by applying a questionnaire to a sample of 272 voluntary female entrepreneurs in Mexico City. The main findings show that micro size predominates in services and trade sectors and do not have legal personality. Female entrepreneurs do not access government and private support as a result of the lack of participation in business networks, so they prefer to finance themselves and family and friends. For this reason, only a third have accessed sources of external financing, and the main obstacle to obtaining this is the excess of requirements, including ownership of immovable property and collateral. These findings highlight the lack of support for female entrepreneurs, who need both skills and funding to make their businesses competitive. ; Resumen El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar un diagnóstico para conocer de qué manera se están financiando las empresas dirigidas por mujeres y cuáles son los principales obstáculos para acceder a fuentes de financiamiento. Se recolectaron los datos aplicando un cuestionario a una muestra de 272 empresarias voluntarias de la Ciudad de México. Los principales hallazgos muestran que predomina el tamaño micro, en sectores servicios y comercio, y no cuentan con personalidad jurídica. Las empresarias no acceden a las ayudas gubernamentales y privadas como consecuencia de la falta de participación en redes empresariales, por lo que prefieren financiarse con recursos propios y con familiares y amigos. Por esta razón, solo una tercera parte han accedido a fuentes de financiamiento externo, y el principal obstáculo para obtenerlo es el exceso de requisitos, entre ellos, ser propietarias de bienes inmuebles y contar con garantías. Estos hallazgos ponen en evidencia la falta de apoyo para las mujeres empresarias, las cuales requieren tanto capacitación como financiamiento para hacer ...

1049 1055 21 7 ; S ; [EN] This paper addresses the estimation of specific growth rate of microorganisms in bioreactors using sliding observers. In particular, a second-order sliding observer based on biomass concentration measurement is proposed. Differing from other proposals that only guarantee bounded errors, the proposed observer provides a smooth estimate that converges in finite time to the time-varying parameter. Stability is proved using a Lyapunov approach. The observer exhibits also robustness to process uncertainties since no model of the reaction is used for its design. In addition, the off-surface coordinate of the sliding observer is useful to determine the convergence time as well as to identify sensor faults and unexpected behaviors. Because of the structure of the output error injection, chattering phenomena of conventional sliding mode algorithms are substantially reduced. The features of the proposed observer are assessed by numerical and experimental data. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. This work was supported by the National University of La Plata (Project 11-1127), ANPCyT (PICT2007-00535) and CONICET (PIP112-200801-01052) of Argentina; the Technical University of Valencia (PAID-02-09 program and FPI-2009/21 grant), the CICYT (DPI2005-01180) and AECID (A/024186/09) of Spain: and by FEDER funds of the European Union. De Battista, H.; Picó, J.; Garelli, F.; Vignoni, A. (2011). Specific growth rate estimation in (fed-)batch bioreactors using second-order sliding observers. Journal of Process Control. 21(7):1049-1055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2011.05.008

[ES] The author carries out a rapid journey through Spanish science of the twentieth century, referring in particular to the 1 political and institutional process. It focuses on the different org-a nismos tasked with promoting, managing and funding research, as well as on the various policies that gave rise to them, providing a critical assessment of the main problems of science in Spain today. ; Peer reviewed ; [ES] The author carries out a rapid journey through Spanish science of the twentieth century, referring in particular to the 1 political and institutional process. It focuses on the different org-a nismos tasked with promoting, managing and funding research, as well as on the various policies that gave rise to them, providing a critical assessment of the main problems of science in Spain today. ; [EN] The author cames out a quick joumey through the Spanish science of the XX"' century, witli a special referente to the political and institutional process. The author focuses the p.a p.e r on the institutions in charge of promoting, managing and financing the investigations. He focuses it as well on the different policies that orientated from those institutes. including a critica1 evaluation of the principal problems of the science in today's Spain. ; [ES] The author carries out a rapid journey through Spanish science of the twentieth century, referring in particular to the 1 political and institutional process. It focuses on the different org-a nismos tasked with promoting, managing and funding research, as well as on the various policies that gave rise to them, providing a critical assessment of the main problems of science in Spain today. ; [ES] El autor realiza un rápido recorrido por la ciencia española del siglo XX, en especial referido a1 proceso político e institucional. Se centra en los distintos org-a nismos encarg-a dos de promover, gestionar y financiar la investigación, así como en las distintas políticas que los originaron, aportando una valoración crítica de los principales problemas de la ...

Fin 2020, supported by funding from the GIS CollEx-Persée, Abes acquired under national licence the corpus of the 19th century British Parliamentary Archives digitised by ProQuest and available via the Nineteenth-Century Parliamentary Papers database. The scientific value of this corpus is considerable: bringing together more than 80 700 parliamentary documents produced by the House of Commons between 1801. ; Fin 2020, soutenu par un financement du GIS CollEx-Persée, l'Abes a procédé à l'acquisition sous licence nationale du corpus des archives parlementaires britanniques du XIXe siècle numérisées par ProQuest et disponible via la base Nineteenth-Century Parliamentary Papers. L'intérêt scientifique de ce corpus est considérable : regroupant plus de 80 700 documents parlementaires produits par la Chambre des Communes (House of Commons) entre 1801 …

The aim of this note is to present an extension of the model of municipal solid waste developed by Fullerton and Kinnaman (1995).This model makes it possible to design a policy of optimal prices for the generation and disposal of waste. The purpose is to present the model's predictions of incentives to dispose of litter in a healthcare back-up or to recycle it. It also analyses the alternative of exporting litter to another jurisdiction, depending on transport costs, and measures the risks of waste being illegally disposed of in open skies or burned in an unauthorised form (dumping or burning). These forecasts of the theoretical model are used to make some considerations about the pricing and incentive system currently in place in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area. Department of Economics ; El objetivo de esta nota es presentar una extensión del modelo de residuos sólidos urbanos desarrollado por Fullerton y Kinnaman (1995).Este modelo permite diseñar una política de precios óptima de generación y disposición de residuos. El propósito es presentar las predicciones del modelo respecto a los incentivos a disponer la basura en un relleno sanitario o a reciclarla. También se analiza la alternativa de exportar la basura a otra jurisdicción, dependiendo de los costos de transporte, y se miden los riesgos de que los residuos se dispongan de manera ilegal en basurales a cielo abierto o que se quemen en forma no permitida (dumping o burning). Estas predicciones del modelo teórico se utilizan para realizar algunas consideraciones sobre el sistema de precios e incentivos actualmente vigente en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Economía

132 136 912 ; S ; [EN] In this contribution, large SiPM arrays (8 x 8 elements of 6 x 6 mm(2) each) are processed with an ASIC-based readout and coupled to a monolithic LYSO crystal to explore their potential use for TOF-PET applications. The aim of this work is to study the integration of this technology in the development of clinical PET systems reaching sub-300 ps coincidence resolving time (CRT). The SiPM and readout electronics have been evaluated first, using a small size 1.6 mm (6 mm height) crystal array (32 x 32 elements). All pixels were well resolved and they exhibited an energy resolution of about 20% (using Time-over-Threshold methods) for the 511 keV photons. Several parameters have been scanned to achieve the optimum readout system performance, obtaining a CRT as good as 330 +/- 5 ps FWHM. When using a black-painted monolithic block, the spatial resolution was measured to be on average 2.6 +/- 0.5 mm, without correcting for the source size. Energy resolution appears to be slightly above 20%. CRT measurements with the monolithic crystal detector were also carried out. Preliminary results as well as calibration methods specifically designed to improve timing performance, are being analyzed in the present manuscript. This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No 695536). It has also been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad under Grants No. FIS2014-62341-EXP and TEC2016-79884-C2-1-R. Lamprou, E.; Aguilar -Talens, A.; Gonzalez-Montoro, A.; Monzó Ferrer, JM.; Cañizares-Ledo, G.; Iranzo-Egea, S.; Vidal San Sebastian, LF. (2018). PET detector block with accurate 4D capabilities. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A Accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment. 912:132-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.002

A series of tardorroot glasses found in the necropolis of Cubas de la Sagra and currently deposited at the Regional Archaeological Museum of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) have been characterised. It comes from the Camino de Santa Juana deposit, located in the south of the Community of Madrid. The objectives were to determine, on the one hand, the chemical composition and chromophora responsible for the tone of the glasses; on the other hand, assess their conservation status to select the most appropriate preventive conservation strategy for their deposit or exhibition in the museum. In the first case, a total of 14 samples from both necropolis were analysed; samples of residual sediment surrounding the glasses were analysed to determine their pH, mineralogical phases and influence on the degree of deterioration of the glasses. The study has been carried out using conventional techniques: binocular glass, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, field scan electron microscopy with X-ray energy dispersion microanalysis and visible spectrophotometry. The results have served to contextualise archaeometrically the glasses in the whole of the Iberian Peninsula's tardorRoman glass analysed so far. The authors appreciate the funding of project ref. HAR2012-30769 (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness) and the GeomatMaterials Programme 2 ref. S2013/MIT-2914 (Community of Madrid and European Union — Structural Funds). ; Peer reviewed ; A series of tardorroot glasses found in the necropolis of Cubas de la Sagra and currently deposited at the Regional Archaeological Museum of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) have been characterised. It comes from the Camino de Santa Juana deposit, located in the south of the Community of Madrid. The objectives were to determine, on the one hand, the chemical composition and chromophora responsible for the tone of the glasses; on the other hand, assess their conservation status to select the most appropriate preventive conservation strategy for their deposit or exhibition in the museum. ...