Suchergebnisse

The analysis of basic urban services in Belo — Horizonte shows that one of the key factors in improving access for low-income populations is the continuity of a municipal social policy, combining services policy (sanitation, water, waste) and urbanisation and housing policy. This article presents some of the instruments of this municipal policy. ; International audience ; The analysis of basic urban services in Belo — Horizonte shows that one of the key factors in improving access for low-income populations is the continuity of a municipal social policy, combining services policy (sanitation, water, waste) and urbanisation and housing policy. This article presents some of the instruments of this municipal policy. ; L'analyse des services urbains de base à Belo - Horizonte montre qu'un des facteurs clé pour améliorer l'accès des populations à faible revenu est la continuité d'une politique sociale municipale, associant politique des services (assainissement, eau, déchets) et politique d'urbanisation et du logement. Cet article présente quelques-uns des instruments de cette politique municipale.

while work continues to play the role of great social responsibility, how can we think of the position of young people in the labour market? In order to clarify this question, this article first sets out some features of the situation of young people in Europe, starting from a series of statistics. He then gave an overview of the guidelines adopted in terms of public policy, including the measures around an unconditional income targeted at young people. Starting from this state of the place, he outlined the relationship to the work of young people, showing how it contrasts with the nature of the public measures that target them. ; Alors que le travail continue à jouer le rôle de grand intégrateur social, comment penser la position de la jeunesse à l'égard du marché du travail ? Pour éclairer cette question, cet article dessine d'abord quelques traits de la situation des jeunes en Europe, à partir d'une série de données statistiques. Il donne ensuite un aperçu des orientations prises en termes de politiques publiques, en y incluant les débats autour d'un revenu inconditionnel ciblé sur la jeunesse. À partir de cet état des lieux, il pose les contours du rapport au travail des jeunes en montrant comment celui-ci vient heurter la nature des dispositifs publics qui les ciblent.

The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."

Summary: The purpose of the article is to analyse the client links in the recruitment of the municipal police in the municipality of Amozoc located in the huachicol strip between 2014 and 2019. Clientelism is a historical and persistent problem in Mexico. In terms of municipal safety, recruitment of police staff is a function of client networks. For this reason, the loyalty of police staff is deposited with the municipal president not as an institutional figure but as a political figure, because he defines the staff's income and stay. The methodology used is theoretical, descriptive, hemerographic and the conduct of ten semi-structured interviews with police officers. Clientelism extends to the municipalities on the huachicol strip, and the police are responsible for the president who recruits them, which is why they protect criminals engaged in the illegal extraction of ducts and those who refuse to take part in this business remain at the mercy of criminals. ; Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es analizar los vínculos clientelares en el reclutamiento de la policía municipal en el municipio de Amozoc ubicado en la franja del huachicol entre 2014 a 2019. El clientelismo es una problemática histórica y persistente en México, en materia de seguridad municipal el reclutamiento del personal policiaco responde a redes clientelares es por ello que la lealtad del personal policiaco está depositada en el presidente municipal no como figura institucional sino como político, debido a que es él quien define el ingreso del personal y su permanencia. La metodología que se usa es teórica-descriptiva, hemerográfica y la realización de diez entrevistas semiestructuradas a policías. El clientelismo se extiende a los municipios de la franja del huachicol, los policías se deben al presidente que los recluta es por ello que protegen a los delincuentes que se dedican a la extracción ilegal de ductos y los que rechazan participar en este negocio quedan a merced de los criminales.

The actual level of income inequality and the scope of policy options influence the redistribution policy chosen by a social planner. We show how the interaction between the two attributes may lead to the formation of social perception of inequality. An axiomatic system on social preferences is suggested and demonstrated to characterize a measure of social perception of inequality. Our contention is that social perception, as conceptualized in this paper, is closely related to both the objective inequality and the prospect level of equality. The prospect equality reflects the ideal level of equality, among which are politically feasible, and serves as a reference point for perception. Our notion indicates that a social planner may not take action on inequality if the relevant policies are not politically viable. These insights may help explain the differential redistribution policies across the nations.

Summary: The short history of research into Universal Basic Income (IBU) has had a peak of interest in recent years. This is evidenced by the fact that in 2017 two of the most important publications on the topic in the last decade came to light: Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sound Economy of Philosophers Philippe van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght and Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen from economist Guy Standing. This trial explores and commands the information contained in these two books on the basis of their similarities and differences, but also aims to indicate new research avenues based on them. The text is organised around four strands of reasoning and research: the history and conceptual clarification, ethical appetite, technical and economic feasibility and political feasibility of the IBU. ; Resumen: La corta historia de la investigación sobre el ingreso básico universal (IBU) ha tenido un pico de interés los últimos años. Prueba de esto es que en 2017 vieron la luz dos de las publicaciones más importantes de la última década sobre el tema: Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy de los filósofos Philippe van Parijs y Yannick Vanderborght y Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen, del economista Guy Standing. Este ensayo explora y ordena la información que aparece en estos dos libros atendiendo a sus similitudes y diferencias, pero también pretende indicar nuevas vías de investigación a partir de ellos. El texto está organizado alrededor de cuatro ejes de argumentación e investigación: la historia y clarificación conceptual, la deseabilidad ética, la viabilidad técnica y económica y la factibilidad política del IBU.

In this work, occupational and wage stability in Argentina during the years 1998-2002 is studied together. Using panels built from the EPH, we analyse how the characteristics of the worker impact on wage volatility and the likelihood of losing or gaining employment. Evidence is found to indicate that individuals with relatively low wages are faced with the largest fluctuations in their income and the highest turnover in employment and unemployment. During the deepest period of the crisis, occupational instability doubled and relative wage mobility remained stable. Department of Economics ; In this paper it is jointly studied the occupation and the wage stability in Argentina during the years 1998-2002. Using matched panel data from the EPH survey, it is analyzed the way in which the characteristics of the worker impact on the wage volatility and on the probability of being fired or hired. The evidence indicates that those individuals with relatively low salary face the highest income oscillations and the highest employment-unemployment rotation. During the deepest period of the crisis, the employment instability double and the relative wage mobility remained stable. ; In this work, occupational and wage stability in Argentina during the years 1998-2002 is studied together. Using panels built from the EPH, we analyse how the characteristics of the worker impact on wage volatility and the likelihood of losing or gaining employment. Evidence is found to indicate that individuals with relatively low wages are faced with the largest fluctuations in their income and the highest turnover in employment and unemployment. During the deepest period of the crisis, occupational instability doubled and relative wage mobility remained stable. Department of Economics ; En el presente trabajo se estudia conjuntamente la estabilidad ocupacional y salarial en Argentina durante los años 1998-2002. Usando paneles construidos a partir de la EPH, se analiza la forma en la cual las características del trabajador impactan en la ...

In 2013, the Seychelles were recorded as having the highest Gini coefficient (66 per cent) for income inequality of any country in the world (World Development Indicators, 2014). The republic had then been independent for thirty seven years. Before independence, however, it had been under colonial rule for some two hundred years.It is therefore interesting to go back to its colonial past to see how unequal was the distribution of income under British governance. Shortly before independence, the Government of the Seychelles reported that "information on the distribution of personal incomes in Seychelles is incomplete, and in particular there is little information about the incomes of the rich" (Government of Seychelles, 1975, page 35). There was however one source that could have been exploited: the income tax returns published by the colonial authorities. It is this source that is used in the present paper.

Since the early 1990s, EU countries have carried out numerous tax reforms. Disparate, however, have been influenced by similar macroeconomic situations or common imperatives. In many countries, the explicit priority is to improve the competitiveness and attractiveness of the domestic production site and restore incentives to work rather than extending redistribution and public spending. Reforms are now liberal rather than social democrat. However, despite globalisation and the risks of tax base absconding, the share of taxes and public expenditure in GDP has not been significantly reduced in any of the European countries. A first common concern is the taxation of multinational companies in an increasingly globalised world. Should taxation be applied at source or at residence? How can national autonomy be made compatible with the need for European coherence in the taxation of transnational companies? Similar problems arise in relation to the taxation of income from capital of households, the issue of dividend taxation and tax credit being the pivotal issue between the two problems. The second concern is the fight against unemployment. Many avenues have been used to make tax systems more employment-friendly: the reduction in social contributions, which are replaced by a levy on all household incomes, by value added tax or by environmental taxes; the reduction in social contributions concentrated on low-wage earners; the implementation of mechanisms close to the negative tax to reduce disincentives to work for unskilled workers. A third concern is environmental taxation: can it be used to reduce energy consumption and avoid emissions of gaseous pollutants, while at the same time providing a second dividend by reducing labour taxation? Finally, the question arises of the organisation of local taxation. Can the autonomy of local authorities be reconciled with the aim of redistribution and equality of citizens with regard to public services at national level? The article assesses the risks of tax competition and the ...

Achieving universal health coverage (UHC)—defined as access to needed health services to all and protection against financial risks arising from paying for health services —is among the top priorities of reform agendas across many countries. Provision of health services should be determined by individuals' need rather than their ability to pay and, at the same time, utilization of services by those seeking health care should not impose the risk of financial catastrophe. In addition, paying for health care should be administered in an equitable manner whereby individuals with a higher ability to pay contribute a relatively higher share of their income to health financing compared to those individuals with a lower ability to pay. Tanzania has been making efforts towards UHC starting with the abolition of user fees soon after independence in 1967, before their reintroduction in the early 1990s, and the introduction of health insurance schemes in early 2000.

The central objective of this paper is to study the links between changes in Argentina's integration to the world economy and the growth of income inequality and poverty. To that aim, both phenomena are described and the links relating them are analysed. The article does not deepen into the analysis of some particular cause, and it does not provide concluding evidence of alternative hypothesis. Its contribution consists in presenting in a systematic way different explanations of the development of inequality in Argentina and in evaluating their relative importance in the light of the economic theory and the available empirical evidence. ; Departamento de Economía

Empirical papers show that labor income and capital income are differently taxed all over the world. We investigate whether this may correspond to individual preferences. We tackle this question in an overlapping generations general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents: young versus old and low skilled versus high skilled individuals. Taxes finance unemployment benefits and government consumption. High skilled agents prefer capital income taxes, while young unskilled and old agents prefer labor income taxation.

This paper characterizes the trade-off between the income gains and the inequality costs of trade using survey data for 54 developing countries. Tariff data on agricultural and manufacturing goods are combined with household survey data on detailed income and expenditure patterns to estimate the first order effects of the elimination of tariffs on household welfare. We assess how these welfare effects vary across the distribution by estimating impacts on the consumption of traded goods, wage income, farm and non-farm family enterprise income, and government transfers. For each country, the income gains and the inequality costs of trade liberalization are quantified and the trade-offs between them are assessed using an Atkinson social welfare index. We find average income gains from liberalization in 44 countries and average income losses in 10 countries. Across countries in our sample, the gains from trade are 1.8 percent of real household expenditure on average. We find overwhelming evidence of a trade-off between the income gains (losses) and the inequality costs (gains), which arise because trade tends to exacerbate income inequality: 46 countries face a trade-off, while only 8 do not. These trade-offs are typically resolved in favor of lower tariffs. In the majority of developing countries, the prevailing tariff structure thus induces sizeable welfare losses. ; Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales (CEDLAS)

Situated next to Lens, Loos en Gohelle opened up to cultural events as soon as the mines were closed. The mine has been transformed into a heritage of the territory, a source of pride, transmission of history and tourist income. This conservation effort was recognised by UNESCO in 2012. It is on the mining site itself that a new common culture is being produced, and the municipality is transforming the landscape into a laboratory for ecological development for use in other places. Located next to Lens, Loos-en-Gohelle has opined itself to cultural events since the closure of mines. The mine has now been transformed into territorial heritage, as a source of pride to transmit history and generate tourist revenues. This conservation effort was recognised by UNESCO in 2012. A new common culture is blossoming on the mining site itself, and the municipality is transforming the landscape into a laboratory developed to inspire other territories. 52; 1 ; Située à côté de Lens, Loos en Gohelle s'est ouverte aux manifestations culturelles dès la fermeture des mines. La mine a été transformée en patrimoine du territoire, source de fierté, de transmission de l'histoire, et de revenus touristiques. Cet effort de conservation a été reconnu en 2012 par l'Unesco. C'est sur le site minier lui-même qu'une nouvelle culture commune est produite peu à peu, et que la municipalité transforme le paysage en laboratoire de développement écologique à l'usage d'autres lieux. Located next to Lens, Loos-en-Gohelle has opened itself to cultural events since the closure of mines. The mine has now been transformed into territorial patrimony, as a source of pride to transmit history and generate tourist revenues. This conservation effort was recognized by UNESCO in 2012. A new common culture is blossoming on the mining site itself, and the municipality is transforming the landscape into a laboratory devoted to ecological development to inspire other territories. 52;1

National audience. With the general introduction of aid conditionality and its now compulsory nature, the June 2003 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy is a further step towards strengthening the promotion of environmentally-friendly agriculture. Among the different fields covered by cross-compliance, the article focuses on the measure for the establishment of grass strips on farms with arable crops. Combining field surveys and modelling, the authors study two production systems (cattle farming and arable crops) in two French regions (Pays de la Loire and Midi-Pyrénées) to identify the economic and environmental challenges and consequences of this measure. They show that, given the weight of aid on farm incomes and the relatively low cost of introducing grass strips, the penalties incurred in the event of non-compliance with the new requirements prove to be a deterrent, leading to improvements in the environmental performance of farms. ; National audience Avec la généralisation de la conditionnalité des aides et son caractère désormais obligatoire, la réforme de la Politique Agricole Commune de juin 2003 fait un pas de plus dans le renforcement de la promotion d'une agriculture respectueuse de l'environnement. Parmi les différents champs couverts par la conditionnalité, l'article s'intéresse à la mesure visant à la mise en place de bandes enherbées dans les exploitations pratiquant des cultures arables. Combinant enquêtes de terrain et modélisation, les auteurs étudient deux systèmes de production (élevage bovin et grandes cultures) dans deux régions françaises (Pays de la Loire et Midi-Pyrénées) pour dégager les enjeux et les conséquences économiques et environnementales de cette mesure. Ils montrent ainsi qu'étant donné le poids des aides dans le revenu des exploitations et le relativement faible coût de la mise en place des bandes enherbées, les pénalités encourues en cas de non respect des nouvelles exigences se révèlent effectivement dissuasives, conduisant bien à l'amélioration de la performance ...