The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
During the inter-war period it consolidate in Argentina a tendency to pathologize the modern city, understood like an ill organism that produced and was consequence phisical and moral decadency of its habitants. The interruption of external inmigration contributed with new information for a strategy of regeneration that tried to establish from eugenesics directed to articulate the populationism with the territorial distribution, in the certainty that counteracted country the evils that generated the life modern. The work reviews the impact of this ideology in the different spheres and the way in which has integrated the cultural politic of the fascism and taked part of the corpus with which the biotipology looked to give scientific legitimacy. ; Durante el período de entreguerras se consolidó en la Argentina una tendencia a patologizar la ciudad moderna, entendida como un organismo enfermo que producía y a la vez era consecuencia de la decadencia física y moral de sus habitantes. La interrupción de la inmigración externa aportó nuevos datos para una estrategia de regeneración que pugno por establecer, desde la eugenesia, medidas dirigidas a articular el poblacionismo con la distribución territorial, en la certeza de que el campo contrarrestaría los males que generaba la vida moderna. El trabajo repasa el impacto de esta ideología en distintas esferas y el modo en que ella se recepcionó junto a la política cultural del fascismo y formó parte del corpus con el que la biotipología buscó darle legitimidad científica. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
La Revolution française is one of the four major periods of religious clashes in the history of France, with the religious crisis from II to IV in the Roman Gaule (persecution of Christians, then of the païans), the sixteenth century religious wars and the Church/Republic of 1880-1900. The revolutionary religious conflict is a complex phenomenon, often analysed through a reading grid inherited from the end of the nineteenth century. In the context of a progressive interpretation of history, the Revolution is presented as a founding moment, which achieves the ideal of tolerance of the Enlightenment by establishing freedom of religion, within the framework of the Declaration of Human Rights. Conversely, a conservative historiography of Catholic tradition insists on the persecution of 1792-1794, in order to better denounce the hybris of revolutionaries, who wanted to establish a new society on the ruins of the Church. In particular, these two historical traditions are at odds with the question of the possible religious intolerance of the Republican authorities between 1792 and 1800. For the supporters of the Great Revolution, the fight against refractory clergy and his loyals was motivated by their collusion with the royal forces, particularly during the Vendée wars. In order to restore order, the Republic had no choice but to dedicate those disruptors from public rest to death or deportation. Catholic historians, for their part, denounced latent persecution since the origins of the Revolution, which was the result of an antilerical culture inherited from the Enlightenment, led by the leaders of the revolutionist movement, mainly the World, who wanted to force a sort of republican secularism before the letter. This interpretative framework also plays a key role in conspiracy theories about the 'secret' origins of the Revolution. Significantly, these two antagonistic visions of the religious history of the Revolution were formed at the time of the conflict between the Church and the Republic in the years 1880-1900. ...
Summary: Given the persistence of organised criminal violence in Mexico, the possibility of overcoming it by using transitional justice measures has been discussed. What would be so feasible for its implementation? We try to answer this question in two steps. First, we draw up a conceptual map of organised societal violence that allows us to identify so-called drug violence as an economic civil war and to distinguish it from political civil wars. We then discussed the applicability of transitional justice to the Mexican context. Although we identified important analogies, we finally highlighted an insurmountable obstacle: transitional justice can only serve as a pacifying channel if the state using it to disarm criminal gangs has the capacity to ensure that such disarmament is permanent. ; Resumen: Ante la persistencia de la violencia criminal organizada en México, se ha discutido la posibilidad de superarla usando medidas de justicia transicional. ¿Qué tan viable sería su aplicación? Tratamos de responder a esta pregunta en dos pasos. Primero, trazamos un mapa conceptual de la violencia societal organizada que nos permite identificar la llamada narcoviolencia como una guerra civil económica y distinguirla de las guerras civiles políticas. Después, discutimos la aplicabilidad de la justicia transicional al contexto mexicano. Aunque identificamos analogías importantes, terminamos resaltando un obstáculo infranqueable: la justicia transicional solo puede servir como vía pacificadora si el Estado que recurre a ella para desarmar a las bandas criminales tuviera la capacidad de garantizar que ese desarme sea permanente.
As a historical term, fascism is essentially related to the period of the interwar period, when it was used by the Italian regime and a wide range of smaller movements in other countries. But as a political concept, it has a much broader and longer history, which continues until today. How does the history of fascism relate to fascism as a generic policy concept? In this interview, British historian Roger Griffin, the best specialist in comparative studies on fascism, answers this and other related questions. He developed his views on the history and doctrine of fascism, referred to the emergence and development of this movement between the two wars and explained why it had flourished in some countries, while it remained marginal in others. Based on its own definition of fascism (an ideology centred on the myth of national renaissance), Griffin describes the link between the history of the phenomenon and the political concept, before, at the end of the interview, commenting on the use of the term 'fascism' in the current political context and explaining how fascism can be distinguished from other right-wing ideologies. ; International audience ; As a historical term, fascism is essentially related to the period of the interwar period, when it was used by the Italian regime and a wide range of smaller movements in other countries. But as a political concept, it has a much broader and longer history, which continues until today. How does the history of fascism relate to fascism as a generic policy concept? In this interview, British historian Roger Griffin, the best specialist in comparative studies on fascism, answers this and other related questions. He developed his views on the history and doctrine of fascism, referred to the emergence and development of this movement between the two wars and explained why it had flourished in some countries, while it remained marginal in others. Based on its own definition of fascism (an ideology centred on the myth of national renaissance), Griffin describes the link between ...
713 717 44 ; S ; [EN] Alzira, the capital of the Ribera del Júcar, has historically played a prominent role within the Comunitat Valenciana. The first settlement of the city dates back to the Moorish domination, and after the Reconquista, together with Xativa, Alcoi and Elx, it became one of the main cities of the ancient Reino de Valencia. Its architectural heritage is a witness of this remarkable past, including the glorious example of the Moorish wall, built almost entirely using the technique of rammed earth. Throughout history, the Moorish wall and the entire architectural heritage of Alzira have suffered extensive damage due to multiple factors, including neglect, wars and numerous floods. Throughout history, floods have had a significant impact on the architectural and cultural heritage of the city, as chronicled at the time, given that until the 1960s, the historic centre was surrounded by the two branches of the river Júcar. This study aims to analyse the response of earthen architecture to flooding, assessing its resilience and vulnerability through the analysis of the case of the city of Alzira and, in particular, of its historic centre. The research will therefore investigate the adaptation of earthen architecture and traditional techniques to floods. The recognition of these good practices used in the past and the establishment of a level of risk will be crucial to developing measures for the prevention and mitigation of the effects of floods, such as structural reinforcements and protective devices. This work is part of the research project Earthen architecture in the Iberian Peninsula: study of natural, social and anthropic risks and strategies to improve resilience Risk-Terra (ref. RTI2018-095302-B-I00; main researchers: Camilla Mileto and Fernando Vegas), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University. Trizio, F.; Mileto, C.; Torrijo, F.; Lidón De-Miguel, M. (2020). Preliminary Analysis of Earthen Architecture Response to Floods: The Case of Alzira (Spain). International ...
The protraction of crises, civil wars, and conflicts cause countless humanitarian disasters, on the level of individuals, families, and society as a whole. Technological innovation, including the optimisation of information flows in crisis situations, is a critical asset in the humanitarian domain, while the ultimate benchmark of the usefulness of any new 'gadget' will be its effectiveness on the ground, and the very fact of whether it saves lives in the long run. Humanitarian aid organizations do play a critical role in this respect; they are the ones to adopt, test, improve, and further develop any new technology, in close collaboration with those providing it. Over recent years, projects and initiatives have been brought up, where research institutions and humanitarian actors share both technological and practical experience in mutual exchange. Satellite Earth observation (EO) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) were recently adopted by the humanitarian action community to cope with these challenges, and to close the information gap. The special session EO4Hum focuses on the potential of EO data and technologies to support humanitarian action in crisis and disaster response. Turning satellite data into relevant geospatial information products for humanitarian actors remains a great challenge therein.
four years after the start of the Arab uprisings, pessimism gains: researchers, analysts, but also those involved in the first challenges are now questioning what 'revolutions' are still possible, and between 'counter-revolutions' and civil wars, from Syria to Egypt, a historical sequence, opened in 2011, would already be closed. While the revolutions seem to be lost, it may be the very concept of revolution that has suffered, at least since the late 1980s, from an imprecise. The concept of 'revolution' was sometimes associated with the various messianic projects of the twentieth century, all of which failed and then subsumed under the mere paradigm of 'democratic transition'. However, the supposed failures of the 'Arab revolutions' may not be so. Civil wars, complex dialectic between 'revolutions' and 'counter-revolutions', which have always been relaunched on the need for 'reform' or 'revolution': the Arab revolutions in their crises take many of the revolutionary 'models' in the past, making it possible to think about the revolution in its crises. ; International audience Four years after the beginning of the "Arab uprisings", a certain pessimism is gaining ground: researchers, analysts, political actors previously involved in the social contestations of the spring 2011, have reasons to doubt the possibility of "Arab revolutions". Between "counter-revolutions" and civil wars, from Syria to Egypt, an historical moment, open in 2011, could be definitely closed. The "Arab revolutions" seem apparently defeated. Yet, it is maybe the concept of revolution itself, which remains unthinking since the end of the eighties. The concept of "revolution" has been associated to the different messianic ideologies, sometimes very violent, of the twentieth century; then it has been subsumed into the paradigm of the "democratic transitions". The failures of the "Arab revolutions" do not undermine the relevance of the concept of "revolution". Civil wars, complex dialectic between "revolutions" and "counter-revolutions", permanent ...
Most debates on postwar mental health focus on clinical evaluations of veterans' and civilians' individual experiences of wartime 'trauma'. But the psychological afterlife and the social discord that wars create cannot be reduced to a clinical artifact of individual trauma or be divorced from the historical and cultural meanings that it carries. Generations of war children will continue to remember, process, and work through cultural changes that quietly inscribe past war experiences in their daily lives. This article examines one such cultural shift, namely the medicalization of the memories of the Iran-Iraq War. It illustrates how individuals' PTSD-like symptoms or alleged depreshen turn the seemingly desocializing act of medicalization on its head, and how diagnosis can become a cultural resource to resocialize the war in the sanitized language of biomedicine. It further suggests that moving beyond an individual and clinical rendition of trauma requires the integration of an anthropological understanding of illness and its cultural situatedness into medical pedagogies.
12 18 4 1 ; SWORD ; [EN] In the current paper, we show an analysis of scientific literature on the MixedModel Assembly Lines sequencing, such as automobile assembly lines. In the real car productive systems, the sequence is defined by the content and the extraction order of a subset of units, taken from a buffer at the beginning of the assembly line, which is dynamicallyrefilled. The problem consists of defining the sequence of an assembly line in real time to optimize the flow of materials and the requirements of resources on the line. The aim of this review was to determine the different approaches and their approximation to real applications. Bautista, J., Companys, R., & Corominas, A. (1996). Heuristics and exact algorithms for solving the Monden problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 88(1), 101-113. doi:10.1016/0377-2217(94)00165-0 Cordeau, J.-F., Laporte, G., & Pasin, F. (2008). Iterated tabu search for the car sequencing problem. European Journal of Operational Research, 191(3), 945-956. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2007.04.048 Dahmala, T. N.; Kubiak, W. (2005). A brief survey of just-in-time sequencing for mixed-model systems. International Journal of Operations Research, Vol. 2, pp. 38-47. Meyr, H. (2004). Supply chain planning in the German automotive industry. OR Spectrum, 26(4). doi:10.1007/s00291-004-0168-4 Monden, Y. (1987). Toyota Production System. Institute of Industrial Enginerrs Press; Nor Cross. Parrello, B. D. (1988). Car wars: (almost) birth of an expert system. AI Expert, Vol. 3, nº. 1, pp. 60-64. Valero-Herrero, M., Garcia-Sabater, J. P., & Maheut, J. (2011). An approach to the real circumstances of the car sequencing problem, in 41st International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering. Wester, L. & Lilbridge, M. (1964). The assembly line model-mix sequencing problem., pp. 247-260. ; [ES] En el presente trabajo se muestra un análisis de la literatura científica existente sobre la secuenciación en líneas de montaje con mezcla de modelos, como son las líneas ...
Monthly journals prons in Church and Magnificat are an essential part of the current life of French-speaking Catholic parishes. Despite a recent outbreak in France at the end of the 80s, their origin lies in the coastal movement between the two wars in Austria and Quebec. They can be described as a "disposable" version of the Missels of Fidees, designed to contribute to the active participation of followers in the dominical messes during the week, with Magnificat also having the main aim of facilitating access to the Heat liturgy. The high and increasing number of subscribers to these two months demonstrates the need for such media today. However, their use is not without problems, especially prons in churches, in liturgy preparations and in the celebrations themselves, because of the risk of making them a quasi-norm equal to liturgical books. Finally, the ecological dimension of this type of 'disposable' Missels should be noted. ; Les revues mensuelles Prions en Église et Magnificat sont un élément incontournable de la vie actuelle des paroisses catholiques francophones. Malgré une apparition récente en France, à la fin des années 80, leur origine se situe dans le mouvement liturgique de l'entre-deux guerres en Autriche et au Québec. On peut les caractériser comme une version «jetable» des Missels des fidèles, destinée à contribuer à la participation active des fidèles aux messes dominicales et en semaine, Magnificat ayant de plus pour but principal de faciliter l'accès à la Liturgie des Heures. Le nombre élevé et croissant des abonnés à ces deux mensuels prouvent la nécessité de tels media aujourd'hui. Leur utilisation n'est cependant pas sans problème, surtout Prions en Église, dans les préparations des liturgies et dans les célébrations elles-mêmes, en raison du risque d'en faire une quasi-norme à l'égal des livres liturgiques. On notera enfin la dimension écologique de ce type de Missels «jetables»
Briefing by Y. Le BOHEC, History of Roman Wars. Mid-20th century J.-C. — 410 after J.-C., Paris: Tallandier, 2017 ; Compte-rendu de Y. Le Bohec, Histoire des guerres romaines. Milieu du VIIIe siècle av. J.-C. – 410 après J.-C., Paris : Tallandier, 2017
still has a strong cultural identity, and sponge fishing is part of a very old past in the Mediterranean. It can be traced more than 2500 years ago in this inner-sea 1. Stimulated by the new needs of the industrial revolution, this sector of the fisheries economy is growing strongly and peaked in the last decades of the nineteenth century2. However, this growth seems paradoxical. It is technically at odds with developments in the other sectors of the fishing economy in the Mediterranean at the present time. Subject to homogenisation processes driven by the discovery of new material, Mediterranean fishing, like that of the small pelagic species revolutionised by the advent of the purse seine, has seen a tightening of its fishing practices in the period between the two wars. Marginalisation of the oldest processes is the most remarkable consequence. This is not the case with sponge fisheries, which coexist in the 20th century with multi-layered and new gear derived from mechanisation and engineering. The origins of this singularity are currently being questioned. It is sought to highlight the limitations of the mechanisation process of this fishery, regardless of whether these limits are of a human or ecological nature. Italian documentary collections of the General Administration of Dodecanese (1912-1943), currently kept by the public archives of Rhodes, provide a concrete illustration of the complex and plural organisation of a fishing campaign through the example of the Kalymnos fleet. These funds provide knowledge of the actors involved in its financing, its technical implementation and its physical progress. ; International audience ; still has a strong cultural identity, and sponge fishing is part of a very old past in the Mediterranean. It can be traced more than 2500 years ago in this inner-sea 1. Stimulated by the new needs of the industrial revolution, this sector of the fisheries economy is growing strongly and peaked in the last decades of the nineteenth century2. However, this growth seems ...
name for two military confrontations with global (global) dimensions, i.e. the acts of war actually take place in all parts of the world or in all oceans. ; Bezeichnung für zwei militärische Auseinandersetzungen mit weltumspannenden (globalen) Ausmaßen, d. h., die kriegerischen Handlungen finden tatsächlich auf allen Erdteilen bzw. auf allen Weltmeeren statt.
