The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
At the confluence of rawlsian political liberalism and neoaristotelician anthropology, Martha Nussbaum's captivity approach provides a theoretical framework for responding to multicultural tensions. This article is a detailed analysis of Nussbaum's response to these challenges, which purports to unite axiological pluralism and strong moral universalism. We will argue that the philosopher's approach brings tension between rawlsian political liberalism and the conceptual framework provided by the list of capabilities. This list poses a challenge due to the democratic deficit of its foundations, as it does not sufficiently incorporate standards of inclusion and representation. As a last step, we will try to address these problems by incorporating deliberative requirements into the Nussbaum approach. ; Se situant au confluent du libéralisme politique rawlsien et de l'anthropologie néoaristotélicienne, l'approche des capabilités de Martha Nussbaum offre un cadre théorique permettant de répondre aux tensions multiculturelles. Cet article constitue une analyse détaillée de la réponse de Nussbaum à ces enjeux, qui prétend unir un pluralisme axiologique à un universalisme moral fort. Nous avancerons que la démarche entreprise par la philosophe porte une tension entre le libéralisme politique rawlsien et le cadre conceptuel apporté par la liste des capabilités. Cette liste pose une difficulté par le déficit démocratique de ses fondements, n'intégrant pas suffisamment des normes d'inclusion et de représentation. Dans un dernier temps, nous tenterons de pallier ces problèmes en intégrant à l'approche de Nussbaum des exigences délibératives.
I. Preliminary framework/II. Decision C/A. Factual background/B. Discussion of the judgment/[III]. Commentar/[IV]. Decision ; I. Inleidend kader / II. Bespreking arrest-C / A. Feitelijke achtergrond / B. Bespreking van het arrest / [III]. Commentaar / [IV]. Besluit
From the 1980s, there was a real revolution in knowledge of the neurological phenomenon of synaesthesia, which was accompanied by a cultural revolution with the emergence of personal testimonies from synesthetes. This literary and plastic representation of synaesthetic perceptions is part of the contemporary movement of hierarchical representations of different neurological conditions. Carol Steen, Patricia Lynne Duffy and Marcia Smilack are pioneers in the representation of synaesthetic perceptions. ; From the 1980s, a revolution took place in the knowledge of the neurological phenomenon of synesthesia, which has been accompanied by a cultural revolution with the emergence of personal accounts of synesthetes. Autobiographical representation—literary or plastic—of synesthetic perceptions belongs to the contemporary movement of autobiographical representations of various neurological conditions. Carol Steen, Patricia Lynne Duffy and Marcia Smilack are pioneers involved in representation of synesthetic perceptions. ; From the 1980s, there was a real revolution in knowledge of the neurological phenomenon of synaesthesia, which was accompanied by a cultural revolution with the emergence of personal testimonies from synesthetes. This literary and plastic representation of synaesthetic perceptions is part of the contemporary movement of hierarchical representations of different neurological conditions. Carol Steen, Patricia Lynne Duffy and Marcia Smilack are pioneers in the representation of synaesthetic perceptions. ; À partir des années 1980 eut lieu une véritable révolution dans la connaissance du phénomène neurologique de la synesthésie, qui s'est accompagnée d'une révolution culturelle avec l'apparition de témoignages personnels de synesthètes. Cette représentation littéraire et plastique des perceptions synesthésiques fait partie du mouvement contemporain de représentations autobiographiques de différentes conditions neurologiques. Carol Steen, Patricia Lynne Duffy et Marcia Smilack sont des acteurs pionniers de ...
Pris in its entirety, this book seeks to describe and illustrate, on the one hand, the ways in which natural languages manage the packaging of information in oral statements, providing them with an information structure, distinct from the syntactical structure, and, on the other hand, the way in which prosodic elements contribute to this information packaging, the importance of which is shown to be crucial for the production and understanding of language in general. The first, which is already drafted, focuses on considerations relating to the formal and functional characteristics of the Information Structure and its determinants. The second part, which is currently being drafted, deals mainly with prosodie. It focuses, in two broad subsections, on a general presentation of the functionality and methods of representation of the prosodie and on the impact of prosodie, in particular of stress and intonation, on the updating of the Informational Structure. parliamentarian, historical and epistemological. It also seeks to illustrate and comment in detail on the various concepts which form the decisive entities of the Information Structure, in particular those of topical, theme, rum, background and focus. From this point of view, a substantial part of the book is used to compare different theories and approaches that have tried to account for these entities. Although this contribution is written in French, it contains numerous references to foreign works, which led to the construction of a bibliography annexed to more than 2000 titles. In truth, there are many books that talk about the topic we have chosen to deal with, but they are mostly written in English, or in another foreign nappy. Production in French, in terms of works on the issue, is far less provided. It is mainly this observation that has given rise to this book and we hope that the information we give, referring to the contribution of 3 unpublished works in French and often difficult to access, will be useful to the French-speaking research community ...
4.1 4.11 12 22 ; S ; [EN] This article aims to highlight the value of immersive panoramic photography, computerized drawing and traditional freehand drawing when representing the landscape, not only analyzing the particular interest inherent to each one of these techniques, but also underlining the added value that involves the integration of these three techniques when representing a landscape project. Architects learn to use most of the above mentioned representation methods, but photography seems to be the great absent in many of the curricula of the Spanish architecture schools. Therefore, in our lectures at Master¿s degree in Landscape, we emphasize the importance of photography as a representation technique and we show several panoramic photography techniques that are really useful in landscape representation. Panoramic landscape photography will help us to represent the landscape environment, since these panoramic images compose a starting canvas on which we can already work from an early phase of the project superimposing the elements that will conform the project, with the freshness spontaneity and dynamism that characterizes the freehand drawing. Later, when the project is mature, we can also superimpose more elaborate elements that can be carried out with the help of software tools that allow us a very detailed and precise definition. This methodology has an additional advantage, so the representations can complementarily be viewed interactively from a computer or mobile device or they can even be visualized immersively using a personal viewer such as the affordable Google Cardboard, which uses a Smartphone as a display. In order to illustrate the advantages and the interest of this integrative representation methodology, we will describe bellow the used techniques and tools, together with some results and application examples. Cabezos Bernal, PM.; Barros Da Rocha E Costa, HA.; Iñarra Abad, S. (2019). Symbiosis between panoramic photography, CGI and freehand drawing in landscape representation. ...
International audience Like basic colours, sepia may be among the most easily identified and clearly named colours, being the brown shade of old photographs and, as such, metonymically, the colour of time past. Although widely shared, that view is only partly correct as things are far more complex and sepia cannot be associated with one single value. Beyond its apparent simplicity, sepia might reflect the inherent ambiguity of the notion of mimesis, examined more specifically through the representation of the past and ultimately through the representation of time. ; Parmi toutes les teintes que nous dénommons le plus ordinairement ou identifions le plus aisément, la couleur sépia semble être l'une de celles, avec les couleurs fondamentales, à laquelle nous reconnaissons volontiers une valeur simple : c'est la couleur de la photographie ancienne, et par métonymie, celle du temps passé. Bien qu'assez universellement partagée, cette représentation est partiellement fausse et recouvre assurément une réalité plus complexe. On pourra même se demander si l'apparente monovalence de cette couleur ou cette teinte ne nous permet pas de mettre à jour certains aspects de l'ambiguïté fondamentale de l'opération de mimésis, en particulier sous l'angle de la restitution du temps.
There is no clear precision on the epidermis of the characters created by Marie Ndiaye in the texts she wrote from 1985 to 2000. In most cases, the reference reason for their hesitation is still enigmatic. However, Rosie Carpe (2001) and Papa must eat (2003) differ from this option: this novel and then this theatre explicitly name this former blind dot. The presence of characters known as 'black' or 'muddling' with some insistence allows the reason for exclusion to be reworked in the realistic form of racism. To describe the characters and the colour of their skin, both texts use a whole chromatic palette, far from being confined to 'black' and 'white'. The article therefore analyses this representation. The opposition of black and white, envisaged as social constructions on the other side, first structure these two texts. But the detailed description of the characters, on and under the skin, places them in a range of shades, neither black nor white. They forge a chromatic network, meaning, through sensory symbols or perceptions, connected to emotional states, in particular in couples where men and women leave each other out of indifferentiation, to turn out to be their own shade, between black and white. At the end of these texts, the colour is to be read twice: an emotional and empathic function in Rosie carpe, a more remote and intertextual function in Papa has to eat, highlighting the danger of using simple words for serious symbols. ; International audience ; There is no clear precision on the epidermis of the characters created by Marie Ndiaye in the texts she wrote from 1985 to 2000. In most cases, the reference reason for their hesitation is still enigmatic. However, Rosie Carpe (2001) and Papa must eat (2003) differ from this option: this novel and then this theatre explicitly name this former blind dot. The presence of characters known as 'black' or 'muddling' with some insistence allows the reason for exclusion to be reworked in the realistic form of racism. To describe the characters and the colour ...
The agricultural sector played a very important role in Morocco during the long rule of Hassan II. Agricultural policy reflected the relationship of political forces and the capacity of agricultural elites allied to the Trône to influence decision-making processes. However, the traditional orientations of this policy have been called into question since the late 1980s by the liberalisation of international trade and the country's financial constraints. In this article, we propose to provide information on the development of this policy and the articulation of agricultural interests through the path of the Moroccan Agriculture Union (AMU). Since its establishment in 1958, this professional organisation has claimed to be a monopoly for the representation of the interests of Moroccan farmers, and thus of the rural world. In so doing, the UMA has long played the role of a genuine agricultural lobby within the various institutions of the Kingdom. However, it seems to have lost its functionality in the late 1990s and its role and future has been surrounded by uncertainty since then. ; Peer reviewed ; The agricultural sector played a very important role in Morocco during the long rule of Hassan II. Agricultural policy reflected the relationship of political forces and the capacity of agricultural elites allied to the Trône to influence decision-making processes. However, the traditional orientations of this policy have been called into question since the late 1980s by the liberalisation of international trade and the country's financial constraints. In this article, we propose to provide information on the development of this policy and the articulation of agricultural interests through the path of the Moroccan Agriculture Union (AMU). Since its establishment in 1958, this professional organisation has claimed to be a monopoly for the representation of the interests of Moroccan farmers, and thus of the rural world. In so doing, the UMA has long played the role of a genuine agricultural lobby within the various ...
[ES] One of the most widespread methods to simulate the direct run-off hydrogram in the field of hydrological design is the Unitary Hydrogram (HU) technique. On the basis of a HU model based on an association of linear depots established on the basis of the drainage network of the river basin, a formulation is proposed to allow for the spatial variability of rain, with the ability to introduce different yethograms recorded in different locations. This model has been applied in the Oiartzun basin, with an area of 56.6 km², located in the eastern part of the province of Guipúzcoa, where three continuously recorded pluviometers are available. This basin in terms of uses, soils and physical characteristics is representative of the area. Four rainy events have been selected to evaluate the model. For these four events, the aggregated Hydrogram Geomorphologic Depósitos (HUIGD) model has been applied, introducing a single yethogram determined by Thiessen polygons, and the variant of the distributed HUIGD model that allows the introduction of the three yethograms. Although both models have a good simulation capability, the results provided by the distributed model improve in different respects those of the aggregate. Goñi, M.; López, J.; Gimena, F.; Aguirre, U. (2008). Simulation of direct run-off in a forest basin in northern Spain. Engineering of water. 15 (1): 19-28. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2008.2923 López J.J., F.N. Gimena and M. Goñi, (2007). Geomorphological unit hydrogram of deposits. Basis for the calculation of design hydrograms in medium river basins. Cedex, Ministry of Public Works and Ministry of the Environment, Madrid. ; 19 28 15 1 ; [ES] One of the most widespread methods to simulate the direct run-off hydrogram in the field of hydrological design is the Unitary Hydrogram (HU) technique. On the basis of a HU model based on an association of linear depots established on the basis of the drainage network of the river basin, a formulation is proposed to allow for the spatial variability of rain, with the ...
The human occipito-temporal region hMT+/V5 is well known for processing visual motion direction. Here, we demonstrate that hMT+/V5 also represents the direction of auditory motion in a format partially aligned with the one used to code visual motion. We show that auditory and visual motion directions can be reliably de- coded in individually localized hMT+/V5 and that motion directions in one modality can be predicted from the activity patterns elicited by the other modality. Despite shared motion-direction information across the senses, vision and audition, however, overall produce opposite voxel-wise responses in hMT+/V5. Our results reveal a multifaced representation of multisensory motion signals in hMT+/V5 and have broader implications for our understanding of how we consider the division of sensory labor between brain regions dedicated to a specific perceptual function.
Community-level data, the type generated by an increasing number of metabarcoding studies, is often graphed as stacked bar charts or pie graphs that use color to represent taxa. These graph types do not convey the hierarchical structure of taxonomic classifications and are limited by the use of color for categories. As an alternative, we developed metacoder, an R package for easily parsing, manipulating, and graphing publication-ready plots of hierarchical data. Metacoder includes a dynamic and flexible function that can parse most text-based formats that contain taxonomic classifications, taxon names, taxon identifiers, or sequence identifiers. Metacoder can then subset, sample, and order this parsed data using a set of intuitive functions that take into account the hierarchical nature of the data. Finally, an extremely flexible plotting function enables quantitative representation of up to 4 arbitrary statistics simultaneously in a tree format by mapping statistics to the color and size of tree nodes and edges. Metacoder also allows exploration of barcode primer bias by integrating functions to run digital PCR. Although it has been designed for data from metabarcoding research, metacoder can easily be applied to any data that has a hierarchical component such as gene ontology or geographic location data. Our package complements currently available tools for community analysis and is provided open source with an extensive online user manual.
International audience The decline in ocean primary production is one of the most alarming consequences of anthropogenic climate change. This decline could indeed lead to a decrease in marine biomass and fish catch, as highlighted by recent policyrelevant reports. Because of computational constraints, current Earth system models used to project ocean primary production under global warming scenarios have to parameterize flows occurring below the resolution of their computational grid (typically 1°). To overcome these computational constraints, we use an ocean biogeochemical model in an idealized configuration representing a mid-latitude double-gyre circulation and perform global warming simulations under an increasing horizontal resolution (from 1 to 1/27°) and under a large range of parameter values for the eddy parameterization employed in the coarse-resolution configuration. In line with projections from Earth system models, all our simulations project a marked decline in net primary production in response to the global warming forcing. Whereas this decline is only weakly sensitive to the eddy parameters in the eddy-parameterized coarse 1 • resolution simulations, the simulated decline in primary production in the subpolar gyre is halved at the finest eddy-resolving resolution (−12 % at 1/27° vs. −26 % at 1°) at the end of the 70-yearlong global warming simulations. This difference stems from the high sensitivity of the sub-surface nutrient transport to model resolution. Although being only one piece of a much broader and more complicated response of the ocean to climate change, our results call for improved representation of the role of eddies in nutrient transport below the seasonal mixed layer to better constrain the future evolution of marine biomass and fish catch potential.
Action priming following action observation is thought to be caused by the observed action kinematics being represented in the same brain areas as those used for action execution. But, action priming can also be explained by shared goal representations, with compatibility between observation of the agent's gaze and the intended action of the observer. To assess the contribution of action kinematics and eye-gaze cues in the prediction of an agent's action goal and action priming, participants observed actions where the availability of both cues was manipulated. Action observation was followed by action execution, and the congruency between the target of the agent's and observer's actions, and the congruency between the observed and executed action spatial location were manipulated. Eye movements were recorded during the observation phase, and the action priming was assessed using motion analysis. The results showed that the observation of gaze information influenced the observer's prediction speed to attend to the target, and that observation of action kinematic information influenced the accuracy of these predictions. Motion analysis results showed that observed action cues alone primed both spatial incongruent and object congruent actions, consistent with the idea that the prime effect was driven by similarity between goals and kinematics. The observation of action and eye-gaze cues together induced a prime effect complementarily sensitive to object and spatial congruency. While observation of the agent's action kinematics triggered an object-centered and kinematic-centered action representation, independently, the complementary observation of eye-gaze triggered a more fine-grained representation illustrating a specification of action kinematics toward the selected goal. Even though both cues differentially contributed to action priming, their complementary integration led to a more refined pattern of action priming.
