The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 645763. This conceptual paper is concerned with the outcomes of the financialization of non-financial firms, and particularly with the role of institutions in shaping these outcomes. It centers on the question of whether the institutional setting of economies can be expected to moderate the effects of financialization on companies' employment practices, investment decisions, R&D activities, and value chain. To approach this question, I first sketch out the concept of financialization and its meaning when considering its firm-level implications. I then draw on the literature on comparative institutional theory to identify two opposite institutional settings, liberal market economies and coordinated market economies. In a third step I combine empirical findings from the literature with theoretical reasoning, to hypothesize about how the outcomes of financialization on the firm-level differ between liberal and coordinated economies, developing two different scenarios about the trajectory of firm-level financialization in coordinated market economies. Finally, I discuss the implications of these scenarios for our understanding of financialization and its connection to institutional environments. Overall, the paper argues that taking an institutionally comparative perspective on financialization alerts us to the possibility that financialization does not represent a uniform process causing the same outcomes to manifest in non-financial corporations around the globe. Instead, as the financialization of firms takes place in diverse institutional settings, associated practices will have to be adapted to local institutions enabling and constraining them.
The integration of disadvantaged, marginalised and disadvantaged sectors into the labour market represents one of the biggest challenges of today's society. This has been understood by the European Union in setting up the Community initiative HORIZON, which aims to support human promotion projects in this regard. These insertion companies have different legal forms, with cooperative forms being the most appropriate means of creating jobs because they offer training and employment opportunities, which do not exist in capital companies. Since 1991, Italian legislation has created 'social cooperatives' for this purpose, which we will analyse below. Faculty of Economics ; La inserción laboral de los sectores desfavorecidos –marginados y minusválidos- representa uno de los retos más grandes de la sociedad actual. Así lo ha entendido la Unión Europea al crear la iniciativa comunitaria HORIZON, tendiente a apoyar proyectos de promoción humana en este sentido. Estas empresas de inserción, tienen formas jurídicas diferentes, destacándose por su reconocido prestigio las formas cooperativas, como el medio más apropiado para crear empleos, pues ofrece oportunidades formativas y laborales, que no existen en las empresas de capital. La legislación italiana desde 1991, crea para este objeto las "cooperativas sociales", que analizaremos más adelante. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas
Starting from Michel Foucault's considerations dedicated to economic knowledge (especially in Il faut défendre la société and Naissance de la biopolitique), this paper is about setting up a possible theoretical framework in which to situate the relationship between political power and neoliberalism as they appear in their modern articulation, analyzing in depth how international governmental organizations – such as, for example, the European Central Bank, the European Union and the International Monetary Fund – are involved in this process.
In a hospital setting and among older patients, inactivity and bedrest are associated with a wide range of negative outcomes such as functional decline, increased risk of falls, longer hospitalization and institutionalization. Our aim was to assess the distribution, determinants and predictors of physical activity (PA) levels using wrist-worn accelerometers in older patients hospitalized with acute medical illness. Observational study conducted from February to November 2018 at an acute internal medicine unit in the University hospital of Lausanne, Switzerland. We enrolled 177 patients aged ≥65 years, able to walk prior to admission. PA during acute hospital stay was continuously recorded via a 3D wrist accelerometer. Clinical data was collected from medical records or by interview. Autonomy level prior to inclusion was assessed using Barthel Index score. PA levels were defined as < 30 mg for inactivity, 30-99 mg for light and ≥ 100 for moderate PA. Physically active patients were defined as 1) being in the highest quartile of time spent in light and moderate PA or 2) spending ≥20 min/day in moderate PA. Median [interquartile range - IQR] age was 83 [74-87] years and 60% of participants were male. The median [IQR] time spent inactive and in light PA was 613 [518-663] and 63 [30-97] minutes/day, respectively. PA peaked between 8 and 10 am, at 12 am and at 6 pm. Less than 10% of patients were considered physically active according to definition 2. For both definitions, active patients had a lower prevalence of walking aids and a lower dependency level according to Barthel Index score. For definition 1, use of medical equipment was associated with a 70% reduction in the likelihood of being active: odds ratio (OR) 0.30 [0.10-0.92] p = 0.034; for definition 2, use of walking aids was associated with a 75% reduction in the likelihood of being active: OR = 0.24 [0.06-0.89], p = 0.032. Older hospitalized patients are physically active only 10% of daily time and concentrate their PA around eating periods. Whether a ...
This trial deals with Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDH), which recognises the right to free time. The structure of the document is based on two axes: the first concerns leisure as a human right, its conceptual framework and recognition in the standards of the United Nations (UN). The second is a retrospective setting out the main proposals and discussions raised in the UN at the time of the adoption of the UDH. The theoretical perspective underlying this work is that of humanist leisure and its main contribution is to identify aspects that were considered in the UN when dealing with the right to free time. FIL: Aguirre, Patricia S. National University of Comahue. Faculty of Tourism; Argentina. ; This essay deals with Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which recognizes the right to enjoy leisure. The essay is based on two axes: the first deals with leisure as a human right, its conceptual framework and recognition in the international standards of the United Nations (UN). The second is a retrospective analysis that exposes the main proposals and debates that arose at the UN when the UDHR was approved. The theoretical perspective underlying this work is that of human leisure and its main contribution is to reveal aspects that were considered at the UN when discussing the right to enjoy leisure. ; This trial deals with Article 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDH), which recognises the right to free time. The structure of the document is based on two axes: the first concerns leisure as a human right, its conceptual framework and recognition in the standards of the United Nations (UN). The second is a retrospective setting out the main proposals and discussions raised in the UN at the time of the adoption of the UDH. The theoretical perspective underlying this work is that of humanist leisure and its main contribution is to identify aspects that were considered in the UN when dealing with the right to free time. FIL: Aguirre, Patricia S. ...
national hearing In setting up companies with fully public capital, the legislature seemed to bring local authorities and their associations into line with European case-law on integrated services. The Conseil d'État points out, however, that holding a very small proportion of the share capital does not make it possible to equate the company with one of its integrated providers. It also states that breach of the conditions for recognition of an integrated benefit is not liable to lead to the termination of the contract, but merely to its termination. ; National audience En créant des sociétés à capital intégralement public, le législateur a semblé mettre les collectivités territoriales et leurs groupements en conformité avec la jurisprudence européenne relative aux prestations intégrées. Le Conseil d'État rappelle pourtant que la détention d'une fraction très minoritaire du capital social ne permet pas d'assimiler la société à l'un de ses prestataires intégrés. Il précise par ailleurs que la violation des conditions de reconnaissance d'une prestation intégrée n'est pas susceptible de conduire à la résolution du contrat, mais simplement à sa résiliation.
RESUMEN The development of quality in health requires professional performance in terms of responsibility and empowerment required by the management and implementation of the various processes. A literature review is carried out with the aim of setting out considerations for the definition of professional performance in quality in health. Historical, logical, systematisation and synthesis methods were used. Professional performance in health quality includes the ability of the professional to take up duties in the care, teaching, research, administrative order and in the performance of special tasks based on ethics and values such as humanism, honesty and responsibility. Professional performance in health quality includes in its definition the performance of the duties of medical science professionals where ethics and human behaviour are essential. This socio-pedagogical category is considered to have five dimensions: political — legal, ethical/motivational, technical-professional, scientific-technological and management. ; RESUMEN El desarrollo de la Calidad en salud requiere del desempeño profesional a propósito de la responsabilidad y empoderamiento que demanda la gestión y ejecución de los diversos procesos. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica con el objetivo de exponer consideraciones para la definición de desempeño profesional en Calidad en salud. Se utilizaron los métodos histórico- lógico, sistematización y análisis síntesis. El desempeño profesional en Calidad en salud contiene la capacidad del profesional para asumir funciones en el orden asistencial, docente, investigativo, administrativo y en el cumplimiento de misiones especiales basado en la ética y valores como el humanismo, la honradez y la responsabilidad. El desempeño profesional en Calidad en salud contiene en su definición el cumplimiento de las funciones de los profesionales de las Ciencias Médicas donde la ética y el comportamiento humano resultan esenciales. Se considera que esta categoría socio-pedagógica, tiene cinco dimensiones: ...
Peer reviewed ; [EN] The reason for setting up a waqf is to perpetuate the pious work to which it is dedicated. Perpetuity not only entails the immutability of its founder's stipulations, but is also implicitly accompanied by the conditions of immobility, inalienability, intangibility and imprescriptibility of the objects donated. As a general rule, the affected goods become immobilized, since they cannot be alienated, this being one of the limitations which characterise the foundation. In this regard, they cannot be sold, inherited, bequeathed or donated. However, although one can conceive, in juridical terms, of an immobilised good, its material immobility is unlikely due to the changing conditions of the circumstances surrounding it. Legal sources make evident that, in the immense majority of cases, the inalienable and intangible nature of these goods to a great extent conditions the legal consultations that arise in relation to this type of property. This aspect explains the fact that, with relative frequency, cases are dealt with involving a violation of the characteristics of inalienability, intangibility and immobility inherent in these goods. In this connection, the main aim of this article consists in determining the circumstances in which Andalusi jurists authorise the modification of the legal rules that govern the institution of waqf and, consequently, the legal criteria that were employed in order to justify the alienation of goods so established. Likewise, cases will be examined in which this act is deemed to be unlawful in the absence of justifiable causes. From this point of view, legal sources can point to the way in which legal doctrine in al-Andalus adapted to the needs of society. To carry out this task, I have concentrated my attention on the chronological period encompassed by the 10th and 12th centuries. ; [ES] El objetivo de la constitución de un waqf es perpetuar la obra pía a la que está destinado. La perpetuidad no sólo conlleva la inmutabilidad de las estipulaciones del fundador, sino ...
Relating the collected customs duty to the value of imports enables the estimation of a rate of applied duty that takes into account all pricing components and their use. Indeed, this ad valorem equivalent integrates the complex dimensions of customs duties, the measures of exemption and suspension, and those concerning preferential regimes. Processing collected duties for all the products reveals that the 1.5 per cent rate of duty actually applied in 2003 is the same for the EU and the US. Nevertheless, it appears that the US taxes more the least developed countries (LDCs) and developing countries than does the EU. Thus, setting aside those products which enter free of duty, the rate of taxation applied by the US is 15 per cent and 6.2 per cent respectively with regards to LDCs and developing countries, whereas in the EU it is only 3.7 per cent and 4.1 per cent. In the US market the sectors that are the most highly taxed upon importation are textiles, apparel and clothing, cotton and articles of leather, whereas in the EU it is more agricultural and food products (fruits and preserves, meats, sugars and cereals). ; Le droit de douane collecté rapporté à la valeur des importations permet d'estimer un taux de droit appliqué tenant compte de l'usage fait de toutes les composantes de la tarification. Cet équivalent ad-valorem intègre en effet les dimensions complexes des droits de douanes, les mesures exemptions et de suspensions et celles concernant les régimes de préférences. Le traitement des droits collectés pour l'ensemble des produits montre que le taux de droit appliqué effectif de 1.5% est équivalent pour l'UE et les USA en 2003. Néanmoins, il apparaît que les USA taxent plus les PMA et les pays en développement que l'UE. Ainsi, en écartant les produits qui entrent en franchise de droits, la taxation appliquée par les USA est de 15% et de 6.2% vis-à-vis des PMA et des pays en développement alors qu'elle n'est que de 3.7% et 4.1% dans le cas de l'UE. Ce sont plutôt les textiles, vêtements, coton et les ...
The opera shows the world, but is far from singing the entire earth: an analysis of the main operas shows that the treatment of space refers both to the collective mentalities of each era and to the contemporary literary tendencies at that time and to dramatic, aesthetic, commercial and even political needs. ; Operas stage the world, but are far from setting the whole Earth to music: analysis of the major operas shows that the use of geographical space refers as much to each period's collective mentality, and to the literature then fashionable, as to the demands of drama, aesthetics, finance or even politics. ; The opera shows the world, but is far from singing the entire earth: an analysis of the main operas shows that the treatment of space refers both to the collective mentalities of each era and to the contemporary literary tendencies at that time and to dramatic, aesthetic, commercial and even political needs. ; L'opéra met en scène le monde, mais est loin de chanter la terre entière : l'analyse des principaux opéras montre que le traitement de l'espace y renvoie tant aux mentalités collectives de chaque époque et aux courants littéraires alors en vogue qu'aux nécessités dramaturgiques, esthétiques, commerciales, voire politiques.
This text is organised as follows. After an introduction setting out the conceptual expectations of governance, he addressed in turn: the reference to the contract; ownership and proprietyism; the restoration of political liberalism through economic liberalism; the concept of regulation; governance and governance; sovereignty; the concept of governance; governance as a sign of the emergence of the corporate figure and the "citizens' organisation"; the contours of the "liberal moment"; privatisation and "liberal moment" (the duality of "market and non-market organisations", the effects of the operation of organisations, the "dissociations-associations" of the field, privatisation); a focus on the "law of airain of oligarchy" by R. Michels; a focus: The tragedy of municipalities (or the impossibility of preventing the use of a resource) and the tragedy of 'anti-common' (or the possibility of preventing the use of a resource) or the 'market state' dilemma; a focus on the creatives comment. ; Master ; This text is organised as follows. After an introduction setting out the conceptual expectations of governance, he addressed in turn: the reference to the contract; ownership and proprietyism; the restoration of political liberalism through economic liberalism; the concept of regulation; governance and governance; sovereignty; the concept of governance; governance as a sign of the emergence of the corporate figure and the "citizens' organisation"; the contours of the "liberal moment"; privatisation and "liberal moment" (the duality of "market and non-market organisations", the effects of the operation of organisations, the "dissociations-associations" of the field, privatisation); a focus on the "law of airain of oligarchy" by R. Michels; a focus: The tragedy of municipalities (or the impossibility of preventing the use of a resource) and the tragedy of 'anti-common' (or the possibility of preventing the use of a resource) or the 'market state' dilemma; a focus on the creatives comment. ; Ce texte est organisé de la ...
When setting acoustic standards to be complied with for the operation of wind turbines, the administrative authorities assess the admissibility of those standards in the light of limit values differing from the limit values set out in Table 1 of the Annex to the Walloon Government Decree of 4 July 2002 laying down the general conditions for the operation of classified establishments. They lay down, in special operating conditions, compliance with less stringent values, referring to the reference framework of 18 July 2002 (ndlr: since the judgment's prononcture, a new wind energy framework which was under preparation has been adopted by the Walloon Government).This framework considers that 'the noise standard of general conditions must be met in environments with winds below 5 m/s (at higher winds, measurements are distorted by ambient wind noise, that wind turbines produce noise only when wind actuates them, and that that standard is therefore difficult to apply as it stands and the relevant legislation must be developed' (p. 14 of the framework), and refers to the maximum specific noise curve specified by Dutch legislation, which it considers to be more adaptable. The Conseil d'État (Council of State) censure this approach.The special additional conditions, recalled in the judgment, cannot be less severe than the general conditions than in the cases and limits laid down by those conditions. Article 23 of the Decree laying down the general conditions makes it possible to conclude that exceedances of limit values may be authorised by special conditions of an environmental permit, but only in so far as the situations, which must be exceptional, are specified in that permit, in which those exceedances may be authorised by specific conditions of an environmental permit. The fact that, as already set out in the reference framework, wind turbines are dependent on wind and are fully operational at speeds which may generate noise higher than 40 dB (A) at night does not justify the conclusion that they are 'in specified ...
RESUMEN: The participation of members in cooperative management is a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the organisation. The purpose of this study is to determine the forms of participation that affect the cooperative management of the CNA clavos for the purpose of herrar, Los Jiménez, from the municipality Placetas in the province of Villa Clara, Cuba. The single case study was assumed as a typological alternative to the purposes of the investigation. The main results are designed to characterise the principle of democratic participation in cooperative management expressed in forms of work organisation, types of planning, modes of implementation, management styles and control mechanisms. These highlight the limitations and possibilities in the process of setting up and operating these organisations and the increase of cooperative education in partners and local actors. ; RESUMEN: La participación de los asociados en la gestión cooperativa resulta una condición necesaria para el funcionamiento efectivo de la organización. El presente estudio se orienta a determinar las modalidades de participación que inciden en la gestión cooperativa de la CNA Clavos para Herrar ―Los Jiménez― del municipio Placetas en la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. Se asumió el estudio de caso único como alternativa tipológica a los propósitos de la investigación. Los principales resultados se orientan a caracterizar el principio de participación democrática en la gestión cooperativa expresada en las formas de organización del trabajo, los tipos de planificación, los modos de ejecución, los estilos de dirección y los mecanismos de control. Estos evidencian las limitaciones y posibilidades en el proceso de creación y funcionamiento de estas organizaciones y el incremento de la educación cooperativa en asociados y actores locales.
, with the reforms to the associations of the eighteenth century and the decree of freedom of office of 1813, the artisanal corporations were broken down in various ways, but the hierarchical structure and the role assigned to the teacher of the workshop in the training of apprentices and officers were not changed. National legislation did not incorporate any sort of normality regarding the organisation of craftsmen until 1857, but some elite members expressed the need to support craftsmen and stimulate the 'right' learning of crafts. Politicians and workers' organisations were in favour of setting up schools by the government, but the conditions they deprived became obstacles to boosting the training of craftsmen. In 1867, the National School of Arts and Crafts of Men was opened in the capital, which operated in difficulty but continuously until 1915. However, evidence shows that this establishment, like others of its kind, failed to train craftsmen and did not have the capacity to relocate the master of the small workshop in this task. Takes the view that the habit and sociability of artisanal learning continued to occupy a key place in the training of workers in the face of the failure of the liberal state; to this end, the period of study is extended and legislative and elite speeches are contrasted with information on the social importance of yesterday, based on unexplored primary sources and in dialogue with historiography. ; RESÚMEN Con las reformas a los gremios del siglo XVIII y el decreto de libertad de oficio de 1813, las corporaciones artesanales se desarticularon de diversas maneras, pero no se modificó la estructura jerárquica ni el papel asignado al maestro del taller en la formación de los aprendices y oficiales. La legislación del periodo nacional no incorporó algún tipo de normatividad relativa a la organización del artesanado hasta 1857, pero algunos miembros de las élites expresaron la necesidad de apoyar a los artesanos y de estimular el "correcto" aprendizaje de los oficios. Políticos y ...
