The article demonstrates how Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) geographic headings for the Southern Levant mirror the political investment of Congress and the American public in Middle East politics over the last thirty years. The headings' evolution as well as Library of Congress rules governing their creation is charted in detail. These LCSH headings contrast markedly with those established in other national libraries (BnF, DNB) and independent value vocabularies (TGN, GeoNames), and global opinion regarding the legal status of the occupied territories. I sketch the historical context of their formation and offer suggestions as to how libraries can "decolonize" their metadata in service of Sanford Berman's "access and equity."
[ES] The entry into operation of the planned coastal sanitation in the Northern Basin requires the development of Environmental Monitoring and Control Plans (PVCA) to ensure compliance with the standards and quality criteria established for the different uses of the environment receiving the discharges. The compliance of the PVCAs with the objectives pursued is based on the incorporation into their design of four basic elements: (1) formulate clear and precise objectives, (2) design efficient sampling programmes, (3) perform quality control over the whole process and (4) synthesise and interpret the information collected. This work analyses aspects relating to these four elements that make it difficult to design these PVCAs and summarises some of the proposals made for their inclusion in the monitoring of coastal areas potentially affected by the remediation measures. This article has been drawn up on the basis of the information generated and the experience gained in various coastal sanitation design projects financed by different bodies (Confederación Hidrográfica del Norte, Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, Centro de Investigación del Medio Ambiente), as well as on the draft National Plan for R & D & I 2000-2003, REN2001-1225/MAR. Ttestba Bridge, A.; Juanes De La Peña, J.; Álvarez Díaz, C.; Revilla Cortezón, J. (2007). Approaches to the development of environmental monitoring of coastal sanitation. Engineering of water. 14 (1): 5-10. https://doi.org/10.4995/ia.2007.2898 AENOR, (1997). Quality of water. Collection of UNE standards. AENOR N.A. Scientific Association for Marine Studies, (2003). Development of the plan to monitor the clean-up of Santander Bay. Government of Cantabria — Environmental Research Centre. New report. ; 5 10 14 1 ; [ES] The entry into operation of the planned coastal sanitation in the Northern Basin requires the development of Environmental Monitoring and Control Plans (PVCA) to ensure compliance with the standards and quality criteria established for the different uses of the ...
"In Venezuela we implemented participatory democracy, fulfilling the mandate of the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, which facilitates the participation of the Communities organised on the basis of the principles of co-responsibility and solidarity. In Venezuela, the poor assumed themselves and the government supports and incentivises them. Social and Productive Missions have become the most suitable methods for reducing poverty and increasing democracy at the same time. "Conference delivered at the University of Madres de Plaza de Mayo on 30 March 2007. Institute for International Relations (IRI) ; "En Venezuela pusimos en práctica la democracia participativa, cumpliendo el mandato de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, que facilita la participación de las Comunidades Organizadas en base a los principios de corresponsabilidad y solidaridad. En Venezuela, los pobres se asumieron así mismos y el Gobierno los apoya y los incentiva. Las Misiones Sociales y Productivas se han convertido en los métodos más idóneos para reducir la pobreza y aumentar la democracia al mismo tiempo." Conferencia pronunciada en la Universidad de las Madres de Plaza de Mayo, el 30 de marzo de 2007. Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)
The following story is rooted in the most recent contemporary history, the one that saw between 1980 and 2000 experiences of cultural development aimed at revitalising rural areas close to major cities. In the mid-1990s, the Centre Rural d'Animation Culturelle de l'Entre-Deux-Mers was a particularly active association in the eastern part of the department of Gironde, with 70 employees working in the cultural, economic and social fields. Its dislocation in 2001 (about ten associations resumed and sometimes developed its activity) brought the CRAC into history, making it possible to treat it today as a finished object from a multidisciplinary perspective. The archives of the CRAC (minutes of boards of directors and general meetings, press files, letters, grant applications) on which this article is based are more numerous and accessible, as are the main players, most of whom reside in the Entre-Deux-Mers. ; L'histoire qui suit s'enracine dans l'histoire contemporaine la plus récente, celle qui a vu entre 1980 et 2000 émerger des expériences de développement culturel visant à revitaliser les zones rurales proches des grandes villes. Le Centre Rural d'Animation Culturelle de l'Entre-deux-Mers était au milieu des années 1990 une association particulièrement active dans la partie Est du département de la Gironde avec 70 salariés travaillant dans le domaine culturel, économique et social. Sa dislocation en 2001 (une dizaine d'association ont repris et parfois développé son activité) a fait entrer le CRAC dans l'histoire, ce qui permet de le traiter aujourd'hui comme un objet fini dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire. Les archives du CRAC (comptes rendus de conseils d'administration et d'assemblées générale, dossiers de presse, courriers, demandes de subvention) sur lesquelles s'appuient cet article sont de plus nombreuses et accessibles, comme le sont les principaux acteurs qui résident pour la plupart dans l'Entre-deux-Mers.
RESUMEN This article aims to assess the general orientation (expansionist or counter-shareholder) of the discretionary component of Brazilian fiscal policy in the period 1995-2017, as well as to verify its position with respect to the business cycle (pro-cyclical or counter-cyclical). To this end, we propose and apply a new methodology to separate the discretionary fiscal impulse from that part of the fiscal outcome obtained from the activation of automatic fiscal stabilisers. We conclude that tax policy: (1) generated a mostly pro-cyclical (destabilising) position of its discretionary component, which led it to amplify rather than dampen business cycles; (2) it could not prevent the government debt-to-GDP ratio from entering an unsustainable path at the end of the period. Some suggestions are made to improve their performance. ; RESUMEN Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la orientación general (expansionista o contraccionista) del componente discrecional de la política fiscal brasileña en el periodo 1995-2017, así como verificar su posición respecto al ciclo económico (procíclica o anticíclica). Con este fin, proponemos y aplicamos una nueva metodología para separar el impulso fiscal discrecional de la parte del resultado fiscal que se obtiene de la activación de los estabilizadores fiscales automáticos. Concluimos que la política fiscal: 1) generó una posición mayormente procíclica (desestabilizadora) de su componente discrecional, lo que la llevó a amplificar en lugar de amortiguar los ciclos económicos; 2) no pudo evitar que la relación deuda pública/PIB entrase en una trayectoria insostenible al final del periodo. Se hacen algunas sugerencias para mejorar su rendimiento.
This article presents the main results of an evaluation of the "relief plan" (the set of measures undertaken in the forestry field by the public authorities in the wake of the 1999 storms) carried out by the Laboratory of Forest Policy at the ENGREF (National School for Rural Planning, Water and Forestry) in the French département of the Vosges. The economic, ecological and social objectives pursued are first analysed. Financial, regulatory and information-related are then appraised together with plan implementation (seen both from the governing and governed sides), its effects (on wood harvesting and reafforestation) and its impact (in terms of stakeholder behaviour and how the sector is organised). This study shows that although the crisis was overcome fairly quickly by enlisting the energies of all concerned, many lessons can be drawn from this experience to help improve policy response in the event of another catastrophe. ; Cet article reprend les principaux résultats d'une évaluation du plan Chablis (l'ensemble des mesures prises en matière forestière par les pouvoirs publics après les tempêtes de décembre 1999) menée par le Laboratoire de Politique forestière de l'École nationale du Génie rural, des Eaux et des Forêts (ENGREF) dans le département des Vosges. Sont analysés successivement les objectifs (économiques, écologiques et sociaux) puis les moyens de l'intervention (financiers, réglementaires et informationnels), sa mise en oeuvre (selon le point de vue de l'administration ou de leurs administrés), ses effets (sur l'exploitation des chablis et la reconstitution des forêts) et ses impacts (sur le comportement des acteurs et l'organisation de la filière). Il ressort de cette étude que, même si la crise a pu être surmontée assez rapidement grâce à la mobilisation de chacun, de nombreux enseignements peuvent être tirés de cette expérience, en vue d'améliorer la réponse politique dans l'éventualité d'une nouvelle catastrophe.
On 30 July 2018, Mohammed VI chose the city of Alhucemas to pronounce his annual Feast of the Throne speech. The choice of location for the event had great political significance: the King was turn-ing the page on the protest movement that for months had shaken the city, the force of the law was still being brought against the rebels and he appealed to patriotic unity to garner support for the development projects aimed at resolving the ¿so-cial question.¿ Looking beyond royal speeches, Moroccan political life has continued its course, marked by the following events: 1) the controver-sies caused by statements made by the former President and Islamist leader of the Justice and De-velopment Party (PJD), Abdelilah Benkirane, who the King sacked in March 2017 for refusing to lead a government coalition formed, at the request of the Palace, by his staunchest opponents; 2) the debates surrounding a series of pledged legal re-forms, some of which have been pending since the ratification of the Constitution in 2011; and 3) last-ly, protest movements of varying natures, such as the consumer boycott, which, having a large de-gree of anonymity, reduces the risk of participants being subjected to repression at the hands of se-curity forces.
The community is one of the sectors that is heavily affected by the situation due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Starting from urban communities to rural communities, they are required to be able to adapt to changes that have occurred due to the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus. During the Covid-19 pandemic, it was not only the order of people's lives that changed from previously all activities could be carried out freely outside the home without being restricted by anything, but the current condition is that all activities are limited, for activities outside the home must comply with the Covid-19 health protocol . This has a profound impact on the welfare of the community, with restrictions on activities outside the home making people helpless, many employees or laborers are laid off, the economy deteriorates. In response to the spread of the Covid-19 virus, it has entered a new normal life. This research tries to elaborate on this phenomenon, especially related to the optimization of empowerment as an effort to increase the potential of people in the new normal era. The method used is literature study. The findings in this study, namely that in community empowerment in the new normal era, it can be optimized by developing all the potential of the community, the government can work together with the community in adapting behavior in the new normal era.
Summary This work analyses the mechanisms used by four sisters with the aim of applying for a licence to make rolls with the image of the Virgen of San Juan de los Lagos, which could be used as reliquas by pilgrims2. This request was made and drafted by the sisters Márquez: Gertrudis, Paula, Inés and Maria. The elements used by these women are to manage their gender role as a tool for obtaining a licence for the manufacture of panecites. In turn, these marks sought to earn some money, help to save pilgrims and bring them back to their places of origin; in short, to make a good common to the faiths of the image of the San Juan de los Lakes Virgen. ; Resumen Este trabajo analiza los mecanismos utilizados por cuatro hermanas con el objetivo de solicitar una licencia para fabricar panecillos con la imagen de la Virgen de San Juan de los Lagos, que pudieran ser utilizados como reliquias por los peregrinos2. Esta solicitud estuvo hecha y redactada por las hermanas Márquez: Gertrudis, Paula, Inés y María. Los elementos usados por estas mujeres consisten en manejar su rol de género como herramienta para obtener la licencia de fabricación de los panecitos. A su vez, estas señoritas buscaban ganar algo de dinero, contribuir a la salvación de los peregrinos y que estos llevaran una reliquia o recuerdo para sus lugares de origen; en resumen, realizar un bien común a los fieles de la imagen de la Virgen de San Juan de los Lagos.
1060 1078 232 8 ; S ; [EN] The motion of the needle during the injection process of a diesel injector has a marked influence on the internal flow, the fuel characteristics at the nozzle exit, the spray pattern and the fuel-air mixing process. The current paper is focused on the computational study of the internal flow and cavitation phenomena during the injection process, with inclusion of the opening where the needle is working at partial lifts. This study has been performed with a homogeneous equilibrium model (OpenFOAM) customized by the authors to simulate the real motion of the needle. The first part of the study covers the analysis of the whole injection process with a moving mesh using the boundary conditions provided by a one-dimensional (1D) model of the injector created in AMESim. This 1D model has offered the possibility of reproducing the movement of the needle with real lift law and real injection pressure evolution during the injection. Thus, it has been possible to compare the injection rate profiles provided by OpenFOAM against those obtained both in AMESim and experimentally. The second part compares the differences in mass flow, momentum flux, effective velocity and cavitation appearance between steady (fixed lifts) and transient (moving mesh) simulations. The aim of this comparison is to establish the differences between these two approaches. On the one hand is a more realistic approach in its use of transient simulations of the injection process and where the needle movement is taken into account. On the other hand, is the use of steady simulations at partial needle lifts. This analysis could be of interest to researchers devoted to the study of the diesel injection process since it could help to delimit the uncertainties involved in using the second approach which is more easily carried out, versus the first which is supposed to provide more realistic results. The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: ...
8 11 18 ; S ; [EN] Although many nanodevices have been described in recent years, nanoparticles capable of communicating with each other have been barely reported. Traditional communication technologies cannot be applied on the nanoscale, but a potential approach to achieve this goal is to mimic how nature communicates by exchanging information using molecules. Based on these concepts, some examples using DNA, enzymes and small molecules for information processing, nanoparticles capable of modulating chemical communication between cells and nanoparticles that can communicate with each another have been reported. Communication between nanodevices may find applications in different areas and a number of future new results are envisioned in this research field. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. A. Llopis-Lorente is thankful to the La Caixa Banking Foundation for his PhD grant. The authors are grateful to the Spanish Government (MINECO Projects MAT2015-64139-C4-1, CTQ2014-58989-P, CTQ2015-71936-REDT and AGL2015-70235-C2-2-R) and the Generalitat Valenciana (Project PROMETEOII/2014/047). The authors also thank the Comunidad de Madrid (S2013/MIT-3029, Programme NANOAVANSENS) for support. ; Llopis-Lorente, A.; Diez-Sánchez, P.; Sánchez, A.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Martinez-Ruiz, P.; Villalonga, R. (2018). Toward chemical communication between nanodevices. Nano Today. 18:8-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nantod.2017.09.003
Democratic theory has seen a communication turning point in recent years, which has fostered the organisation of participatory experiences based on certain principles of deliberative theory, in particular those of inclusion and equality of participants, and the development of participatory budgets over the last ten years, an excellent analytical framework to test the extent to which these experiments put the focus of inclusion and equal participation in deliberation. This article seeks to contextualise the analysis of participatory budgets, taking account of the fact that they are carried out in Spain, France and ALlemagne. In particular, it is a question of questioning the opponent about the tension between participation and deliberation in the political theory. It is clear that deliberation requires spaces for reflection that participatory schemes cannot offer. The aim of participatory budgets is to reconcile these two dimensions. The purpose of that paper is thus to understand the differences between those devices according to the political context in which they operate. The results of this research provide a better understanding of how to articulate the different procedures in place and what is the relationship between participation and disintegration. ; Peer Reviewed ; Democratic theory has seen a communication turning point in recent years, which has fostered the organisation of participatory experiences based on certain principles of deliberative theory, in particular those of inclusion and equality of participants, and the development of participatory budgets over the last ten years, an excellent analytical framework to test the extent to which these experiments put the focus of inclusion and equal participation in deliberation. This article seeks to contextualise the analysis of participatory budgets, taking account of the fact that they are carried out in Spain, France and ALlemagne. In particular, it is a question of questioning the opponent about the tension between participation and deliberation in ...
As a product of the Arab Spring, a series of social protests began in March 2011 in the Syrian Arab Republic, which the Assad regime severely repressed. Over time, three years later, the situation has become a non-international armed conflict which, due to its characteristics and actors involved, threatens to become an international one. At present, due to the evolution of the conflict, the government has control over part of the territory and a number of non-state armed groups have control over another side. In addition, there has been a conflict in some of the Kurdish territory in Syria. 2 The Human Rights Council of the United Nations (UN) has taken various initiatives with regard to the conflict in Syria and, in September 2011, decided to set up and mandate an independent international Commission on the situation in the Syrian Arab Republic, for purposes which, through investigation procedures, determine whether the parties to the armed conflict were committing violations of fundamental rights and whether the rules of international humanitarian law were being respected. Department of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. Institute for International Relations ; Como producto de la primavera árabe, en el mes de marzo de 2011 comenzaron a producirse una serie de protestas sociales en la República Árabe de Siria, que el régimen de al Asad reprimió duramente. A medida que paso el tiempo, sucedidos ya tres años del mismo, dicha situación se ha convertido en un conflicto armado no internacional que por sus características y actores involucrados, amenaza con convertirse en internacional. En efecto, en la actualidad, debido a la evolución del conflicto, el gobierno tiene control sobre parte del territorio y diversos grupos armados no estatales tienen el control de otra parte. A ello, se ha sumando la conflictiva situación que se vive en parte del territorio kurdo que se encuentra en territorio sirio2. El Consejo de Derechos Humanos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), ha tomado diversas ...
The countries of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA-TCP) strongly reject the absurd and unsustainable inclusion of the Republic of Cuba on the list of States sponsoring international terrorism, issued by the US Government on 30 May 2013. This decision deliberately lacks the truth and ignores the broad consensus and explicit demand from many sections of US society and the international community to put an end to this injustice. (Paragraph taken from the text as a summary) Institute for International Relations (IRI) ; Los países de la Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América (ALBA-TCP) rechazan enérgicamente la absurda e insostenible inclusión de la República de Cuba en la lista de Estados patrocinadores del terrorismo internacional, emitida por el Gobierno de Estados Unidos el 30 de mayo de 2013. Esta decisión falta de manera deliberada a la verdad e ignora el amplio consenso y la demanda explícita de numerosos sectores de la sociedad estadounidense y de la comunidad internacional para que se ponga fin a esa injusticia. (Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen) Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)
For 1983, the Argentine Confederation of Education Workers (CTERA) was ten years old. However, its history in Argentina dates back further, since the first teacher strike in 1882 — due to a significant delay in paying wages — and the increased experience and politicisation achieved by teachers in the first decades of the twentieth century. The piecemeal experiences of associations, aggressions and conflict acids took place in 1973 with their unification at national level under the conceptual and political definition of 'education workers'. The role of educational unionism in democratic openness needs to be analysed within the complex relations between radical government and gremialism. Institute for Research in Humanities and Social Sciences ; Para 1983, la Confederación de Trabajadores de la Educación Argentina (CTERA) cumplía diez años de su gestación. Sin embargo, su historia en la Argentina data de más atrás, desde la primera huelga docente registrada en 1882 –por un significativo atraso en el pago de los salarios– y de la mayor experiencia y politización alcanzada por los maestros en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Las experiencias fragmentarias de asociaciones, agremiaciones y ácidos conflictos se plasmaron en 1973 con su unificación a nivel nacional bajo la definición conceptual y política de "trabajadores de la educación". El rol del sindicalismo docente en la apertura democrática debe ser analizado dentro de las complejas relaciones entre el gobierno radical y el gremialismo. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales
