Nowadays information and communication technologies plays an increasingly role in all the fields of the life. This concerns changes in the systems of mass media and political communication as well. The main role in political communication belongs to the mass media so for this reason it is very important to analyse its impact and transformations. In my master thesis I am exploring political press in Lithuanian political communication. Usually political communication is analysed as application of political marketing and political advertising during political campaigns. Objective of the diploma thesis is political press in Lithuanian political communication. The aim of the work is to detect tendencies of evolution of the political communication and party press, its impact to political daily agenda, peciuliarity of political participation in the governance. I reached the aim of the work by analysing theoretical and historical context of the political communication and political press, tendencies of evolution, role of the mass media in formulating opinion for publics. In the first part of the thesis I analysed theory of the political communication, roles of the mass media as the mediator of communication between the government and society. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to specify the role of the political parties in the structure of governance, its specifics. As well as to answer how it influences every day life of the society. Big part of the second part of the thesis is dedicated to the historian aspects of the Lithuanian political press. During the first years of the Lithuanian independence political press played one of the main roles in democratic processes of the state. The third part of the paper is set for the practical research of the political press. Three main political parties, representing left, centre and right wings were interviewed about their communication strategies, relations with the mass media and usage of their own political press. Today we face the paradox of decreasing role of the traditional institutions of the political parties. While the number of communication channels are increasing unregulated and commercialized mass media is emerging. Political parties are induced to compete with the mass media channels on formulating political agenda. Earlier political press played the big role in political communications of the parties but today, mainly due to the big financial and human resources expenditures, it is decreasing and alternative forms of communication are appearing. This paper can be useful for media, journalists, political parties' officials, who are responsible for the political communication, as well as for students who are interested in the political communication and mass media studies.
Nowadays information and communication technologies plays an increasingly role in all the fields of the life. This concerns changes in the systems of mass media and political communication as well. The main role in political communication belongs to the mass media so for this reason it is very important to analyse its impact and transformations. In my master thesis I am exploring political press in Lithuanian political communication. Usually political communication is analysed as application of political marketing and political advertising during political campaigns. Objective of the diploma thesis is political press in Lithuanian political communication. The aim of the work is to detect tendencies of evolution of the political communication and party press, its impact to political daily agenda, peciuliarity of political participation in the governance. I reached the aim of the work by analysing theoretical and historical context of the political communication and political press, tendencies of evolution, role of the mass media in formulating opinion for publics. In the first part of the thesis I analysed theory of the political communication, roles of the mass media as the mediator of communication between the government and society. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to specify the role of the political parties in the structure of governance, its specifics. As well as to answer how it influences every day life of the society. Big part of the second part of the thesis is dedicated to the historian aspects of the Lithuanian political press. During the first years of the Lithuanian independence political press played one of the main roles in democratic processes of the state. The third part of the paper is set for the practical research of the political press. Three main political parties, representing left, centre and right wings were interviewed about their communication strategies, relations with the mass media and usage of their own political press. Today we face the paradox of decreasing role of the traditional institutions of the political parties. While the number of communication channels are increasing unregulated and commercialized mass media is emerging. Political parties are induced to compete with the mass media channels on formulating political agenda. Earlier political press played the big role in political communications of the parties but today, mainly due to the big financial and human resources expenditures, it is decreasing and alternative forms of communication are appearing. This paper can be useful for media, journalists, political parties' officials, who are responsible for the political communication, as well as for students who are interested in the political communication and mass media studies.
As legal researches of the relation between the institutes of joinder of parties and procedural representation and the institute of group action as well as analysis of legal norms of the classical group action show in the article, the institute of group action cannot be identified with the institute of joinder of parties. When the joinder of parties is impossible due to a great number of persons, the group action can be a solution to the problem. In the event legal violations affect many persons, only the persons, who are proactive, knowing their rights, and possessing enough time and material resources, can make a use of the institutes of joinder of parties, procedural representation, and joinder of cases. These problems are resolved by the procedure of group action because it makes judicial defence available to all persons concerned irrespective of their material standing and other capacities as well as of organizational and other personal characteristics. As far as the joinder of parties is concerned, each joint party acts in his own name and has a right to conduct a case independently. All joint parties have to be invited to the hearing. They can also commit the case to one of joint parties. In such legal relationships, effectiveness of judicial defence of group interests is conditioned upon a number of joint parties. If a group is small, the joinder of parties is effective. The greater a number of joint parties is, the lesser effectiveness of the joinder of parties occurs. After a certain number is exceeded, the joinder of parties becomes almost impossible. When the joinder of parties is impossible due to a great number of persons, the theory and practice of the civil procedure suggest the institute of group action, which overcomes deficiencies and uses advantages of the institute of joinder of parties. The group action is a rational means to save human and material resources in the judicial system since it affects positively the economy of the proceedings as claims of many persons are tried in one case in the event the use of the joinder of parties is especially difficult or almost impossible. The group action is the major effective procedural means of judicial defence for numerous groups. The theory of civil procedure considers the institute of group action as a sort of synthesis of two procedural institutes – the joinder of parties and procedural representation. The institute of group action distinguishes for its originality because it includes the institute of joinder of parties without a need to join all parties into the proceedings and the institute of procedural representation without a need of formal authorisations. Enactment of norms regulating the procedure of group action should not create any material problems or adverse effects in Lithuania since the institutes of joinder of parties and of procedural representation are already functioning here. The party in the group action is a group as a one undivided entity. The plaintiff or defendant representing a group acts on behalf of such group's members, who do not participate in the proceedings. The representative of a group has no special authorisations to represent a group and non-participating members in the procedure of group action because rights and duties of a member of a group are determined by legal norms of the group action. The model of the institute of classical group action analyzed in this article could be followed in Lithuania because it includes necessary and sufficient conditions for submission and admission of the group action. ; Civilinio proceso teisės teorijoje grupės ieškinio institutas laikomas dviejų procesinių institutų: procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo, savotiška sinteze, tačiau jo negalima tapatinti su procesinio bendrininkavimo institutu. Grupės ieškinio institutas pasižymi originalumu, nes apima procesinio bendrininkavimo be visų bendrininkų įtraukimo į procesą ir procesinio atstovavimo neturint formalių įgaliojimų institutus, todėl procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo institutų santykio su grupės ieškinio institutu moksliniai teisiniai tyrimai padeda geriau pažinti grupės ieškinio instituto ypatybes. Jei dėl didelio asmenų skaičiaus išsenka procesinio bendrininkavimo galimybės, tai šios problemos sprendimas – grupės ieškinys. Grupės ieškinio procese teisminė gynyba tampa prieinama visiems suinteresuotiems asmenims ir tai nepriklauso nuo jų materialinių ir kitokių galimybių, nuo organizacinių ir asmeninių savybių. Esant procesiniam bendrininkavimui kiekvienas bendrininkas veikia savo vardu, turi teisę savarankiškai vesti savo bylą, į teismo posėdį turi būti kviečiami visi bendrininkai, bendrininkai gali pavesti bylą vesti vienam iš bendrininkų. Jei bendrininkų grupė nedidelė, tai procesinis bendrininkavimas būna veiksmingas. Kuo daugiau bendrininkų, tuo procesinis bendrininkavimas yra mažiau veiksmingas, o peržengus tam tikrą jų skaičiaus ribą procesinis bendrininkavimas tampa beveik neįmanomas. Kai dėl didelio asmenų skaičiaus procesinis bendrininkavimas yra neįmanomas, civilinio proceso teisės teorija ir praktika siūlo taikyti grupės ieškinio institutą, kuris įveikia procesinio bendrininkavimo instituto trūkumus ir išsaugo šio instituto pranašumus. Autorius mano, kad grupės ieškinio procesą reglamentuojančių normų įteisinimas Lietuvoje nesukeltų jokių esminių problemų ir nepageidaujamų padarinių, nes Lietuvos teisės sistemoje jau veikia procesinio bendrininkavimo ir procesinio atstovavimo institutai. Grupės ieškinio proceso šalis yra grupė kaip vientisa ir nedaloma visuma. Tokio proceso metu nedalyvaujančių grupės narių vardu veikia grupei atstovaujantis ieškovas arba atstovaujantis atsakovas. Grupės atstovo įgaliojimai atstovauti grupei ir nedalyvaujantiems jos nariams grupės ieškinio proceso metu nėra kaip nors specialiai įforminti, nes grupės atstovo teisės ir pareigos yra įtvirtintos grupės ieškinio instituto teisės normomis. Lietuvoje sektinas pavyzdys galėtų būti šiame straipsnyje analizuotas klasikinio grupės ieškinio instituto modelis ir jame įteisintos būtinosios ir pakankamos grupės ieškinio pateikimo ir priėmimo teisme sąlygos.
In the second half of the twentieth century begun a new phase of human relationship with nature – o global ecological crisis. Waste collection and management is recognized as the most important and difficult in environment. Master's research object – domestic waste sorting in Lithuania. The aim – to analyze Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communication to promote domestic waste sorting in a context of sustainable development. The tasks: to reveal the importance of waste sorting in the context of sustainable development; to clarify the basic principles of waste management policies, domestic waste management and sorting features in Lithuania and foreign countries; to examine the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications of the public relations, waste sorting promotion iniciatives; to investigate public awareness and education in the environment opportunities and prospects, public participation - the right to environmental information and ensuring its interest in environmental protection and in domestic waste sorting issues; analyze the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications in promotion activities of the domestic waste sorting. Using a descriptive, analytical, historical and literary sources and methods of analysis leads to the conclusion that waste collection and processing is recognized as most recent and most sophisticated sector of environmental protection and is very important in European Union's environmental policy, priority is given to this sector also in Lithuania. Assuming, that in most European Union countries waste is sorted, recycled and re-used for energy, heat and other materials, waste sorting in the context of sustainable development is important as economically as socially. Sorting and recycling reduces waste causing risks, protects natural resources, supports clean and healthy environment, reduces fees for waste management. Taking in mind the reticence of waste sorting in both the private and the business sectors in Lithuania, public awareness and environmental education is one of the key measures, that can be seen as a change in environmental pressures. The largest role in impementing the promotion of waste sorting has Lithuania's Ministry of Environment. Unfortunately, after the waste sorting iniciative analysis and pilot evaluation of communication activities, it became clear that the ongoing communication activities are not implemented systematically and sufficiently unorganized, society does not encourage the sort of waste, there is a lack of specific information and only very few public campaigns. Thus, public education, including environmental education, eco-friendly environment and lifestyle, is one of the priority objectives of sustainable development. To promote waste sorting in Lithuania, the current low waste management level needs to be raised by environmental education and economic impact, approaching attitude development in kindergartens and schools and providing more information through mass media. In order to become this a social problem publicity is necessary. Master's work may be useful for environmental institutions, public relations professionals, for communication and information direction students and teachers and those, interested in environmental problems and communication effectiveness of public institutions.
In the second half of the twentieth century begun a new phase of human relationship with nature – o global ecological crisis. Waste collection and management is recognized as the most important and difficult in environment. Master's research object – domestic waste sorting in Lithuania. The aim – to analyze Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communication to promote domestic waste sorting in a context of sustainable development. The tasks: to reveal the importance of waste sorting in the context of sustainable development; to clarify the basic principles of waste management policies, domestic waste management and sorting features in Lithuania and foreign countries; to examine the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications of the public relations, waste sorting promotion iniciatives; to investigate public awareness and education in the environment opportunities and prospects, public participation - the right to environmental information and ensuring its interest in environmental protection and in domestic waste sorting issues; analyze the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications in promotion activities of the domestic waste sorting. Using a descriptive, analytical, historical and literary sources and methods of analysis leads to the conclusion that waste collection and processing is recognized as most recent and most sophisticated sector of environmental protection and is very important in European Union's environmental policy, priority is given to this sector also in Lithuania. Assuming, that in most European Union countries waste is sorted, recycled and re-used for energy, heat and other materials, waste sorting in the context of sustainable development is important as economically as socially. Sorting and recycling reduces waste causing risks, protects natural resources, supports clean and healthy environment, reduces fees for waste management. Taking in mind the reticence of waste sorting in both the private and the business sectors in Lithuania, public awareness and environmental education is one of the key measures, that can be seen as a change in environmental pressures. The largest role in impementing the promotion of waste sorting has Lithuania's Ministry of Environment. Unfortunately, after the waste sorting iniciative analysis and pilot evaluation of communication activities, it became clear that the ongoing communication activities are not implemented systematically and sufficiently unorganized, society does not encourage the sort of waste, there is a lack of specific information and only very few public campaigns. Thus, public education, including environmental education, eco-friendly environment and lifestyle, is one of the priority objectives of sustainable development. To promote waste sorting in Lithuania, the current low waste management level needs to be raised by environmental education and economic impact, approaching attitude development in kindergartens and schools and providing more information through mass media. In order to become this a social problem publicity is necessary. Master's work may be useful for environmental institutions, public relations professionals, for communication and information direction students and teachers and those, interested in environmental problems and communication effectiveness of public institutions.
In the second half of the twentieth century begun a new phase of human relationship with nature – o global ecological crisis. Waste collection and management is recognized as the most important and difficult in environment. Master's research object – domestic waste sorting in Lithuania. The aim – to analyze Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communication to promote domestic waste sorting in a context of sustainable development. The tasks: to reveal the importance of waste sorting in the context of sustainable development; to clarify the basic principles of waste management policies, domestic waste management and sorting features in Lithuania and foreign countries; to examine the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications of the public relations, waste sorting promotion iniciatives; to investigate public awareness and education in the environment opportunities and prospects, public participation - the right to environmental information and ensuring its interest in environmental protection and in domestic waste sorting issues; analyze the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications in promotion activities of the domestic waste sorting. Using a descriptive, analytical, historical and literary sources and methods of analysis leads to the conclusion that waste collection and processing is recognized as most recent and most sophisticated sector of environmental protection and is very important in European Union's environmental policy, priority is given to this sector also in Lithuania. Assuming, that in most European Union countries waste is sorted, recycled and re-used for energy, heat and other materials, waste sorting in the context of sustainable development is important as economically as socially. Sorting and recycling reduces waste causing risks, protects natural resources, supports clean and healthy environment, reduces fees for waste management. Taking in mind the reticence of waste sorting in both the private and the business sectors in Lithuania, public awareness and environmental education is one of the key measures, that can be seen as a change in environmental pressures. The largest role in impementing the promotion of waste sorting has Lithuania's Ministry of Environment. Unfortunately, after the waste sorting iniciative analysis and pilot evaluation of communication activities, it became clear that the ongoing communication activities are not implemented systematically and sufficiently unorganized, society does not encourage the sort of waste, there is a lack of specific information and only very few public campaigns. Thus, public education, including environmental education, eco-friendly environment and lifestyle, is one of the priority objectives of sustainable development. To promote waste sorting in Lithuania, the current low waste management level needs to be raised by environmental education and economic impact, approaching attitude development in kindergartens and schools and providing more information through mass media. In order to become this a social problem publicity is necessary. Master's work may be useful for environmental institutions, public relations professionals, for communication and information direction students and teachers and those, interested in environmental problems and communication effectiveness of public institutions.
In the second half of the twentieth century begun a new phase of human relationship with nature – o global ecological crisis. Waste collection and management is recognized as the most important and difficult in environment. Master's research object – domestic waste sorting in Lithuania. The aim – to analyze Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communication to promote domestic waste sorting in a context of sustainable development. The tasks: to reveal the importance of waste sorting in the context of sustainable development; to clarify the basic principles of waste management policies, domestic waste management and sorting features in Lithuania and foreign countries; to examine the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications of the public relations, waste sorting promotion iniciatives; to investigate public awareness and education in the environment opportunities and prospects, public participation - the right to environmental information and ensuring its interest in environmental protection and in domestic waste sorting issues; analyze the Lithuania's Ministry's of Environment communications in promotion activities of the domestic waste sorting. Using a descriptive, analytical, historical and literary sources and methods of analysis leads to the conclusion that waste collection and processing is recognized as most recent and most sophisticated sector of environmental protection and is very important in European Union's environmental policy, priority is given to this sector also in Lithuania. Assuming, that in most European Union countries waste is sorted, recycled and re-used for energy, heat and other materials, waste sorting in the context of sustainable development is important as economically as socially. Sorting and recycling reduces waste causing risks, protects natural resources, supports clean and healthy environment, reduces fees for waste management. Taking in mind the reticence of waste sorting in both the private and the business sectors in Lithuania, public awareness and environmental education is one of the key measures, that can be seen as a change in environmental pressures. The largest role in impementing the promotion of waste sorting has Lithuania's Ministry of Environment. Unfortunately, after the waste sorting iniciative analysis and pilot evaluation of communication activities, it became clear that the ongoing communication activities are not implemented systematically and sufficiently unorganized, society does not encourage the sort of waste, there is a lack of specific information and only very few public campaigns. Thus, public education, including environmental education, eco-friendly environment and lifestyle, is one of the priority objectives of sustainable development. To promote waste sorting in Lithuania, the current low waste management level needs to be raised by environmental education and economic impact, approaching attitude development in kindergartens and schools and providing more information through mass media. In order to become this a social problem publicity is necessary. Master's work may be useful for environmental institutions, public relations professionals, for communication and information direction students and teachers and those, interested in environmental problems and communication effectiveness of public institutions.
In the times of global war on terror there are no paid considerable attention for a state terror, even if this term is used more and more in political discourse defying a single states as being terroristic. Therefore the main research question is why in the era of global war on terror the international community are not fighting with a state terror, which undermines the same human lifes, rights and values as "terrorism" does? In this study, titled "State Terror in the Context of Global War on Terror: Case Study of US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan", the author analyses the concept of state terror in academic, political and juridical level. The main goal of this study is to analyze, why in the context of global war on terror the states are divided into separate categories: some states become enemies, others avoid criticism, even if they can be treated as state terror systems. In order to carry out the tasks set, the study has been divided into six chapters: In the first chapter there was determined a problem of state terror conceptualization. It was concluded that there are three main reasons: conceptualization, emotional and lack of information or data about state terror. The second chapter analyzed a juridical definition of state terror. The analysis of UN conventions and other counter terrorism law data proved that there is no legal definition of state terror and therefore any preventive instruments of fighting against it become neutralized. The study has thus confirmed the hypothesis, that the lack of a legal definition of state terror presupposes a legitimization of the term. In the third chapter there was analyzed an academic definition of state terror. Traditionally, terror is divided in a terror "from below" (widely known as "terrorism") and terror "from above" (state terror, or terror which is implemented by legal state forces). In the academic point of view, this study might be useful as giving a conceptual state terror term. The conceptualization was made on a basic of political, juridical and academic discourse, defining main criteria for identifying a state terror. These criteria were used for defining a state terror of Egypt and Uzbekistan. The study assumes that the lack of above mentioned concept (especially on juridical level) presupposes a legitimization of Uzbekistan and Egypt state terror as analysis in fifth and sixth chapter concerning US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan has proved. The study concludes that the lack of a legal definition of state terror gives a possibility for singles states to legalize and use its state terror. Therefore, the hypothesis that the main participating states in global war on terror (in this study case – US) doesn't fight against them because of the strategic, economic or other political interest as it was proved in analysis of US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan, was confirmed.
In the times of global war on terror there are no paid considerable attention for a state terror, even if this term is used more and more in political discourse defying a single states as being terroristic. Therefore the main research question is why in the era of global war on terror the international community are not fighting with a state terror, which undermines the same human lifes, rights and values as "terrorism" does? In this study, titled "State Terror in the Context of Global War on Terror: Case Study of US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan", the author analyses the concept of state terror in academic, political and juridical level. The main goal of this study is to analyze, why in the context of global war on terror the states are divided into separate categories: some states become enemies, others avoid criticism, even if they can be treated as state terror systems. In order to carry out the tasks set, the study has been divided into six chapters: In the first chapter there was determined a problem of state terror conceptualization. It was concluded that there are three main reasons: conceptualization, emotional and lack of information or data about state terror. The second chapter analyzed a juridical definition of state terror. The analysis of UN conventions and other counter terrorism law data proved that there is no legal definition of state terror and therefore any preventive instruments of fighting against it become neutralized. The study has thus confirmed the hypothesis, that the lack of a legal definition of state terror presupposes a legitimization of the term. In the third chapter there was analyzed an academic definition of state terror. Traditionally, terror is divided in a terror "from below" (widely known as "terrorism") and terror "from above" (state terror, or terror which is implemented by legal state forces). In the academic point of view, this study might be useful as giving a conceptual state terror term. The conceptualization was made on a basic of political, juridical and academic discourse, defining main criteria for identifying a state terror. These criteria were used for defining a state terror of Egypt and Uzbekistan. The study assumes that the lack of above mentioned concept (especially on juridical level) presupposes a legitimization of Uzbekistan and Egypt state terror as analysis in fifth and sixth chapter concerning US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan has proved. The study concludes that the lack of a legal definition of state terror gives a possibility for singles states to legalize and use its state terror. Therefore, the hypothesis that the main participating states in global war on terror (in this study case – US) doesn't fight against them because of the strategic, economic or other political interest as it was proved in analysis of US relations with Egypt and Uzbekistan, was confirmed.
Research problem In the present doctoral dissertation, the problematic issues of the institute of multiple offences are analysed. Multiple offences as an institute of criminal law is characterised as involving the problems of both the qualification of criminal offences and the individualisation of criminal liability. The problems of the qualification of criminal offences are relevant, when questions of the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences are dealt with. When the existence of multiple offences is established, it is necessary to move on to the consideration of another problem—the individualisation of criminal liability. The individualisation of criminal liability depends on the form of multiple offences. Therefore, for the formation of a uniform case-law, homogeneous and clear criteria for the differentiation of the forms of multiple offences and their separation form each other are essential. When the forms of multiple offences are defined, it is necessary to evaluate their impact on the criminal liability of the person who committed the criminal act. Of course, the key influence on criminal liability manifests through the rules of the combination of sentences; however, one should not forget other topical issues (such as sentence suspension, release from a custodial sentence on parole and the replacement of the term not served of the custodial sentence with a more lenient penalty, statute of limitations of a judgement of conviction, etc.) the solution of which in one way or another depends on the existence of multiple offences. Moreover, sometimes it is necessary to deal with the problems of the separation of multiple offences from other similar institutes of criminal law (repeat offence, competition between the norms of criminal law). Therefore, a number of such issues constitute the problem of the present research. The implementation of the principle of legal justice depends on appropriate and unvaried solution of these issues. Topicality, originality and significance of the research Multiple offences is a rather frequent phenomenon in the Lithuanian case-law; often persons are judged for several rather than single criminal acts. However, the criminal law jurisprudence still lacks a uniform attitude towards the issues regarding multiple offences. First, there exist different definitions of the notion of multiple offences itself, different forms of multiple offences are distinguished and their interpretations change, the criteria for the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences vary (they often depend on the type of the criminal act committed). Special attention should be paid to the process of the individualisation of criminal liability in cases of multiple offences. In the case-law, the fact that prosecutors more and more often lodge appeals against the decisions of lower instances about improper combination of sentences is observed. In the case-law, the process of the combination of sentences has become 'forgotten', as often sentences are combined only formally (by adding 3–6 months of imprisonment) without any motivations regarding the choice of the additional sentence imposed. Moreover, after the entering into force of the new Criminal Code on 1 May 2003, due to the changes in case-law and the entrenchment of new ideas in the criminal law jurisprudence, it became crucial to revise the old and well-established provisions regarding multiple offences. Thus, even if the issues of multiple offences have been analysed for a rather long time, in the present dissertation, a new approach of the author as well as of other researchers to the institute of multiple offences is presented together with general considerations (and critical evaluations) on the newly developing case-law. Furthermore, with reference to the fact that the majority of the issues regarding multiple offences (except for the imposition of sentences) are not regulated by the Criminal Code and the decision-making is left for the case-law and the criminal law jurisprudence, the present paper may have great practical significance for the constantly changing and developing Lithuanian case-law in terms of the peculiarities of multiple offences. The aim and the tasks of the research The aim of the present doctoral dissertation is to develop a uniform attitude (corresponding to the needs of the theory of criminal law and the relevant case-law) towards the institute of multiple offences and the solution of problems related to it by generalising the experience and achievements of science and case-law. The tasks of the doctoral dissertation: 1) to define the notion of the institute of multiple offences and its elements by separating it from other similar institutes of criminal law (repeat offence, competition between the norms of criminal law); 2) to develop uniform (by generalising and concretising the existing ones or by suggesting new ones) criteria for the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences; 3) to review the existing variety of the forms of multiple offences found in the criminal law jurisprudence and distinguish the ones which would correspond to the needs of the Lithuanian case-law as well as define them by distinguishing and describing their characteristics and developing clear and uniform criteria for their separation form each other; 4) to identify the key problems related to the influence of multiple offences on the individualisation of criminal liability as well as to suggest the most appropriate ways of solving these problems; 5) to provide suggestions for the legislator and the courts regarding the development of the institute of multiple offences and the ways of solving the problems related to it. Propositions to be defended 1) Multiple offences must be related not to the fact of committing several criminal acts but to the legal evaluation of this fact—prosecution for committing several criminal acts. 2) Repeat offence should not be considered as an independent form of multiple offences and should be evaluated from the perspective of the perpetrator's personality. 3) In case-law, the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences is often casuistic (depends on a particular category of cases), having no clear and well-established criteria and thus violating the principle of legal justice. 4) The key attributes of single criminal acts are a violation of a direct value or the whole of values protected under a specific norm of the Criminal Code as well as a united content of guilt. 5) The case-law of the recent years, which broadens the perception of the ideal coincidence of criminal acts, forms an incoherent and exceptions-based case-law. 6) In the cases of multiple offences, the rules for sentence imposition restrict the freedom of courts and disturb the appropriate individualisation of sentences; therefore, it is crucial to improve the laws. 7) In case-law, the process of the combination of sentences is 'forgotten' and often does not properly reflect the gravity of all the criminal acts committed; therefore, changes in laws orienting courts towards the case-law appropriate from the perspective of criminal policy are a must. Research methodology For the present doctoral dissertation, various methods of scientific research were applied: logical, comparative, historical, linguistic, systemic, method of criticism, document analysis, etc. Firstly, the logical method and the method of criticism were rather widely applied in the present dissertation. The logical method was applied for making generalisations and conclusions aiming at the development of the institute of multiple offences. The method of criticism was also applied: the author criticised case-law, opinions of scholars, the lack of argumentation for such opinions, etc. The logical method and the method of criticism allowed making the final conclusions and forming suggestions regarding the changes of law and the development of case-law. A lot of attention was paid to the method of comparative analysis. It was applied for the comparison of scientific conceptions and different opinions of scholars. In order to gain experience, the laws and case-law of different foreign countries were analysed and compared. The application of the historical method allowed revealing the drawbacks of the former laws and case-law (under the Criminal Code of 1961) as well as reviewing the origin of the institute of multiple offences and the history of certain terms. The linguistic method was applied for the analysis of the denominations of the forms of multiple offences (ideal and real coincidence of criminal acts) and the consideration of their ability to convey the actual meaning. A different variant of these terms, which linguistically better corresponds to the meaning of the forms of multiple offences, was suggested. For the present research, the systemic method was applied as well. It allowed revealing the structure of the institute of multiple offences, its elements, their interrelation and the place in the system of the bases for criminal liability. By applying this method, the drawbacks of certain notions as well as the use of excessive elements were identified. The main method applied for the research was the method of document analysis. As even the case-law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania contains rather numerous incongruities and contradictions, namely the rulings, decisions and summary reviews of the case-law of this court passed during the term of the Criminal Codes of 1961 as well as of 2003 being in force were chosen as the key source. However, the scope of analysis was not limited to the case-law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Appeal of Lithuania, the Vilnius and Panevežys Regional Courts as well as the District Court of Šiauliai Region was analysed. Structure and review of the doctoral dissertation, main conclusions The dissertation is c
Research problem In the present doctoral dissertation, the problematic issues of the institute of multiple offences are analysed. Multiple offences as an institute of criminal law is characterised as involving the problems of both the qualification of criminal offences and the individualisation of criminal liability. The problems of the qualification of criminal offences are relevant, when questions of the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences are dealt with. When the existence of multiple offences is established, it is necessary to move on to the consideration of another problem—the individualisation of criminal liability. The individualisation of criminal liability depends on the form of multiple offences. Therefore, for the formation of a uniform case-law, homogeneous and clear criteria for the differentiation of the forms of multiple offences and their separation form each other are essential. When the forms of multiple offences are defined, it is necessary to evaluate their impact on the criminal liability of the person who committed the criminal act. Of course, the key influence on criminal liability manifests through the rules of the combination of sentences; however, one should not forget other topical issues (such as sentence suspension, release from a custodial sentence on parole and the replacement of the term not served of the custodial sentence with a more lenient penalty, statute of limitations of a judgement of conviction, etc.) the solution of which in one way or another depends on the existence of multiple offences. Moreover, sometimes it is necessary to deal with the problems of the separation of multiple offences from other similar institutes of criminal law (repeat offence, competition between the norms of criminal law). Therefore, a number of such issues constitute the problem of the present research. The implementation of the principle of legal justice depends on appropriate and unvaried solution of these issues. Topicality, originality and significance of the research Multiple offences is a rather frequent phenomenon in the Lithuanian case-law; often persons are judged for several rather than single criminal acts. However, the criminal law jurisprudence still lacks a uniform attitude towards the issues regarding multiple offences. First, there exist different definitions of the notion of multiple offences itself, different forms of multiple offences are distinguished and their interpretations change, the criteria for the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences vary (they often depend on the type of the criminal act committed). Special attention should be paid to the process of the individualisation of criminal liability in cases of multiple offences. In the case-law, the fact that prosecutors more and more often lodge appeals against the decisions of lower instances about improper combination of sentences is observed. In the case-law, the process of the combination of sentences has become 'forgotten', as often sentences are combined only formally (by adding 3–6 months of imprisonment) without any motivations regarding the choice of the additional sentence imposed. Moreover, after the entering into force of the new Criminal Code on 1 May 2003, due to the changes in case-law and the entrenchment of new ideas in the criminal law jurisprudence, it became crucial to revise the old and well-established provisions regarding multiple offences. Thus, even if the issues of multiple offences have been analysed for a rather long time, in the present dissertation, a new approach of the author as well as of other researchers to the institute of multiple offences is presented together with general considerations (and critical evaluations) on the newly developing case-law. Furthermore, with reference to the fact that the majority of the issues regarding multiple offences (except for the imposition of sentences) are not regulated by the Criminal Code and the decision-making is left for the case-law and the criminal law jurisprudence, the present paper may have great practical significance for the constantly changing and developing Lithuanian case-law in terms of the peculiarities of multiple offences. The aim and the tasks of the research The aim of the present doctoral dissertation is to develop a uniform attitude (corresponding to the needs of the theory of criminal law and the relevant case-law) towards the institute of multiple offences and the solution of problems related to it by generalising the experience and achievements of science and case-law. The tasks of the doctoral dissertation: 1) to define the notion of the institute of multiple offences and its elements by separating it from other similar institutes of criminal law (repeat offence, competition between the norms of criminal law); 2) to develop uniform (by generalising and concretising the existing ones or by suggesting new ones) criteria for the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences; 3) to review the existing variety of the forms of multiple offences found in the criminal law jurisprudence and distinguish the ones which would correspond to the needs of the Lithuanian case-law as well as define them by distinguishing and describing their characteristics and developing clear and uniform criteria for their separation form each other; 4) to identify the key problems related to the influence of multiple offences on the individualisation of criminal liability as well as to suggest the most appropriate ways of solving these problems; 5) to provide suggestions for the legislator and the courts regarding the development of the institute of multiple offences and the ways of solving the problems related to it. Propositions to be defended 1) Multiple offences must be related not to the fact of committing several criminal acts but to the legal evaluation of this fact—prosecution for committing several criminal acts. 2) Repeat offence should not be considered as an independent form of multiple offences and should be evaluated from the perspective of the perpetrator's personality. 3) In case-law, the separation of single criminal acts from multiple offences is often casuistic (depends on a particular category of cases), having no clear and well-established criteria and thus violating the principle of legal justice. 4) The key attributes of single criminal acts are a violation of a direct value or the whole of values protected under a specific norm of the Criminal Code as well as a united content of guilt. 5) The case-law of the recent years, which broadens the perception of the ideal coincidence of criminal acts, forms an incoherent and exceptions-based case-law. 6) In the cases of multiple offences, the rules for sentence imposition restrict the freedom of courts and disturb the appropriate individualisation of sentences; therefore, it is crucial to improve the laws. 7) In case-law, the process of the combination of sentences is 'forgotten' and often does not properly reflect the gravity of all the criminal acts committed; therefore, changes in laws orienting courts towards the case-law appropriate from the perspective of criminal policy are a must. Research methodology For the present doctoral dissertation, various methods of scientific research were applied: logical, comparative, historical, linguistic, systemic, method of criticism, document analysis, etc. Firstly, the logical method and the method of criticism were rather widely applied in the present dissertation. The logical method was applied for making generalisations and conclusions aiming at the development of the institute of multiple offences. The method of criticism was also applied: the author criticised case-law, opinions of scholars, the lack of argumentation for such opinions, etc. The logical method and the method of criticism allowed making the final conclusions and forming suggestions regarding the changes of law and the development of case-law. A lot of attention was paid to the method of comparative analysis. It was applied for the comparison of scientific conceptions and different opinions of scholars. In order to gain experience, the laws and case-law of different foreign countries were analysed and compared. The application of the historical method allowed revealing the drawbacks of the former laws and case-law (under the Criminal Code of 1961) as well as reviewing the origin of the institute of multiple offences and the history of certain terms. The linguistic method was applied for the analysis of the denominations of the forms of multiple offences (ideal and real coincidence of criminal acts) and the consideration of their ability to convey the actual meaning. A different variant of these terms, which linguistically better corresponds to the meaning of the forms of multiple offences, was suggested. For the present research, the systemic method was applied as well. It allowed revealing the structure of the institute of multiple offences, its elements, their interrelation and the place in the system of the bases for criminal liability. By applying this method, the drawbacks of certain notions as well as the use of excessive elements were identified. The main method applied for the research was the method of document analysis. As even the case-law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania contains rather numerous incongruities and contradictions, namely the rulings, decisions and summary reviews of the case-law of this court passed during the term of the Criminal Codes of 1961 as well as of 2003 being in force were chosen as the key source. However, the scope of analysis was not limited to the case-law of the Supreme Court of Lithuania. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Appeal of Lithuania, the Vilnius and Panevežys Regional Courts as well as the District Court of Šiauliai Region was analysed. Structure and review of the doctoral dissertation, main conclusions The dissertation is c
An origin, an history of an institute of the court's penal order (hereinafter – penal order) (a form of a simplified criminal process'es model), an influence of the European criminal procedure laws on the criminal code of procedure (hereinafter – the CCP) of the Republic of Lithuania is briefly presented within an introduction of the Master's thesis (hereinafter – Thesis). In addition, some principles of legal regulation and the requirements of legal technique (hereinafter – Requirements) are represented. An hypothesis is then formed that legal regulations of the penal order's issuing process (regulated in the CCP of Lithuania) that violate the principles, Requirements raise problems of applying the institute of the penal order. In order to test the hypothesis, a concept of the penal order's issuing process is represented and the most possibly problematic legal regulations identified in the research. Furthermore, there are ascertained which identified legal regulations conflict with the principles, Requirements; proper legal regulations is then proposed to alter or supplement some provisions of the CCP of Lithuania. The structure of the Thesis includes 2 chapters, 4 paragraphs, conclusions and recommendations for the legislator. In the first chapter (the analysis of the concept of the penal order's issuing process), the penal order issuing process, which is similar in whole jurisdictions, is briefly presented highlighting it's essential features. The second chapter consists of 4 paragraphs that provide the identification of the most possibly problematic legal regulations and statements if and why the legislator violated the principles and Requirements. In the first paragraph, a first problem of the applying of the institute of the penal order is analysed, identifying, that an opportunity to misinterpret the Art. 418 (4), 420 (1) of the CCP exists. Considering the fact that an implied, supplementing and extending the explicit legal regulation, legal regulation is not clear to a law applier (in this case – a prosecutor), because it needs to clarify a legislator's will so that he / she would not send investigating materials and a statement of the completion of the process by the penal order's issuing process to a court before this court examins a victim's complaint to that, there are ascertained violations of the principle of clarity and the Requirement that legal regulation shall prevent misinterpreting legal norms. There has been resumed that, in order to ensure a purpose of this legal regulation (a victim's title to appeal a prosecutor's decision on completing the process by the way of the penal order in a court. Consequently, in case of this appeal's outcomes' appearing in favor of the victim, the decision would be announced as ineffective and the prosecutor would lose the right to send investigating materials and the statement of the completion of the process by the penal order's issuing process to the court), the legislator shall clearly (expressis verbis) supplement into the Art. 418 (3) of the CCP a prosecutor's title to apply to a court for issuing a penal order exclusively after a deadline of possibility to implement a victim's right to appeal a prosecutor's decision of completing process by a penal order and a date of receipt of data about not-receiving the appeal from the court, or, in case of receiving it, upon receipt of a copy of the court's decision on the victim's appeal. In the second paragraph, an issue of possibility of misinterpreting the Art. 423 (1), 420 (1), 234 (2) that enables malpractise of removing substantial violations of the CCP in the same manner as unclear case's circumstances, although they are different in nature, is solved. A conclusion was drawn that the problematic legal regulation violates the clarity principle, Requirements that legal norms shall be understandable to the adressees, formulated clearly, simply, there shall be prevented possibility of interpreting them illegaly, because, in case of substantial violations of the CCP, the law applier sees alternative, but not-fulfilling legislator's will, a not-justified way of applying it. It usually applies the Art of 420 (1(2)) (transferring the process from the simplified into the common criminal procedure's model when a judge detects substantial violations of the CCP within case's materials, although the transferring is executed exclusively in case of unclear case's circumstances (the Art. 423 (1), 420 (1(2))), not substantial violations of the CCP, because unclear case's circumstances might be removed in a court, but substantial violations of the CCP might not), 234 (2) of the CCP (returning case's materials then to a prosecutor so that he / she would remove the substantial violations of the CCP), instead of the implicit Art. 234 (2) of the CCP (directly returning case's materials to the prosecutor, without applying the Art of 420 (1(2)) prior (indirectly)). The third paragraph deals with a problem when it is impossible to serve a penal order on the accused in case of his / her hiding and he / she not-having other actors mentioned in the Art. 422 (1) of the CCP. In such a case, the penal order does not acquire legal force, the risk of reaching limitation period becomes large. It is researched whether: 1) in case of participating of a defense attorney in the process, is it possible to serve the penal order on him / her; 2) in case of his / her not-participation, might legal norms, regulating persons' search, be held as implicit, and the term of a defendant's submitting a demand of trying a case in a court be started to count after he / she has been found and with the penal order served; 3) shall a state's institutions' duty to ensure a defendant's title to pick up the penal order on his / her own initiative be held as a better alternative; 4) is a proposal of the Supreme Court of Lithuania to start the counting from the receipt of data about defendant's hiding justified. The findings show the breach of principles of systematic (the legal norms are inconsistent), effectiveness (the most efficient alternative has not been chosen. As the most efficient one shall be held a state's institutions' duty to ensure a defendant's title to pick up the penal order on his / her own initiative. The court could send it him / her per e-mail, mail or leave in the court)), Requirements that legal regulation shall be easily implemented, unsophisticated. In the fourth paragraph, a problem of prohibiting a prosecutor to submit a demand of trying a case in a court according to the common rules of the criminal procedure is tackled. There was concluded that the legislator violated the principles of effectiveness, systematic, the Requirement that legal norms shall be consistent, because the legal regulation is not constitutionally justified, in accordance with it, a prevention of human (a prosecutor's, a judge's) errors is not carried, there are no other opportunities for these subjects to correct those errors, the principle of equality is violated. As a better alternative shall be held allowing a prosecutor to submit a demand of trying a case in a court. As a result, a content of conclusions drawn in the paragraphs are presented. Furthermore, it is resumed that the hypothesis confirmed fully itself. In the recommendations for the legislator, there is suggested to revise the problematic legal regulations, submitted concrete alterations of the CCP.
The purpose of this M.A. thesis is to research a hypothetical possibillity of building a metropolitan system in the city of Vilnius. For many years the idea of Vilnius Metro has been already escalated from engineerical, economical, ecological, political point of views, nethertheless, there is no data about Lithuanian artists showing major interest in this theme. Metro stations still are unseen kind of public spaces in Lithuania, that's why a newly built metro could possibly foster our artists' imagination. During my M.A. research I was trying to find new aspects of this phenomenon who could give an additional impulse to the artists of various fields. A metro system is about permanent transit which continouos energy stream is created by people, traffic participants. Moving masses create a common – mass – emotion and they are impacted by a distinctive esthetics and ruled by the sum of signs. Basing myself upon Michele Foucoult space philosphy ideas, the interpretation of symbol language by Ernst Gombrich, Paul Johaness Tillich and other authors, also by deep rooted collective experience, which historically could be explained by a Christian theology narrative, I was looking for my own senses and resources of artistical expressions under the ground. By disclosing the best metro examples and my own theoretical considerations I am trying to prove that a metro system is a society's mirror and the reflectors are underground platforms, stations and visual expressions of metro entries. There are innumerable objective and subjective connections in a metro system, but my major survey method is an empirical study, id est observing of already existing objects and analysing them, searching for relevant and common aspects and derivative interactions (?). In order to comprehend how metro systems are created, developed and later on kept on functioning I have analysed several metropolitans in different countries and found out that a metro is a very sensitive system, reflecting economical, social and cultural aspects of a society. I am glad I have managed to percieve its universal problems and their solutions. Those countries have inspiringly huge amount of artworks in their public metro spaces and one should notice the abundance of ideas and the quality of their implementations there. So there is no wonder that those countries with such metros usually have a special organization taking care of a city's metro and its public spaces. In my M.A. thesis I discuss the best example of such an organization that is, in my consideration, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York. At the end of XX century it was created mainly to help NY Subway system to get rid of its negative image and save this rapid transit system from collapsing. The heads of MTA very early understood that it was a good idea invest not only in design but art, as well. Since 1985 MTA's Arts and Design Program has invited almost three hundred young and prominent artists to put into reality their creative ideas in 260, almost a half of all NY metro stations. That is why NY Subway has a right now to present itself as the world's biggest public art museum under the ground. Another inspiring example is Stokholm. At the second half of XX century Swedish artists successfully managed a completely new project to them in Stokholm underground and proudly proved that art can be very democratic and artists can work in collaboration with other specialists as engineers, architects and workers. Decades after decades Stokholm metro slowly built a 110 km length underground art gallery. Stokholm metro art no longer belongs exceptionally to the Swedes, the sound of their capital's unique underground system and its images has already spread all over the globe. It has to be said – the winners of Stokholm's metro are all Swedes and every artist in this country. Swedish art curator Göran Söderström in his book Art Goes Uderground, which I can already name as my basic table book, calls Stokholm metro "a utilitarian, literally". He along all the authors of this book explain every aspect of Stokholm metro: from a need to build it, as well as planning and engineering it, to a society's needs and opinions and detailed descriptions of all stations with artworks and presentation of their creating history and philosophy. Utilitarian point of view is very distinct in all the examples presented in my M.A. thesis. One couldn't find a negative artwork or negative context anywhere in metros. Perhaps it is a common secret publicly kept in silence. If somebody decided to come up with a destructive idea, probably it would be rejected because of responsibility for a huge audience, millions of people everyday travelling rapid transit trains. Open, anonymous, unregulated public spaces naturally become a scene for social expression, especially it is true in transit zone spaces. If I discuss the esthetics in art decorated metro stations, I should discuss the space before the occurance of this estethics, I guess. My opionion of graffiti, at times irritating, at times positive phenomenon for me, is very well represented in a book about graffiti's (im)propriety called Inopinatum, written by young scholars in Rome. I could only admit that the works of street artists as Banksy, Blu, Os Gemeos become organic part of a facade and immediately create an urban value to it. And on the contrary, messy, dirty, damaged and tagged public metro space is inducing so called broken windows syndrome. My object of interest – Vilnius Metro – does not exist. Its inexestance or, in other words, the imaginery existance, became the major problem of my M.A. survey. My interest in possibility to build Vilnius metropolitan started with already existing strategy of the city. M. De Certeau ideas prompted me that my metro could be reflected from the point of view of a tactitian. Vilnius metro idea creators already have several schemes and metro line junctions. It was interesting to study them and evaluating their correspondence with my expectations as a tactitian. An organic metro line net reminds me of a plant root system, a huge battery placed under the city and providing it with energy. Cities with metros remind me of a human body that is vital, vibrant and forever young. My meeting with Vilnius metro planners and conversations with them could have become a small play of its own or extend the practical part of my M.A. thesis. Sadly, I have to admit that very important topic of Vilnius city landed in the hands of lobbyists and their "life mission" to build a metro is nothing more as a selfish search for a lucrative way to dig under Vilnius ground. As soon as I found it, I decided to look for data of this subject by myself and stop using the data supplied from the Destorted Looking-Glass Land of Vilnius metro lobbyists. For months attentively studying Vilnius city structure and its maps I have built a Vilnius metro scheme of my own. Along these studies I have been reading Tomas Venclova books. I trusted this Vilnius researcher, as well as his experience and insights. His idea about Vilnius, which fascinated me the most, was that Vilnius old town reminded anatomical heart. So I looked precisely at the contor map of Vilnius old town made by Vilnius municipality and I was astonished at how right and precise Tomas Venclova was, only several percent of the old town had not fitted into the contour. And not only this, Vilnius old town resembled an actual anatomical heart with its venous and arterial blood vessels taking all nutrients needed form the rivers Neris and Vilnelė. So that is how my city started – from the heart. Vilnius city anatomy with metro stations, that are still waiting for being created and given significance. It seems quite a good idea to me.
The purpose of this M.A. thesis is to research a hypothetical possibillity of building a metropolitan system in the city of Vilnius. For many years the idea of Vilnius Metro has been already escalated from engineerical, economical, ecological, political point of views, nethertheless, there is no data about Lithuanian artists showing major interest in this theme. Metro stations still are unseen kind of public spaces in Lithuania, that's why a newly built metro could possibly foster our artists' imagination. During my M.A. research I was trying to find new aspects of this phenomenon who could give an additional impulse to the artists of various fields. A metro system is about permanent transit which continouos energy stream is created by people, traffic participants. Moving masses create a common – mass – emotion and they are impacted by a distinctive esthetics and ruled by the sum of signs. Basing myself upon Michele Foucoult space philosphy ideas, the interpretation of symbol language by Ernst Gombrich, Paul Johaness Tillich and other authors, also by deep rooted collective experience, which historically could be explained by a Christian theology narrative, I was looking for my own senses and resources of artistical expressions under the ground. By disclosing the best metro examples and my own theoretical considerations I am trying to prove that a metro system is a society's mirror and the reflectors are underground platforms, stations and visual expressions of metro entries. There are innumerable objective and subjective connections in a metro system, but my major survey method is an empirical study, id est observing of already existing objects and analysing them, searching for relevant and common aspects and derivative interactions (?). In order to comprehend how metro systems are created, developed and later on kept on functioning I have analysed several metropolitans in different countries and found out that a metro is a very sensitive system, reflecting economical, social and cultural aspects of a society. I am glad I have managed to percieve its universal problems and their solutions. Those countries have inspiringly huge amount of artworks in their public metro spaces and one should notice the abundance of ideas and the quality of their implementations there. So there is no wonder that those countries with such metros usually have a special organization taking care of a city's metro and its public spaces. In my M.A. thesis I discuss the best example of such an organization that is, in my consideration, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in New York. At the end of XX century it was created mainly to help NY Subway system to get rid of its negative image and save this rapid transit system from collapsing. The heads of MTA very early understood that it was a good idea invest not only in design but art, as well. Since 1985 MTA's Arts and Design Program has invited almost three hundred young and prominent artists to put into reality their creative ideas in 260, almost a half of all NY metro stations. That is why NY Subway has a right now to present itself as the world's biggest public art museum under the ground. Another inspiring example is Stokholm. At the second half of XX century Swedish artists successfully managed a completely new project to them in Stokholm underground and proudly proved that art can be very democratic and artists can work in collaboration with other specialists as engineers, architects and workers. Decades after decades Stokholm metro slowly built a 110 km length underground art gallery. Stokholm metro art no longer belongs exceptionally to the Swedes, the sound of their capital's unique underground system and its images has already spread all over the globe. It has to be said – the winners of Stokholm's metro are all Swedes and every artist in this country. Swedish art curator Göran Söderström in his book Art Goes Uderground, which I can already name as my basic table book, calls Stokholm metro "a utilitarian, literally". He along all the authors of this book explain every aspect of Stokholm metro: from a need to build it, as well as planning and engineering it, to a society's needs and opinions and detailed descriptions of all stations with artworks and presentation of their creating history and philosophy. Utilitarian point of view is very distinct in all the examples presented in my M.A. thesis. One couldn't find a negative artwork or negative context anywhere in metros. Perhaps it is a common secret publicly kept in silence. If somebody decided to come up with a destructive idea, probably it would be rejected because of responsibility for a huge audience, millions of people everyday travelling rapid transit trains. Open, anonymous, unregulated public spaces naturally become a scene for social expression, especially it is true in transit zone spaces. If I discuss the esthetics in art decorated metro stations, I should discuss the space before the occurance of this estethics, I guess. My opionion of graffiti, at times irritating, at times positive phenomenon for me, is very well represented in a book about graffiti's (im)propriety called Inopinatum, written by young scholars in Rome. I could only admit that the works of street artists as Banksy, Blu, Os Gemeos become organic part of a facade and immediately create an urban value to it. And on the contrary, messy, dirty, damaged and tagged public metro space is inducing so called broken windows syndrome. My object of interest – Vilnius Metro – does not exist. Its inexestance or, in other words, the imaginery existance, became the major problem of my M.A. survey. My interest in possibility to build Vilnius metropolitan started with already existing strategy of the city. M. De Certeau ideas prompted me that my metro could be reflected from the point of view of a tactitian. Vilnius metro idea creators already have several schemes and metro line junctions. It was interesting to study them and evaluating their correspondence with my expectations as a tactitian. An organic metro line net reminds me of a plant root system, a huge battery placed under the city and providing it with energy. Cities with metros remind me of a human body that is vital, vibrant and forever young. My meeting with Vilnius metro planners and conversations with them could have become a small play of its own or extend the practical part of my M.A. thesis. Sadly, I have to admit that very important topic of Vilnius city landed in the hands of lobbyists and their "life mission" to build a metro is nothing more as a selfish search for a lucrative way to dig under Vilnius ground. As soon as I found it, I decided to look for data of this subject by myself and stop using the data supplied from the Destorted Looking-Glass Land of Vilnius metro lobbyists. For months attentively studying Vilnius city structure and its maps I have built a Vilnius metro scheme of my own. Along these studies I have been reading Tomas Venclova books. I trusted this Vilnius researcher, as well as his experience and insights. His idea about Vilnius, which fascinated me the most, was that Vilnius old town reminded anatomical heart. So I looked precisely at the contor map of Vilnius old town made by Vilnius municipality and I was astonished at how right and precise Tomas Venclova was, only several percent of the old town had not fitted into the contour. And not only this, Vilnius old town resembled an actual anatomical heart with its venous and arterial blood vessels taking all nutrients needed form the rivers Neris and Vilnelė. So that is how my city started – from the heart. Vilnius city anatomy with metro stations, that are still waiting for being created and given significance. It seems quite a good idea to me.
