Suchergebnisse

A Beijing-based non-governmental organization (NGO) strives to empower rural Chinese women and migrant girls by increasing their awareness of constitutional rights and promoting their capacities to exercise their civil and political rights. This article reports the NGO leaders' perceptions of the goals, strategies, and challenges in their citizenship endeavor, and analyzes their educational activities in theoretical and cultural contexts. By reporting a tension between the two founding leaders and unpacking the different approaches they take to engaging rural women, we demonstrate how the conceptualization of human rights education in the rural Chinese context is influenced by three approaches to human rights—the Confucian emphasis of rites, the Western tradition of emphasizing law, and the "human functional capacities" approach—and how the implementation process is constrained by China's political framework, the social conditions of rural women, and the NGO leaders' vantage points.

Мнения о том, что при применении административного ареста нарушаются некоторые статьи Конституции РФ и положения Европейской конвенции о защите прав человека не справедливы. Конституция РФ допускает возможность ограничения прав на свободу и личную неприкосновенность лишь в той мере, в какой это необходимо в определенных его целях, и лишь в установленном законом порядке, что также не противоречит Конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод, в соответствии с которой содержание под стражей лица, осужденного компетентным судом, является допустимым отступлением от запрета лишения свободы. Административное наказание в виде административного ареста является одним из способов государственного принуждения, применяемого к наиболее злостным правонарушителям. Правоприменители в лице судей имеют достаточно эффективное средство влияния на оперативную обстановку в городах и населенных пунктах страны. ; The opinion that the procedure of applying an administrative arrest violates some articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and some provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights is unreasonable. The Constitution of the Russian Federation entertains a possibility of limitation of the right to liberty and security of a person when it is required according to the procedures provided by the legislation, in accordance with the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which says that detention of a person convicted by an authorized court is a permitted violation of the prohibition on deprivation of liberty. Administrative penalty as a form of administrative arrest is one of the methods of public enforcement applied to the most malicious offenders. Executors of law represented by judges have a quite effective instrument to control the situation in cities and towns of the country.

Abstract
The question of longitudinal hippocampal functional specialization is critical to human episodic memory because an accurate understanding of this phenomenon would impact theories of mnemonic function and entail practical consequences for the clinical management of patients undergoing temporal lobe surgery. The implementation of the robotically assisted stereo electroencephalography technique for seizure mapping has provided our group with the opportunity to obtain recordings simultaneously from the anterior and posterior human hippocampus, allowing us to create an unparalleled data set of human subjects with simultaneous anterior and posterior hippocampal recordings along with several cortical regions. Using these data, we address several key questions governing functional hippocampal connectivity in human memory. First, we ask whether functional networks during episodic memory encoding and retrieval are significantly different for the anterior versus posterior hippocampus (PH). We also examine how connections differ across the 2–5 Hz versus 4–9 Hz theta frequency ranges, directly addressing the relative contribution of each of these separate bands in hippocampal–cortical interactions. While we report some overlapping connections, we observe evidence of distinct anterior versus posterior hippocampal networks during memory encoding related to frontal and parietal connectivity as well as hemispheric differences in aggregate connectivity. We frame these findings in light of the proposed AT/PM memory systems. We also observe distinct encoding versus retrieval connectivity patterns between anterior and posterior hippocampal networks, we find that overall connectivity is greater for the PH in the right hemisphere, and further that these networks significantly differ in terms of frontal and parietal connectivity. We place these findings in the context of existing theoretical treatments of human memory systems, especially the proposed AT/PM system. During memory retrieval, we observe significant differences between slow-theta (2–5 Hz) and fast-theta (4–9 Hz) connectivity between the cortex and hippocampus. Taken together, our findings describe mnemonically relevant functional connectivity differences along the longitudinal axis of the human hippocampus that will inform interpretation of models of hippocampal function that seek to integrate rodent and human data.

AbstractThis paper examines the legality and limits of security detention in armed conflict situations. It particularly investigates the issues of whether the protection of national security is a legitimate ground to restrict the right to liberty of persons in situations of international or non-international armed conflict, and if so, what are the limits to a State's prerogative to restrict the right to liberty of individuals suspected of threatening its national security. On the basis of a thorough analysis of the relevant extant rules of international law regulating warfare, the paper concludes that security detention is permissible in armed conflict situations regardless of whether the nature of the conflict is international or non-international. However, the prerogative of a State to impose security detention is circumscribed by a plethora of fundamental substantive and procedural safeguards against arbitrariness that are provided in the different rules of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. These safeguards affirm that the search for absolute security is neither desirable nor attainable and that the mere invocation of security concerns does not grant an absolute power to restrict or suspend the liberty of individuals in armed conflict situations. Whenever it is imposed, security detention should be preventive in nature, and must aim at safeguarding the basic national security interests of a State from serious, future, direct and imminent threats related to the armed conflict situation. Detainees should also be able to challenge its legality before a competent organ at the initial or later stage of the detention through a system of periodic review.

Human rights — Right to fair trial — African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, 1981, Article 7 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14 — Right to legal aid and representation — Right to equal protection of the law — Whether judgment should be pronounced in open court — Right to consideration of defence evidence — Right to consideration of alleged conflict of interests of prosecutor — Whether sentence entailed a retrospective application of the lawInternational tribunals — African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights — Jurisdiction — Subject-matter jurisdiction — Whether Court having jurisdiction to hear the application — Admissibility — Whether application admissible

This article has analysed the modalities of conceiving multiculturalism as part of peace- and state-building processes in post-conflict Kosovo. Following the 1999 conflict in Kosovo and the NATO intervention, international efforts to normalise the situation have been exemplified in legal and political terms. UN SC Resolution 1244 has provided for the protection and promotion of human rights of all the inhabitants of Kosovo. However, human rights violations and animosities between communities as a result of the conflict have necessitated greater ttention towards communities on part of the international community. In legal terms, protection of the communities has been carried out by means of the Constitutional Framework for Kosovo and other by-laws enacted by the UNMIK law-making authorities. The Constitutional Framework instituted the protection of the rights of communities living in Kosovo as a way of respecting and securing the continuous presence of all communities living in Kosovo, as well as acknowledging and valuing their socio-cultural differences. Subsequently, very high human rights standards for communities were guaranteed in the documents drawn up in the political processes which served as the basis for establishing the statehood of Kosovo. With the declaration of Kosovo's independence, the rights of ommunities, including their representation and participation in public life, as well as the right to veto certain laws considered to be of vital interest, became a constitutional category. The institution of multiculturalism as a constitutional category by means of legal human rights protection embodied a new orientation towards the future and living with differences on part of Kosovo society. Despite the legal and political undertakings by international and Kosovo authorities, it is questionable if these measures have managed to encourage and enable communities to enhance their contribution to public life in an inclusive cultural context of Kosovo. Communities remain divided with limited participation in public life and the protection of their rights as provided for in the legal framework remains a challenge. Therefore, the analyses in this article have been conducted so as to allow us to discover if the efforts undertaken by international community and subsequently by the Kosovo authorities as a part of state- and peace-building are only fictional or if they have really managed to enhance the position of communities, and thus contribute to long-lasting peace and reconciliation. ; U radu se analiziraju načini na koje je multikulturalizam zamišljen kao dio mirovnoga procesa i procesa izgradnje kosovske države u razdoblju nakon sukoba. Nakon sukoba na Kosovu 1999. godine i intervencije NATO-a, pokušaji međunarodne zajednice da se situacija normalizira odrazili su se u zakonskim i političkim rješenjima. Rezolucija 1244 Vijeća sigurnosti UN-a osigurala je zaštitu i promicanje ljudskih prava svih kosovskih građana. Ipak, s obzirom na povrede ljudskih prava i na netrpeljivost koja je vladala među nacionalnim zajednicama, međunarodna im je zajednica bila prisiljena posvetiti veću pozornost. Zakonsku zaštitu nacionalnim zajednicama pruža Ustavni okvir Kosova te ostali zakonski propisi Privremene administrativne misije Ujedinjenih naroda na Kosovu (UNMIK-a). Ustavni okvir uveo je zaštitu prava zajednica na Kosovu kako bi izrazio poštovanje svim zajednicama i osigurao im trajni boravak na Kosovu te kako bi prepoznao vrijednost njihovih socio-kulturoloških razlika. Vrlo visoke standarde ljudskih prava zajednicama također su zajamčili dokumenti proizašli iz političkih procesa na kojima se temeljila izgradnja državnosti Kosova. Nakon proglašenja kosovske neovisnosti prava su zajednica stekla status ustavne kategorije. To je uključivalo pravo zastupanja zajednica i pravo na sudjelovanje u javnom životu kao i pravo na ulaganje veta na zakone od značajnog interesa. Uvođenje multikulturalizma kao ustavne kategorije zakonskom zaštitom ljudskih prava označilo je preokret u načinu na koji kosovsko društvo gleda budućnost i suživot u različitostima. No usprkos zakonskim i političkim potezima međunarodnih i kosovskih vlasti, postavlja se pitanje jesu li ti potezi uspjeli omogućiti zajednicama veći doprinos javnom životu u inkluzivnom kontekstu Kosova. Nacionalne su zajednice i dalje podijeljene te ograničeno sudjeluju u javnome životu, dok provedba zakonom zajamčene zaštite njihovih prava i dalje predstavlja izazov. Stoga je ova analiza imala cilj utvrditi jesu li nastojanja međunarodne zajednice i kosovskih vlasti da izgrade mir i državu bila uzaludna ili su ipak uspjela osnažiti zajednice te na taj način pridonijeti dugotrajnom miru i procesu pomirbe.

On February 26, 2016, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (Court) issued an advisory opinion requested by the Republic of Panama (Advisory Opinion). The request stemmed from "doubts among States" as to whether "legal persons, being legal fictions, are not as such entitled to rights" (Request) (para. 2). The Court unanimously held that legal persons are not entitled to rights under the American Convention on Human Rights (Convention) because Article 1.2 of the Convention establishes rights only in favor of natural persons. The Court, also unanimously, reiterated that indigenous and tribal communities are entitled to rights under the Convention. By majority vote, the Court held that labor union organizations are entitled to rights under the Protocol of San Salvador (Protocol). The Advisory Opinion is most significant for its finding regarding labor union organizations and for its analysis of how general international law relates to various aspects of the Inter-American system.

The right to development (RTD) is contested in international law, politics and practice. This remains the case, despite the 30-year existence of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (UNDRTD), the many substantive leads that current international law provides, and the renewed inspiration that can be drawn from Agenda 2030 and its sustainable development goals. This article explores whether there is a possible new momentum for the RTD in international law. Deep substantive and political divisions about the exact content and implications of the RTD prevail between—and within—the North and the South. Up to now these divisions have stood in the way of achieving greater normative clarity, follow-up and implementation action. This state of affairs has directed us to adopt a pragmatic approach, by which we consider the scope for revitalizing the RTD through existing provisions of international law, rather than by creating additional normative frameworks. Thus, after a short sketch of the historical evolution of the RTD, we examine the nature, substance and implications of this right as conceived in the UNDRTD. Then, we pursue the question of how existing provisions of international law could be mobilized more

The article out lines the political and legal views of a domestic lawyer of the late XIX century – XX century. S. Dnistrianskyi, the scientific heritage of the scientistis analyzed, historical sources are investigated; the state of scientific research of the topic is established, the essence of the concepts of state and law, the constitution is determined; analyzes the main human rights and freedoms, the problem of the relationship between man and power in a democratic society; investigated the constitutional legal status of national minorities in a state of law.Keywords: state, law, constitution, nation, people, rights and freedoms, national minorities ; У статті викладені політико-правові погляди вітчизняного юриста кінця XIX поч. ХХ ст. С. Дністрянського, проаналізована наукова спадщина вченого, досліджено історичні джерела; встановлено стан наукового дослідження теми, визначено сутність понять держава і право, конституція; проаналізовані основні права та свободи людини, проблема взаємин людини і влади в демократичному суспільстві; досліджений конституційно-правовий статус національних меншин в правовій державі.Ключові слова: держава, право, конституція, нація, народ, права та свободи, національні меншини

The article deals with topical theoretical and applied issues of ensuring the rights of a person when reporting suspicion or detention on suspicion of committing a criminal offense. The norms of the national legislation, the practice of the activity of the pre-trial proceeding bodies, the prosecutor's office and the legal positions of native courts and the European Court of Human Rights in the aspect of the investigated issue are analyzed. A strict adherence to the order to notify the person of the suspicion is emphasized, which is a guarantee of both the ensuring of the rights of the person suspected of committing a crime and the recognition of evidence as appropriate and admissible in the future. Attention is drawn to the positive changes in the content of the basis for ensuring the right to defense. A correct understanding by practitioners of the legislative provisions regarding reporting suspicion (chapter 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine) and detention of a person on suspicion of committing a crime (Articles 207-213 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine) will contribute to the unconditional fulfillment of the tasks of criminal proceedings. The purpose of the article was to study the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of Ukraine regarding the regulation of ensuring personal rights when reporting suspicion or detention on suspicion of a criminal offense, identifying legislative gaps and forming on these basis relevant proposals to address them. The authors used such special methods of research as: system-structural, comparative-legal and statistical.

The ongoing debate in the EU and the US over the shape of the Internet focuses mainly on the technological and economical aspects of the issue. This paper is meant to be an introduction to the debate on the impact of the network neutrality on free speech and the right to information in the field of political science. The author tries to identify potential threats from the economic, technological and political perspective, as they are strongly interconnected. Fundamental human rights can benefit from enforcing network neutrality regulations; however, a much more important issue is related to the question of what would happen to the freedom of speech and the right of information if the regulations were gone. ; Debata nad kształtem Internetu, która toczy się w Stanach Zjednoczonych i w Europie, skupia się głównie na aspektach technologicznych i ekonomicznych. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wprowadzenie do dyskusji na temat wpływu neutralności sieciowej na wolność słowa i prawo do informacji na gruncie nauk politycznych. Autor próbuje zidentyfikować potencjalne zagrożenia na z perspektywy ekonomicznej, technologicznej, a także politycznej. Wdrożenie przepisów narzucających neutralność sieciową będzie niewątpliwie korzystne dla podstawowych praw człowieka. Jednak nawet ważniejszą kwestią jest pytanie o stan Internetu, w przypadku gdyby tych przepisów zabrakło.

Globalization is a transformation process of social relations in the form of network of activities, interaction and trans-continental and inter-regional concessions and it is a worldwide phenomenon. Globalization also brings up threat for human security, that is a condition that requires the fulfillment of human basic needs in which human dignity must be respected and his participation in the life of community must be realized. This condition has an impact on the change of security concept from State centrism to human security At least seven factors must be fulfilled to realize human security, thats are: economic security, food security, health security, environmental security, personal security, community security and political security. The global awareness motivates the development of the concept, doctrine, norms and institution of Human Rights by making international consensus approved by International Community. This consensus is meant to determine the International standards and quality for the countries in implementing their duties to protect, promote, enforce and fulfill Human Rights. This consensus brings about some duties for the countries bound in it to implement the principles and rules in national domain (pacta sunt servanda). Globalization, indicated by the increasing intensity of inter-country relation and more problems regulated in International Law, results in bigger International Obligation of the countries in the world, among others is the obligation to maintain orderliness and peace in the world and to improve Human Rights