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Opposing ecology to Catholicism, or vice versa, has no dogmatic, theological or philosophical foundations – it is a purely rhetorical and political maneuver. Catholicism is, and must be, deeply ecological – although this necessity has not always been properly displayed (but it should also be admitted that circumstances did not require this). This is clearly evidenced by both biblical testimonies confirming the value of every being and the reflection of Tradition within the theology of creation. Similarly, in this context, there are no grounds for invoking the "holy property right" (as some conservative liberals and "libertarians" are willing to do) to justify the robbery and destruction of nature. Within the Catholic doctrine, property law is by no means holy, only conditional, and does not absolve us from treating property as a common good at the same time. Of course, this does not mean that Catholic teaching promotes in any way formal and legal restrictions on the right to property – such ideas have been repeatedly and decisively rejected by the Church. The limitation of the right of ownership is moral here – it is a postulate of justice and responsibility. At the same time, it is an expression of anthropological realism: we, all individual people, die, all families and nations expire and the earth, air and water remain. We are obliged to respect it. Opposing the good of the environment to the welfare of human communities makes no sense. Only extremely shallow and superficial reflection can build and invoke such oppositions. In general, this is not a reflection at all, but only an attempt to create ad hoc justifications for obtaining an easy income at the expense of the environment. With the current population of our planet, no one can perceive themselves or their immovable property as absolutely autonomous. We will be able to meet most of the most serious challenges related to environmental changes only when we understand our own responsibility for all living creatures along with their and our entire environment.

The problem of improving of legislation in the field of copyright protection is one of the urgent problems facing modern legislation. Due to the rapid development of information and communication technologies, dishonest users have the opportunity to post fragments of other people's creative works on their sites without reference to the author, source of borrowing and without disclosing information about the owners of the site. According to the main international copyright convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886), copyright protection covers a wide array of human creativity - all "literary and artistic works." Due to the process of digitization all these forms of creativity can be transmitted across the Internet and in case of violation of rights to them, a mechanism for their protection should be developed in a modern society. It is concluded that information is transmitted via the Internet mainly in the form of creative works that are object to copyright. Moreover, the implementation of any formalities and the fact of publication of the creative work are not needed. The peculiarities of the legal regime of creative works placed on the Internet, the rights of which are the object of civil protection, were disclosed in the article. The author discloses problems of copyright protection for works posted on the Internet, including the problem of identification of the offender. In the article it is also identified basic ways to protect copyright, such as self-defense and judicial protection. The author examines issues of copyright protection for creative works posted on the Internet. Technical and legal means and methods of protecting the rights of authors are analyzed, which allow effective protection of creative works placed on the Internet both before and after their infringement. In the article it is argued that the protection of interests of copyright entities on the Internet depends to a large extent on the technological means that they use. The evolution of these tools and techniques will diminish the role of copyright as a regulator of civil legal relations on the Internet.

The concept of "competence of the state authority" has been considered and its structural elements have been highlighted. Under the competence of the central executive authorities in the field of ensuring ecological safety in Ukraine the author has offered to understand the system of powers (rights and obligations) entrusted to them in the framework of providing such a state of the environment enshrined in the current legislation of Ukraine and by subordinate acts of other authorities. This state provides prevention of the deterioration of the environmental situation and the emergence of a danger to human health. The components of the competence of the central executive authorities in the field of ensuring ecological safety includes their rights and obligations, as well as the range of social relations, objects, cases, objects to which these powers are applied. The system of the central executive agencies, which have powers in the field of ensuring ecological safety of the state, has been determined. Special attention has been paid to the fact that we should allocate within the system of the central executive agencies, a body that directly ensures the formation and implementation of the state policy regarding the sphere of environmental protection and ecological safety of the state – that is the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine and the body implementing the state policy on the state supervision (control) in the field of environmental protection, rational use, reproduction and protection of natural resources, environmental safety, – the State Environmental Inspectorate. Among other agencies with separate, including control powers regarding environmental protection and ensuring ecological safety of Ukraine, we distinguish the State Nuclear Regulatory Inspection of Ukraine, the State Architectural and Construction Inspection of Ukraine and other 7 different State services and agencies of Ukraine. The rights and obligations of the indicated agencies in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine have been analyzed. ; Розглянуто поняття «компетенція органу державної влади» та виділено структурні елементи цієї компетенції. Визначено систему центральних органів виконавчої влади, які мають повноваження у сфері забезпечення екологічної безпеки держави, проаналізовано їх права й обов'язки відповідно до чинного законодавства України.

This issue contains six diverse contributions on topics ranging from prostitution to rent control, unfair dismissals, civil liberties in Zimbabwe, prospecting rights and insolvency issues. The first article is from Sarah Pudifin (pupil advocate at the KwaZulu-Natal Bar) and Shannon Bosch (senior lecturer in law at the University KwaZulu-Natal), who examine countervailing South African public opinion on the subject of prostitution and identify the factors which might influence these attitudes. Sue-Mari Maass of the University of South Africa in the second article gives a comparative analysis of rent control measures imposed in various jurisdictions (South Africa, New York and England) to provide tenure protection for vulnerable tenants. The third article is from Stella Vettori, also of the University of South Africa, who discusses the role of human dignity in the assessment of fair compensation for unfair dismissals. The authors of the fourth article are Jephias Mapuva and Loveness Muyengwa-Mapuva. They discuss key legislation within the areas of media and access to information, individual rights and freedoms, as well as legislation pertaining to the conduct of elections in Zimbabwe. The issue concludes with two case notes. The first one is from Tracy-Lynn Humby of the University of the Witwatersrand. She writes about the conflict between two empowerment firms, Bengwenyama Minerals (the investment vehicle of the Bengwenyama-ye-Maswazi community) and Genorah Resources, which culminated in three judgments, termed the "Bengwenyama trilogy" by the author. Her focus is on the right of a community to prospect or mine and the protection thereof during mining activities. The second note, written by Lienne Steyn of the University of KwaZulu-Natal, considers case law which deals with the interface between the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 and the Insolvency Act 24 of 1936. The question in all three cases she discusses was whether or not a debtor's application for debt review constitutes an act of insolvency which can be relied upon by a debtor in an application for the compulsory

'[F]ree movement of people is one of the four essential freedoms. These four freedoms are indivisible. This is how our Single Market works. And let me be clear: the integrity of the Single Market will never be compromised in these negotiations' (Michel Barnier). 'In a colourful interview with the Czech daily Hospodářské noviny Mr Johnson [was quoted] as using the word "bollocks" in reference to the idea of the free movement of people being a founding principle of the EU. To many EU officials the union's four freedoms – goods, services, capital and the free movement of people – are essential to membership. But in the interview, Mr Johnson, added: "It's a total myth - nonsense. It is stupid to say that freedom of movement is a fundamental right. It's something that has been acquired by a series of decisions by the courts. And everyone now has in his head that every human being has a fundamental, God-given right to go and move wherever he wants. But it is not. It was never a founding principle of the European Union. It's a complete myth. Total myth' (Boris Johnson). Michel Barnier wants to defend the four freedoms as indivisible, while Boris Johnson wants to shatter their unity. Michel Barnier adopts an elegantly thoughtful tone while Boris Johnson prefers oafish truculence. But in the background both are working on a common understanding: that the EU's internal market is a political construct, and that its nature is open to contestation. They are right. It is not only a political construct – internal market lawyers are not out of a job. But there is a remarkably range of ambiguities in the legal definition of the EU's internal market (and related phenomena such as the EEA) and within those vacant spaces political choices are required to determine its shape and direction. The internal market is a legal concept that is both ambiguous and marked by heterogeneity. The purpose of this paper is to traverse the ambiguous and heterogenous character of the EU's internal market (and related phenomena such as the EEA) and to ...

The empowerment of the women is a highly significant issue of our times. There are so many saints and statesmen who have struggled for the empowerment of women in India. Several international conferences were organized to take stock of the situation and prepare grounds for the empowerment of women in all walks of human life. The empowerment of women is a multi-dimensional aspect which demands active participation of various stakeholders in a developing nation like India. Series of Constitutional protective and promotional measures are designed and implemented in India to achieve the goal of empowerment of women. In the present times women studies has become an important branch of academic mainstream in India. Recently series of innovative approaches are adopted to ensure equality of opportunity and empowerment of women in all respects. Gender justice is considered as a vital necessity in India. Educational empowerment includes training, orientation and academic progress of women. The physical empowerment of women includes food, nutrition, health, sanitation, life expectancy and growth. The social empowerment of women includes better status in the family, freedom for marriage, right to property, social mobility, social freedom, family welfare, social transformation and gender equity. The economic empowerment of women includes ownership and control of research right to property, employability, improvement in the standard of living, fulfilment of basic needs, entrepreneurship development and improvement of bargaining power of women. The legal empowerment of women includes constitutional protection, fundamental rights, protection against gender based discrimination, women specific laws, women courts and other safety measures. The political empowerment includes political reservation, political participation and political leadership development of women. The spiritual empowerment includes emancipation from superstitions, misbelieves, customs, traditions and unhealthy practices that safeguard the interest of women. In the present times, state, civil society, universities, media institutions, social organizations, judicial organizations, non-government organizations and other institutions are called upon to work together to achieve the goal of empowerment of women in India. Series of intellectual, research and developmental initiatives are also developed with a view to empower women in all respects.

Предметом исследования в данной статье являются основные направления угроз экономической и политической безопасности регионов России, связанные с коррупциогенностью силовых структур. Сущность и стратегия национальной безопасности не исчерпываются проблемами экономического роста на основе новой структурной политики, расширения потребительского и инвестиционного спроса, создания конкурентной среды, оптимизации отношений собственности, создания эластичной системы государственного регулирования рыночного типа. Одним из важнейших прав человека и гражданина в любом правовом государстве мира является право на доступ к информации. Доступность информации о деятельности органов власти направлена как на обеспечение личных интересов индивидуума, связанных с возможностью реализовать свои права и свободы, так и на его участие в делах общества и государства. Основой осуществления контроля над деятельностью государства в лице его органов является доступ физических и юридических лиц к информации о соответствую-щей деятельности. Именно поэтому среди всех разновидностей информации особым интересом по критерию высокой социальной значимости и востребованности пользуется информация о деятельности органов власти. ; The subject of the study in this article is the main economic and political threats for the security of Russian regions related to the corruption of security structures. The essence and the strategy of the national security are not limited to problems of economic growth based on the new structural policy, the expan-sion of consumer and investment demands, creation of a competitive environment, optimization of property relations, and creation of a flexible system of national regulation of the market type. One of the most im-portant human and civil rights in jural states in the world is a legal right of access to information. Availabil-ity of information on the activities of the authorities is aimed both at ensuring the personal interests of indi-viduals associated with the ability to realize their rights and freedoms, and their participation in the affairs of society and state. The basis for exercising control over the activi-ties of the state through its agencies is the access of individuals and entities to the information on relevant activities. That is why amongst all kinds of information, the information on the activities of the authorities is of special interest and high social importance and rele-vance.

The empowerment of the women is a highly significant issue of our times. There are so many saints and statesmen who have struggled for the empowerment of women in India. Several international conferences were organized to take stock of the situation and prepare grounds for the empowerment of women in all walks of human life. The empowerment of women is a multi-dimensional aspect which demands active participation of various stakeholders in a developing nation like India. Series of Constitutional protective and promotional measures are designed and implemented in India to achieve the goal of empowerment of women. In the present times women studies has become an important branch of academic mainstream in India. Recently series of innovative approaches are adopted to ensure equality of opportunity and empowerment of women in all respects. Gender justice is considered as a vital necessity in India. Educational empowerment includes training, orientation and academic progress of women. The physical empowerment of women includes food, nutrition, health, sanitation, life expectancy and growth. The social empowerment of women includes better status in the family, freedom for marriage, right to property, social mobility, social freedom, family welfare, social transformation and gender equity. The economic empowerment of women includes ownership and control of research right to property, employability, improvement in the standard of living, fulfilment of basic needs, entrepreneurship development and improvement of bargaining power of women. The legal empowerment of women includes constitutional protection, fundamental rights, protection against gender based discrimination, women specific laws, women courts and other safety measures. The political empowerment includes political reservation, political participation and political leadership development of women. The spiritual empowerment includes emancipation from superstitions, misbelieves, customs, traditions and unhealthy practices that safeguard the interest of women. In the present times, state, civil society, universities, media institutions, social organizations, judicial organizations, non-government organizations and other institutions are called upon to work together to achieve the goal of empowerment of women in India. Series of intellectual, research and developmental initiatives are also developed with a view to empower women in all respects. Â

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; This thesis is a dogmatic criminal legal analysis, by means of which we can then understand novel legally criminal figures, for which it was consulted to prestigious writers, which will shape their theories according to the computer crime, both in the Federal legislation such as the various States, with emphasis on the state. In the same way we will link the Computing with various human activities such as medicine, biology, genetics and many others, as well as the importance to the right, and his innovative branches as they are: the cyber law, the legal informatics, the right to the cybernetic information and legal links with other branches such as with the constitutional law, civil law, the copyright, the right to information, the banking law, and especially the criminal law, which is the level of analysis of this thesis, and it is in where is located the cybercrime. We develop a detailed description of the nature Of the computer crime and the framework that is interlinked with our criminal figures, where will be the legal property is state guardianship and protects, and by means of which laws it succeeds as it is the Constitution of the United Mexican States, secondary laws or regulations as are: the federal law of copyright, the industrial property law, the law of transparency and public access to government information, as well as the civil and penal codes federal and state civil procedural codes and federal and state criminal and the laws of the States that already analyzed the computer crime that we can serve as an analysis for the proposal of the incorporation of computer crime to our regulation of criminal law of the State. We check the offender that performs the unlawful behavior, and we will discover the importance that must have the prevention of computer crime in our country as well as the significance of their supervision the cyber police. ; Esta tesis, es un análisis dogmático Jurídico Penal, examinaremos jurídicamente novedosas figuras ...

Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Maestría en Derecho ; From the nineteenth century, Information Technology and Communication "TICS", had a great impact on society, as technological and scientific advances helped the human to communicate faster and more sophisticated way to be. These advances led to the research study and analyze the new forms that offer "TICS" when it comes to communication and interaction between people. Forms that offers the twentieth century to communicate to people, based on the use of the internet, as well as social networks, which have favored the development of communication between people, it can interact through an online platform interpersonal ties that can be interpreted as relations of friendship, love, kinship, labor, academia, among others. Added to this, the vision of procedural law change the perspective on traditional evidence, since social networks apart from serving as media also bring with legal situations; from too much information is contained in them, may cause violations of rights of persons and the right to privacy. That said, the research that was done was dedicated to the procedural value of computer evidence obtained in social networks for substantiation processes; since the existence of new means of proof during the process, generates the need to legislate laws to help incorporate mechanisms to establish and evaluate the facts intended to prove in litigation. Looking at all the right times to go on par with modern society. ; A partir del siglo XIX las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación "TICS", tuvieron un gran impacto en la sociedad, dado que los avances tecnológicos y científicos, ayudaron al ser humano a comunicarse de una manera más rápida y sofisticada. Tales adelantos llevaron a la investigación a estudiar y analizar sobre las nuevas formas que ofrecen las "TICS", cuando se trata de la comunicación e interacción de las personas. Las formas que ofrece el siglo XX para comunicar a las personas, se basan en la utilización del internet, así como, ...

The Limits of Conscientious Objection in Medicine Dr. Gal Kober My paper examines the possible limits of freedom of conscience in medical and pharmaceutical practice. Conscientious objection is a fundamental right in a democracy; in the US, nearly all states offer some legal protection for medical professionals who wish to avoid certain practices that clash with their moral or religious convictions. However, this right is not unlimited; the law extends these protections only to some practices, and sets restrictions beyond which objection is not acceptable. In the context of medical and pharmaceutical practice the issue comes up most sharply in relation to reproductive health. I evaluate the limits of conscientious objection by pharmacists and physicians in cases involving the morning-after pill ('Plan-B'). I argue that, while freedom of conscience affords the right to refuse, a fiduciary responsibility is implied within the bounds of voluntarily assumed professional duties, and thus one's moral autonomy may be justly restricted. Oxford Bibliographies Online:-The Six Systems of Hindu Philosophy Dr. Matthew Dasti This will be a presentation of my peer-reviewed annotated bibliography on the six systems of Hindu philosophy while also introducing the audience to the Oxford Bibliographies Online as a scholarly resource. Which Galaxies are Making Stars? Star Formation in Three Super-Clusters of Galaxies Dr. Thomas Kling Stars form when enough hydrogen gas accumulates in a given region in a galaxy to attract gravitationally, heat up, and begin a process of nuclear fusion. Part of my research program is to determine which galaxies make stars and why. I will report of progress from my 2013 Summer Grant, where I analyzed 3 ½ nights of observations using the Mayall 4-m telescope at Kitt Peak in Arizona of three different clusters in four filter bands. My raw data is over 450 individual exposures from a 121 megapixel camera attached to a lens that is 4-m is size. The number of exposures allows one to measure very faint galaxies (~23rd magnitude), much dimmer than the human eye can see (~7th magnitude), without saturating the camera.

El common law es un sistema normativo basado en la memoria. Memoria tan ancestral que ningún ser humano es capaz de recordar, sólo el lenguaje logra recrear esas antiguas tradiciones que se toman con fervor de dogma religioso. El common law se halla en una guerra sin cuartel contra la historia de la vida cotidiana, el discurso del common law soporta la tradición y el lenguaje, lenguaje que en prosa intensa y en repeticiones fonéticas, recerca situaciones ancestrales. Es un derecho móvil, un derecho domesticado, un derecho de máscaras. El gobierno pretende tener un derecho de imágenes, un derecho de signos. La mnemotecnia es el arma del gobierno, la hermenéutica su simple supervivencia. ; Common law is a normative system based on the memory. So ancestral memory that no one human is able to remember, only the language manages to recreate those old traditions that are taken with fervor of religious dogma. Common law is in a war without quarter against the history of the daily life, the speech of common law supports to the tradition and the language, language that in intense prose and phonetic repetitions, recreating ancestral situations. It is a movable right, a domesticated right, a right of masks. The government tries to have a law of images, a law of signs. Mnemotecnic is the weapon of the government, the hermeneutic its simple survival. ; A common law é um sistema normativo baseado na memória. Memória assim ancestral que nenhum ser humano pode recordar, apenas a língua controla recrear aquelas tradições velhas que são feitas exame com o fervor do dogma religioso. A common law está em uma guerra sem quartel contra a historia da vida diária, ao discurso de sustentações da common law à tradição e à língua, a língua que na prosa intensa e em repetições fonéticas, situações ancestral do recerca. É um direito móvel, um direito domesticado, um direito das máscaras. O governo tenta ter um direit de imagens, um direito de sinais. Mnemotecnia é a arma do governo, o hermenéutica sua sobrevivência simple.

South Africa, a meeting point of European & African cultures, is situated within the North-South movement of civilization. The historical origins of its ethnically heterogenous population & the concept of apartheid are traced. Apartheid is argued to have originated from a version of Calvinism held by many Boers, in which their "trek" is given providential meaning & a parallelism to ancient Israel, making the Boers a chosen nation whose mission is to preserve Christianity in Africa. They are prepared to convert blacks to Christianity but believe that they should develop within their own traditions. This originally theological idea has now been given legal & political form as the concentration of power in the hands of the white minority. Whites fear that giving voting rights to the black majority would leave South Africa at the level of other independent African nations; blacks find the denial of voting rights frustrating & resist it. It is argued that gradual constitutional change toward emancipation of the black population is necessary & practical, & that power should be joined with moral responsibility to fulfill the rights & needs of all South Africans. The aid of the US & other Western nations in attaining this is needed. In Comment, J. A. Harrison calls for more stress on two points: Soviet desire to control South Africa, & the genuine grievances of black South Africans. In Comment, A. D. Louw (Human Sciences Research Council, Privaatsak X41 0001 Pretoria South Africa) notes the distinction between blacks who favor generalized black nationalism & blacks who are more concerned with ethnicity issues; the two sets have different policy preferences. The South African government has begun to move toward genuine reform. In Comment, J. R. Lambson argues that apartheid was created not only by Afrikaaners but by English-speaking South Africans also. An alternative to confrontation politics is needed to solve South African problems. In Rejoinder, Rayapen sees the black/white conflict as central in South Africa, & hopes for the attainment of an interracial society based on Western democratic & Christian principles. Modified AA

The current global "war on terror" highlights a fundamental quandary for all liberal democracies seeking to counter the violent extremism of their own citizens while maintaining civic rights and freedoms. This challenge accompanies a transformation in international conflict from inter-state war and superpower rivalry, to homegrown terrorism, radicalization-to-violence, Internet propaganda, and targeting and recruitment of vulnerable persons. These new threats shift the battlefield, as traditionally defined, to the home front, as extremist violence is nurtured by and perpetrated within public spaces, such as schools, places of religious worship, civil society and the home. Today, violence emanates from within liberal democratic society and its extremist motivations bypass the very institutions that would otherwise support civic rights, freedoms and multiculturalism. As such, attempts to counter extremist violence must appeal to the political, social, cultural, religious and familial aspects of human behavior alongside a parallel shift in efforts to keep citizens safe within their own social spaces. In recent years, Canada has been introduced to home grown and lone individual terrorism with the cases of attack against armed forces personnel in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu and Ottawa in 2014. This article identifies the social dimensions of counter-terrorism in the Canadian context, a propitious case by which to evaluate different approaches to countering violent extremism. Canadian initiatives - simultaneously proliferating and in their infancy – raise a host of questions about counter-terrorism in liberal democratic countries. For example, why do individuals radicalize-to-violence in rights-based and multicultural societies? How and when can the liberal democratic state best temper the radicalization process in ways that are effective and procedurally just? What state-society balance works best to counter radicalized viewpoints? Who are the appropriate stakeholders in mounting and monitoring counter radicalization programs? What risks accompany government engagement with communities against terrorist activity? And what are the appropriate measures of success? These questions lay the groundwork for an empirical analysis of prevalent programs in Canada against the background of the "war on terror", multiculturalism, racial profiling, community policing and other contemporary Canadian values.

Oceans cover 70% of the world's surface and are a source of 90% of the world's biomass. Oceans provide the world's populations with food and facilitate international trade in goods. The shipping industry is a notable source (although not leading source) of marine pollution both from operational discharges and maritime incidents. With a vast number of ships navigating the world's oceans the impact of maritime incidents, especially of bulk carriers of oil, on the marine environment can be devastating. Ships which become distressed often attempt to find a 'place of refuge', being nearby port or a sheltered area within the territorial waters of a nearby coastal state. Traditionally these ships in distress had the customary law right of entry into port in order to ensure that persons on board could be saved. This position seems to have changed in the modern age. With the advancement of modern technology persons on board can be saved without bringing the distressed ship into port. In addition, these ships in distress present a serious risk to the marine environment within the waters of the coastal state. Coastal state practice seems to indicate that coastal states prioritise the preservation of their own sovereign waters over the needs of the particular ship in distress, especially where there is no risk to human life. It would seem that the traditional customary law rights of ships in distress do not apply to circumstances where there is no risk to the persons on board and where there is only a risk to the marine environment. These ships are now commonly called ships in need of assistance and are differentiated from ships in distress due to the fact that the risk is one to the marine environment and not to human life. The result of the refusing places of refuge creates the problem of ships in need of assistance as such ships proceed to beg for entry from other nearby coastal states usually being refused along the way. Through the discussion of notable maritime incidents of this nature it will be shown that such refusal of entry by coastal states into a place of refuge is a leading factor that increases the probability of a maritime incident occurring and thereby increasing the likelihood of damage to the marine environment. The concept of state sovereignty has been utilised as a justification for coastal states refusing entry into a place of refuge. This dissertation will discuss the concept of coastal state sovereignty paying particular attention to the legislative and enforcement rights of coastal states in the regulation of pollution and the protection of the marine environment. The international community has long since recognised that the protection of the marine environment is a general state duty and a principle of international customary law. The duty to protect and preserve the marine environment guides, informs and restricts coastal state action. This dissertation analyses the relationship between sovereignty and the duty to protect the marine environment in the context of ships in need of assistance in modern international law. This dissertation seeks to conclude with an overall analysis of the current customary and modern international law rights of ships in need of assistance in order to determine whether coastal states are obliged to grant places of refuge. The IMO Guidelines will be discussed to analyse whether same add any value to the problem of ships in need of assistance and to what end such guidelines indicate further development on this issue.