Suchergebnisse

Main concepts: human rights, natural and positive rights, national defense system of the Republic of Lithuania, Lithuanian army, statutes, European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), USSR armament, control model, etatism, humanism, unstatutory intercourse, statutory servant, discipline. Summary: work name and main concepts used in this work are given in the summary. It is described, what author analyses in this work, what influences on human rights' institution and it's development tendencies, what attitudes he has when writing this work. The essence of human rights and problems of its implementation and protection are provided. Human rights in common sense might be understood as a complex of values, involving rights/liberties and duties of an individual. External development, external and internal state changes, model of state government, ruling ideology lets to analyze human rights in various aspects. Human rights' institution in armament of USSR and independent Lithuania are analyzed and compared. Regulation of human rights and protection development tendencies and singularities are revealed by analyzing doctrines of dominant natural rights and positive etatism, historical circumstances, models of state government, their influence on human rights institution as well as emphasizing implementation of human rights in army. An attitude, that soviet heritage has an influence today, is kept in the work. The origin of unstatutory intercourse, determining restrictions and violations of soldiers' human rights, also was influenced by intercourse of soldiers at army during soviet time. On the basis of analyzed legal bases and accomplished sociological research (designated for human rights at national defense system) a conclusion is made, that different model of state/army government, state history, dominant ideology, legal doctrine, state becoming a part of an international community has an impact on regulation of human rights and its development. However, an influence of soviet heritage in the army is felt, soldiers' opinion researches reveal different weaknesses, which Lithuania still meets in the range of protection of human rights

Main concepts: human rights, natural and positive rights, national defense system of the Republic of Lithuania, Lithuanian army, statutes, European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), USSR armament, control model, etatism, humanism, unstatutory intercourse, statutory servant, discipline. Summary: work name and main concepts used in this work are given in the summary. It is described, what author analyses in this work, what influences on human rights' institution and it's development tendencies, what attitudes he has when writing this work. The essence of human rights and problems of its implementation and protection are provided. Human rights in common sense might be understood as a complex of values, involving rights/liberties and duties of an individual. External development, external and internal state changes, model of state government, ruling ideology lets to analyze human rights in various aspects. Human rights' institution in armament of USSR and independent Lithuania are analyzed and compared. Regulation of human rights and protection development tendencies and singularities are revealed by analyzing doctrines of dominant natural rights and positive etatism, historical circumstances, models of state government, their influence on human rights institution as well as emphasizing implementation of human rights in army. An attitude, that soviet heritage has an influence today, is kept in the work. The origin of unstatutory intercourse, determining restrictions and violations of soldiers' human rights, also was influenced by intercourse of soldiers at army during soviet time. On the basis of analyzed legal bases and accomplished sociological research (designated for human rights at national defense system) a conclusion is made, that different model of state/army government, state history, dominant ideology, legal doctrine, state becoming a part of an international community has an impact on regulation of human rights and its development. However, an influence of soviet heritage in the army is felt, soldiers' opinion researches reveal different weaknesses, which Lithuania still meets in the range of protection of human rights

After regaining its independence in 1990, Lithuania has demonstrated the will to establish the universal human rights standards in the country as soon as possible. However, taking into account the country's policy in the later years of independence, it's not clear whose interests – state of individual – are more important and how these concepts coexist in the framework of Lithuanian human rights policy. The aim of the research is to examine wherever state sovereignty and human rights are (in)compatible with each other in the policy-making context of Lithuanian human rights policy. Aiming to achieve the above mentioned aim the Lithuanian human rights policy-making context, factors affecting this policy, national legal basis on human rights, fourteen programmes of the Government through the prism of human rights are analyzed. In conducting the research the following research methods were used: documents and legal acts analysis, semi-structured interview, as well as comparative analysis. Empirical research data indicates that Lithuanian human rights policy could be described as fragmented, lacking integrity and balanced attention to all human rights; strongly expressed social economical dimension the other key feature of this policy. In the context of such policy the relation between the human rights and state sovereignty is rather mixed. On the one hand, the external sovereignty is compatible with human rights and freedoms; they complement each other. Meanwhile the supremacy of state's interests over the individual rights in the context of internal policy gives the basis to claim that human rights are not compatible with internal state sovereignty and state sovereignty which reflects the interests of state is a higher value in the internal policy. The empirical data also indicates that human rights and internal state sovereignty are compatible with each other when the interests of state include the duty to protect the human rights.

After regaining its independence in 1990, Lithuania has demonstrated the will to establish the universal human rights standards in the country as soon as possible. However, taking into account the country's policy in the later years of independence, it's not clear whose interests – state of individual – are more important and how these concepts coexist in the framework of Lithuanian human rights policy. The aim of the research is to examine wherever state sovereignty and human rights are (in)compatible with each other in the policy-making context of Lithuanian human rights policy. Aiming to achieve the above mentioned aim the Lithuanian human rights policy-making context, factors affecting this policy, national legal basis on human rights, fourteen programmes of the Government through the prism of human rights are analyzed. In conducting the research the following research methods were used: documents and legal acts analysis, semi-structured interview, as well as comparative analysis. Empirical research data indicates that Lithuanian human rights policy could be described as fragmented, lacking integrity and balanced attention to all human rights; strongly expressed social economical dimension the other key feature of this policy. In the context of such policy the relation between the human rights and state sovereignty is rather mixed. On the one hand, the external sovereignty is compatible with human rights and freedoms; they complement each other. Meanwhile the supremacy of state's interests over the individual rights in the context of internal policy gives the basis to claim that human rights are not compatible with internal state sovereignty and state sovereignty which reflects the interests of state is a higher value in the internal policy. The empirical data also indicates that human rights and internal state sovereignty are compatible with each other when the interests of state include the duty to protect the human rights.

After regaining its independence in 1990, Lithuania has demonstrated the will to establish the universal human rights standards in the country as soon as possible. However, taking into account the country's policy in the later years of independence, it's not clear whose interests – state of individual – are more important and how these concepts coexist in the framework of Lithuanian human rights policy. The aim of the research is to examine wherever state sovereignty and human rights are (in)compatible with each other in the policy-making context of Lithuanian human rights policy. Aiming to achieve the above mentioned aim the Lithuanian human rights policy-making context, factors affecting this policy, national legal basis on human rights, fourteen programmes of the Government through the prism of human rights are analyzed. In conducting the research the following research methods were used: documents and legal acts analysis, semi-structured interview, as well as comparative analysis. Empirical research data indicates that Lithuanian human rights policy could be described as fragmented, lacking integrity and balanced attention to all human rights; strongly expressed social economical dimension the other key feature of this policy. In the context of such policy the relation between the human rights and state sovereignty is rather mixed. On the one hand, the external sovereignty is compatible with human rights and freedoms; they complement each other. Meanwhile the supremacy of state's interests over the individual rights in the context of internal policy gives the basis to claim that human rights are not compatible with internal state sovereignty and state sovereignty which reflects the interests of state is a higher value in the internal policy. The empirical data also indicates that human rights and internal state sovereignty are compatible with each other when the interests of state include the duty to protect the human rights.

After regaining its independence in 1990, Lithuania has demonstrated the will to establish the universal human rights standards in the country as soon as possible. However, taking into account the country's policy in the later years of independence, it's not clear whose interests – state of individual – are more important and how these concepts coexist in the framework of Lithuanian human rights policy. The aim of the research is to examine wherever state sovereignty and human rights are (in)compatible with each other in the policy-making context of Lithuanian human rights policy. Aiming to achieve the above mentioned aim the Lithuanian human rights policy-making context, factors affecting this policy, national legal basis on human rights, fourteen programmes of the Government through the prism of human rights are analyzed. In conducting the research the following research methods were used: documents and legal acts analysis, semi-structured interview, as well as comparative analysis. Empirical research data indicates that Lithuanian human rights policy could be described as fragmented, lacking integrity and balanced attention to all human rights; strongly expressed social economical dimension the other key feature of this policy. In the context of such policy the relation between the human rights and state sovereignty is rather mixed. On the one hand, the external sovereignty is compatible with human rights and freedoms; they complement each other. Meanwhile the supremacy of state's interests over the individual rights in the context of internal policy gives the basis to claim that human rights are not compatible with internal state sovereignty and state sovereignty which reflects the interests of state is a higher value in the internal policy. The empirical data also indicates that human rights and internal state sovereignty are compatible with each other when the interests of state include the duty to protect the human rights.

The aim of this article is to reflect on the role of the feelings in the human person's integral growth. The phenomenology and the hermeneutics are here applied as the basic methods; the thoughts of the famous contemporary philosopher Paul Ricoeur (1913) are also used in oder to reveal interpersonal aspect of emotions (social, cultural, political spheres). The fundamental needs, such as possession, capacity and being recognized are reconstructed in the initial state ("before the sin"). The philosophical tradition is read in a new light, because Aquinas' and cartesian tractates valuated the emotions from one side. Ricoeur's reflection is corageous one because he speaks about the most fragile capacity of human being and elevates it to the level of intellect, non theoric but concrete. The feelings have important role of unifying and putting inward our experience.

The aim of this article is to reflect on the role of the feelings in the human person's integral growth. The phenomenology and the hermeneutics are here applied as the basic methods; the thoughts of the famous contemporary philosopher Paul Ricoeur (1913) are also used in oder to reveal interpersonal aspect of emotions (social, cultural, political spheres). The fundamental needs, such as possession, capacity and being recognized are reconstructed in the initial state ("before the sin"). The philosophical tradition is read in a new light, because Aquinas' and cartesian tractates valuated the emotions from one side. Ricoeur's reflection is corageous one because he speaks about the most fragile capacity of human being and elevates it to the level of intellect, non theoric but concrete. The feelings have important role of unifying and putting inward our experience.

The aim of this article is to reflect on the role of the feelings in the human person's integral growth. The phenomenology and the hermeneutics are here applied as the basic methods; the thoughts of the famous contemporary philosopher Paul Ricoeur (1913) are also used in oder to reveal interpersonal aspect of emotions (social, cultural, political spheres). The fundamental needs, such as possession, capacity and being recognized are reconstructed in the initial state ("before the sin"). The philosophical tradition is read in a new light, because Aquinas' and cartesian tractates valuated the emotions from one side. Ricoeur's reflection is corageous one because he speaks about the most fragile capacity of human being and elevates it to the level of intellect, non theoric but concrete. The feelings have important role of unifying and putting inward our experience.

The object of this paper is the human rights policy in the Visegrad countries. The problem of the research – the Human Rights Policy in the Visegrad countries – is a relatively new and hardly explored subject, although it is an integral part of the general post-communistic transformation. The research problem is characterized by the fact that in the sphere of human rights of the Visegrad countries, no tradition of intellectual and practical political tradition occur, and their newly formulated policies on human rights are not based on the ethos that could be considered standard or finished by the international community. The EU requirements and pressure were the main external factors boosting the development of the human rights policy in the Visegrad countries. The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors that led to the peculiarities of the national human rights policy in the Visegrad countries, and their integration to the international human rights policy. In order to reveal the above-mentioned aim, the following tasks have been formed: to reveal the characteristics of the human rights regime, as well as its legal and institutional structures; to reflect the effectiveness and effect of the protection of human rights in Europe; to assess the institutional transformations that have taken place in the national human rights policy of the Visegrad countries; to analyze the relationship between the Visegrad countries and a society in shaping the national policies on human rights; to examine the participation of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the international human rights policy. After the research, in which the paper theme, its breadth, complexity, diversity and topics have been considered, a descriptive-analytical, and data analysis, as well as the semi-structured interview techniques, have been used to formulate the following conclusions. The conclusions describe the characteristics of the European human rights regime in the legal and institutional structures, as well as the lack of the accountability of legal institutions and countries, which encodes the possibility for the countries to independently choose the mechanisms and national measures for the human rights policy implementation. The features of the effective European Human Rights activity – an adequate response to the significant social problems, flexible diplomacy, as well as legal and political initiatives – can be observed. The documents connected with the human rights issue ratified by the Visegrad countries often reveal a sort of distinction between the state and its citizens, as well as its citizens and people. The remnants of the communist relics and the weak current policies on human rights lead to the passivity of a civil society in the political discourse. The research of the participation of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in international human rights missions/programs and organizations, has disclosed the tendency of the transformational period, i.e. the orientation towards the general context of the EU foreign policy.

The object of this paper is the human rights policy in the Visegrad countries. The problem of the research – the Human Rights Policy in the Visegrad countries – is a relatively new and hardly explored subject, although it is an integral part of the general post-communistic transformation. The research problem is characterized by the fact that in the sphere of human rights of the Visegrad countries, no tradition of intellectual and practical political tradition occur, and their newly formulated policies on human rights are not based on the ethos that could be considered standard or finished by the international community. The EU requirements and pressure were the main external factors boosting the development of the human rights policy in the Visegrad countries. The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors that led to the peculiarities of the national human rights policy in the Visegrad countries, and their integration to the international human rights policy. In order to reveal the above-mentioned aim, the following tasks have been formed: to reveal the characteristics of the human rights regime, as well as its legal and institutional structures; to reflect the effectiveness and effect of the protection of human rights in Europe; to assess the institutional transformations that have taken place in the national human rights policy of the Visegrad countries; to analyze the relationship between the Visegrad countries and a society in shaping the national policies on human rights; to examine the participation of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the international human rights policy. After the research, in which the paper theme, its breadth, complexity, diversity and topics have been considered, a descriptive-analytical, and data analysis, as well as the semi-structured interview techniques, have been used to formulate the following conclusions. The conclusions describe the characteristics of the European human rights regime in the legal and institutional structures, as well as the lack of the accountability of legal institutions and countries, which encodes the possibility for the countries to independently choose the mechanisms and national measures for the human rights policy implementation. The features of the effective European Human Rights activity – an adequate response to the significant social problems, flexible diplomacy, as well as legal and political initiatives – can be observed. The documents connected with the human rights issue ratified by the Visegrad countries often reveal a sort of distinction between the state and its citizens, as well as its citizens and people. The remnants of the communist relics and the weak current policies on human rights lead to the passivity of a civil society in the political discourse. The research of the participation of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in international human rights missions/programs and organizations, has disclosed the tendency of the transformational period, i.e. the orientation towards the general context of the EU foreign policy.

The object of this paper is the human rights policy in the Visegrad countries. The problem of the research – the Human Rights Policy in the Visegrad countries – is a relatively new and hardly explored subject, although it is an integral part of the general post-communistic transformation. The research problem is characterized by the fact that in the sphere of human rights of the Visegrad countries, no tradition of intellectual and practical political tradition occur, and their newly formulated policies on human rights are not based on the ethos that could be considered standard or finished by the international community. The EU requirements and pressure were the main external factors boosting the development of the human rights policy in the Visegrad countries. The aim of the paper is to analyze the factors that led to the peculiarities of the national human rights policy in the Visegrad countries, and their integration to the international human rights policy. In order to reveal the above-mentioned aim, the following tasks have been formed: to reveal the characteristics of the human rights regime, as well as its legal and institutional structures; to reflect the effectiveness and effect of the protection of human rights in Europe; to assess the institutional transformations that have taken place in the national human rights policy of the Visegrad countries; to analyze the relationship between the Visegrad countries and a society in shaping the national policies on human rights; to examine the participation of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the international human rights policy. After the research, in which the paper theme, its breadth, complexity, diversity and topics have been considered, a descriptive-analytical, and data analysis, as well as the semi-structured interview techniques, have been used to formulate the following conclusions. The conclusions describe the characteristics of the European human rights regime in the legal and institutional structures, as well as the lack of the accountability of legal institutions and countries, which encodes the possibility for the countries to independently choose the mechanisms and national measures for the human rights policy implementation. The features of the effective European Human Rights activity – an adequate response to the significant social problems, flexible diplomacy, as well as legal and political initiatives – can be observed. The documents connected with the human rights issue ratified by the Visegrad countries often reveal a sort of distinction between the state and its citizens, as well as its citizens and people. The remnants of the communist relics and the weak current policies on human rights lead to the passivity of a civil society in the political discourse. The research of the participation of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in international human rights missions/programs and organizations, has disclosed the tendency of the transformational period, i.e. the orientation towards the general context of the EU foreign policy.

The article analyses the complexity of human resource management in the context of business globalization. The problem is the balancing of the global trends in HRM with the influence of national cultures. The general aim of the article is to explore the problem of balancing the seemingly opposing forces (such as thinking global – acting local, decentralization–centralization, differentiation–integration, etc.) and to identify trends and values in HRM. The article shows that such opposing forces should be considered not as binary either / or decisions, but as complementary forces that need to be balanced. The analysis is supported by examining the changing practice of HRM in the United Kingdom, France, the USA and Japan. This review shows the main trends and the principal tasks faced by HRM professionals in the 21st century. HRM changes that have taken place in the UK are a reflection, primarily, of changing regulation arising both from the UK government and from membership in the EU, globalization and strong pressures to drive costs downwards. French HR managers are striving to adapt French organizations to the environment by relying on unique practices or practices similar to those implemented in other countries. In late 2000s, the US economy is slowing. Though workers may become easier to find in general, recruitment continues to be challenging in the areas where skill shortages exist. The US workforce will continue to become more diverse. Firms are likely to continue experimenting with variable compensation and high performance work systems to enhance productivity. The change of HR practices in Japanese companies seems to be slow and incremental, carefully avoiding traumatic breaks with the past. Japanese managers have a strong sense of corporate obligation to provide jobs, income and security. On comparing changes in the patterns of HMR in the UK, France, the USA and Japan, the article analyses the peculiarities of HMR in Lithuania as a representative country of the post-soviet bloc. The practice of HRM in Lithuania during 1990–2008 may be separated into two periods. Each period was influenced by controversial groups of factors: traditions that came into being under the soviet regime and the new traditions still undergoing formation. In the first period dominated the so-called "hard" HRM, with the focus on employee control, utmost exploitation of their potential and obtaining the maximum benefit from them, neglect of employees' needs. The lack of qualified workers, increasing emigration and the growing competition in the second period urge the managers to shift attention to "soft" HRM, i.e. to the needs of their employees as one of the key resources of the competitive advantage.

The article analyses the complexity of human resource management in the context of business globalization. The problem is the balancing of the global trends in HRM with the influence of national cultures. The general aim of the article is to explore the problem of balancing the seemingly opposing forces (such as thinking global – acting local, decentralization–centralization, differentiation–integration, etc.) and to identify trends and values in HRM. The article shows that such opposing forces should be considered not as binary either / or decisions, but as complementary forces that need to be balanced. The analysis is supported by examining the changing practice of HRM in the United Kingdom, France, the USA and Japan. This review shows the main trends and the principal tasks faced by HRM professionals in the 21st century. HRM changes that have taken place in the UK are a reflection, primarily, of changing regulation arising both from the UK government and from membership in the EU, globalization and strong pressures to drive costs downwards. French HR managers are striving to adapt French organizations to the environment by relying on unique practices or practices similar to those implemented in other countries. In late 2000s, the US economy is slowing. Though workers may become easier to find in general, recruitment continues to be challenging in the areas where skill shortages exist. The US workforce will continue to become more diverse. Firms are likely to continue experimenting with variable compensation and high performance work systems to enhance productivity. The change of HR practices in Japanese companies seems to be slow and incremental, carefully avoiding traumatic breaks with the past. Japanese managers have a strong sense of corporate obligation to provide jobs, income and security. On comparing changes in the patterns of HMR in the UK, France, the USA and Japan, the article analyses the peculiarities of HMR in Lithuania as a representative country of the post-soviet bloc. The practice of HRM in Lithuania during 1990–2008 may be separated into two periods. Each period was influenced by controversial groups of factors: traditions that came into being under the soviet regime and the new traditions still undergoing formation. In the first period dominated the so-called "hard" HRM, with the focus on employee control, utmost exploitation of their potential and obtaining the maximum benefit from them, neglect of employees' needs. The lack of qualified workers, increasing emigration and the growing competition in the second period urge the managers to shift attention to "soft" HRM, i.e. to the needs of their employees as one of the key resources of the competitive advantage.

The article analyses the complexity of human resource management in the context of business globalization. The problem is the balancing of the global trends in HRM with the influence of national cultures. The general aim of the article is to explore the problem of balancing the seemingly opposing forces (such as thinking global – acting local, decentralization–centralization, differentiation–integration, etc.) and to identify trends and values in HRM. The article shows that such opposing forces should be considered not as binary either / or decisions, but as complementary forces that need to be balanced. The analysis is supported by examining the changing practice of HRM in the United Kingdom, France, the USA and Japan. This review shows the main trends and the principal tasks faced by HRM professionals in the 21st century. HRM changes that have taken place in the UK are a reflection, primarily, of changing regulation arising both from the UK government and from membership in the EU, globalization and strong pressures to drive costs downwards. French HR managers are striving to adapt French organizations to the environment by relying on unique practices or practices similar to those implemented in other countries. In late 2000s, the US economy is slowing. Though workers may become easier to find in general, recruitment continues to be challenging in the areas where skill shortages exist. The US workforce will continue to become more diverse. Firms are likely to continue experimenting with variable compensation and high performance work systems to enhance productivity. The change of HR practices in Japanese companies seems to be slow and incremental, carefully avoiding traumatic breaks with the past. Japanese managers have a strong sense of corporate obligation to provide jobs, income and security. On comparing changes in the patterns of HMR in the UK, France, the USA and Japan, the article analyses the peculiarities of HMR in Lithuania as a representative country of the post-soviet bloc. The practice of HRM in Lithuania during 1990–2008 may be separated into two periods. Each period was influenced by controversial groups of factors: traditions that came into being under the soviet regime and the new traditions still undergoing formation. In the first period dominated the so-called "hard" HRM, with the focus on employee control, utmost exploitation of their potential and obtaining the maximum benefit from them, neglect of employees' needs. The lack of qualified workers, increasing emigration and the growing competition in the second period urge the managers to shift attention to "soft" HRM, i.e. to the needs of their employees as one of the key resources of the competitive advantage.