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Studies on collective violence conducted since the end of the Cold War have mainly involved cursory epidemiological examinations. Deficiencies in defining violence, as well as in collecting and analyzing existing information, have made it difficult to identify the types of violations that may occur, given a specific set of circumstances; to determine which groups are most vulnerable to violence; and to arrive at solutions to remedy these situations. Better evidence of the causes and types of injuries in conflicts will facilitate analysis of violent events in ways that can be used to promote and protect the rights of individuals and population groups. The marriage of human rights perspectives and epidemiologic research methods will allow the potential of each to be realized and thereby may ultimately help reduce the impact of collective violence on individuals and societies in years to come. (Original abstract)

Introduction: The Advance Of Human Rights 1. - Chapter 1: America The Essential 21. - Chapter 2: Laying The Groundwork: From Truman To LBJ 47. - Chapter 3: The Perfect Storm: From Nixon To Ford 75. - Chapter 4: Cold War Victory And Beyond: From Carter To Clinton 103. - Chapter 5: Terror And Its Aftermath: From Bush To Obama 129. - Epilogue: Of Challenges And Opportunities 157

International investment agreements are foundational instruments in a transnational investment regime that governs how states regulate the foreign-owned assets and the foreign investment activities of private actors. Over 3,000 investment agreements between states govern key governmental powers and form the basis for an emerging transnational investment regime. This transnational regime significantly decentralizes, denationalizes, and privatizes decision-making and policy choices over foreign investment. Investment agreements set limits to state action in a number of areas of vital public concern, including the protection of human and labour rights, the environment, and sustainable development. They determine the distribution of power between foreign investors and host states and their societies. However, the societies in which they operate seldom have any input into the terms or operation of these agreements, raising crucial questions of their democratic legitimacy as mechanisms of governance. This paper draws on political science and law to explore the political economy of international investment agreements and asks whether these agreements are potential vehicles for promoting international human rights. The analysis provides an historical account of the investment regime, while a review of the political economy of international investment agreements identifies what appears to be a paradox at the core of their operation. It then examines contract theory for insight into this apparent paradox and considers whether investment agreements are suitable mechanisms for advancing international human rights.

International investment agreements are foundational instruments in a transnational investment regime that governs how states regulate the foreign-owned assets and the foreign investment activities of private actors. Over 3,000 investment agreements between states govern key governmental powers and form the basis for an emerging transnational investment regime. This transnational regime significantly decentralizes, denationalizes, and privatizes decision-making and policy choices over foreign investment. Investment agreements set limits to state action in a number of areas of vital public concern, including the protection of human and labour rights, the environment, and sustainable development. They determine the distribution of power between foreign investors and host states and their societies. However, the societies in which they operate seldom have any input into the terms or operation of these agreements, raising crucial questions of their democratic legitimacy as mechanisms of governance. This paper draws on political science and law to explore the political economy of international investment agreements and asks whether these agreements are potential vehicles for promoting international human rights. The analysis provides an historical account of the investment regime, while a review of the political economy of international investment agreements identifies what appears to be a paradox at the core of their operation. It then examines contract theory for insight into this apparent paradox and considers whether investment agreements are suitable mechanisms for advancing international human rights.