Suchergebnisse

Za lekturę i uwagi do pierwszej wersji tekstu dziękuję Anecie Drabek i Ewie Rozkosz. ; The article discusses the challenges of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education's programme in Poland, i.e. the National Programme for the Development of Humanities. It describes the regulations on the basis of which the programme has been conducted in 2015. In accord with the current form of the programme, the paper presents three issues that result from the research policy in Poland: (1) how disciplines in the humanities and in the social sciences can be differentiated, (2) how the output of the Principal Investigator in the humanities can be evaluated, and (3) how the term 'national' in the name of programme can be interpreted. The article concludes with a discussion of the consequences of financing research in the form of research projects rather than in the form of scholarships for research. ; W artykule omówione są wyzwania stojące przed realizacją programu Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego, czyli Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki. Prezentowane zagadnienia odnoszą się do aktualnej edycji realizowanej w 2015 roku. Artykuł prezentuje trzy problematyczne kwestie, które wynikają z polityki naukowej realizowanej w Polsce: (1) sposób odróżniania dyscyplin humanistycznych od dyscyplin z nauk społecznych; (2) sposób oceny dorobku kierownika projektu w naukach humanistycznych oraz (3) interpretowanie terminu "narodowy" w nazwie ministerialnego programu. Zakończenie artykułu omawia konsekwencje polityki naukowej koncentrującej się na finansowaniu projektów a nie na finansowaniu długoletnich badań. ; Artykuł powstał w ramach prac grupy badawczej Scientometrics. Polish Research Group (http://scientometrics.amu.edu.pl) realizującej projekt pt. "Współczesna polska humanistyka wobec wyzwań naukometrii" finansowany ze środków Narodowego Programu Rozwoju Humanistyki, numer decyzji 0057/NPHR3/H11/82/2014.

The point of departure for the author is an observation that the queer theory in Polish humanities is either uncritically accepted or authoritatively rejected. None of these extremes perceives discussion which arose around the queer theory and the assumption which is at its basis of the social construction of sexuality in the West European and American studies. The article presented here attempts to show, sum up and put in order the accusations and doubts addressed to M. Foucault, J. Butler, and E.K. Sedgwick by researchers who are representatives of the essentialist standpoint (J. Boswell, R. Norton) or – on the grounds of queer theory – represent critical approach to its assumptions (D. Eribon, D. Halperin). ; Śmieja Wojciech, Przeciw konstrukcjonistom. Teoria "queer" i jej krytycy [Against constructionists. Queer theory and its critics]. "Przestrzenie Teorii" 13. Poznań 2010, Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 223-242. ISBN 978-83-232-2176-0. ISSN 1644-6763. The point of departure for the author is an observation that the queer theory in Polish humanities is either uncritically accepted or authoritatively rejected. None of these extremes perceives discussion which arose around the queer theory and the assumption which is at its basis of the social construction of sexuality in the West European and American studies. The article presented here attempts to show, sum up and put in order the accusations and doubts addressed to M. Foucault, J. Butler, and E.K. Sedgwick by researchers who are representatives of the essentialist standpoint (J. Boswell, R. Norton) or – on the grounds of queer theory – represent critical approach to its assumptions (D. Eribon, D. Halperin).

Abstract: Based on the research, the aim was to determine the attitude of students of the University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce towards the European Union. The Implicit Association Test method was used to conduct the study. This tool is used to verify conscious and unconscious declarations. Based on the verification of open and hidden attitudes of UPH students towards the European Union, the article presents the results of the study, including the attitude of students to the European Union. The result of the research revealed significant discrepancies between declared and hidden attitudes. ; Streszczenie: W oparciu o przeprowadzone badania celem było określenie postawy studentów Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczo- Humanistycznego w Siedlcach wobec Unii Europejskiej. Przeprowadzając badania, posłużono się metodą Testu Utajonych Skojarzeń (Implicit Association Test). Narzędzie to służy do weryfikacji deklaracji świadomych i nieświadomych. W oparciu o weryfikację postaw jawnych i ukrytych studentów UPH wobec Unii Europejskiej w artykule przedstawiono wyniki przeprowadzonych badań. Wynik badań ujawnił istotne rozbieżności pomiędzy postawami deklarowanymi a ukrytymi.

"Yearbook of Eastern Studies" has been established as a forum for the debate on the multifaceted nature of transformations in Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, with particular focus on the post-Soviet area. The conceptual content of the periodical was born thanks to the professors Zdzislaw J. Winnicki and Walenty Baluk, who edited the first three volumes, which were published formally as separate monographs, but already under the banner of "Wschodnioznawstwo". Since 2010, the Yearbook has the status of a scientific journal, and two years later it has been listed on the journals of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. In addition, the periodical is indexed in national and international databases such as Index Copernicus, Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, BazHum and Polska Bibliografia Naukowa. The scientific profile of the periodical, which has consistently been implemented since the beginning of the activity of "Yearbook of Eastern Studies", focuses on the field of social sciences, with particular emphasis on the science of politics and science of safety. Its great advantage is its internationalization, which manifests itself both in terms of composition of the scientific council, reviewers, and authors of texts published in the "Wschodnioznawstwo" in Polish, English and Russian languages. Up to now, researchers from Poland, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Japan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Macedonia, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine have published on the cards of the journal. ; Wydawany przez Zakład Badań Wschodnich od 2007 r. rocznik "Wschodnioznawstwo" powstał jako forum debaty nad wielowymiarowością przemian w regionie Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej oraz Azji, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem obszaru postradzieckiego. Koncepcja merytoryczna periodyku zrodziła się dzięki profesorom Zdzisławowi J. Winnickiemu oraz Walentemu Balukowi, którzy redagowali wspólnie pierwsze trzy tomy, wydane jeszcze z formalnego punktu widzenia jako odrębne monografie, ale już pod szyldem "Wschodnioznawstwa". Od 2010 r. rocznik posiada status czasopisma naukowego, a dwa lata później trafił na listę czasopism punktowanych Ministerstwa Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego. Ponadto periodyk jest indeksowany w krajowych i międzynarodowych bazach, takich jak Index Copernicus, Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, BazHum czy Polska Bibliografia Naukowa. Profil naukowy periodyku, który konsekwentnie jest realizowany od początku działalności "Wschodnioznawstwa", koncentruje się wokół dziedziny nauk społecznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nauk o polityce i nauk o bezpieczeństwie. Ogromnym atutem rocznika jest jego umiędzynarodowienie, które przejawia się zarówno w aspekcie składu rady naukowej, recenzentów, jak i autorów tekstów zamieszczanych na łamach "Wschodnioznawstwa" w językach polskim, angielskim i rosyjskim. Do tej pory na kartach periodyku publikowali naukowcy z Polski, Azerbejdżanu, Białorusi, Czech, Gruzji, Japonii, Kazachstanu, Łotwy, Macedonii, Niemiec, Rosji, Słowacji, Ukrainy i Węgier.

The title of the article refers to P. Manent's essay, describing "the return of political philosophy". Using the distinction between science and art, suggested by thinkers such as J.S. Mill, an analysis was made of the possible responses of legal theory to the so-called "political turn" in social sciences and humanities. Attempts were made to show that transplanting such terms as "politics", "the political", "polity" (in the text they function under more theoretically neutral term: "politicalness") into the field of legal discourse leads to the rejection of the so far dominant (referring to the ideal of Ch. Montesquieu) image of the activity of lawyers as "artisans" practicing the art of law and to replacing it with the image of a lawyer-artists or lawyer-scientist. ; Tytuł artykułu nawiązuje do eseju P. Manenta, opisującego "powrót filozofii politycznej". Korzystając z rozróżnienia między nauką a sztuką, zaproponowanego przez J.S. Milla, dokonano analizy możliwych reakcji prawników i teorii prawa na wyraźny "zwrot polityczny" w naukach społecznych i humanistycznych. Starano się wykazać, że przeszczepienie takich terminów jak "polityka" i "polityczność" na grunt nauk prawnych prowadzi do odrzucenia dominującego dotąd (nawiązującego do ideału K. Monteskiusza) wyobrażenia działalności prawników jako "rzemieślników" uprawiających sztukę prawniczą oraz do zastąpienia go wyobrażeniem prawnika-artysty lub prawnika-naukowca.

Historical policy versus the politics of remembrance is undoubtedly a policy, or a peculiar way to 'conduct policy,' where the optimally true knowledge of history as well as falsified and mythicized information about the past are a means to maintain, win and participate in power. By this token, historical policy is about the instrumentalization of the knowledge of history and mythicized accounts or opinions of the past for the sake of the implementation of a political agenda.So far, the concept of 'historical policy' has not yet become a clear academic category, which makes it difficult to agree what it actually encompasses. Still, the concept of 'historical policy' stands a chance of becoming an objective category in political science. Some professional historians may lean towards a certain skepticism, especially if they accept the traditional paradigm of studying the history of society.Misunderstandings regarding the issue of 'historical policy' sometimes result in a tendency to reject the possibility of this concept being applied by academics from the humanities and social fields of science. Recently, the issue of 'historical policy' has become of interest to political scientists, whose area of study involves the multiplicity of 'detailed policies.''Historical policy' is also discussed by many journalists who do not always present deepened reflections and concrete attitudes, as they rather tend to express their subjective views. It turns out that some Polish historians, political scientists and journalists are embroiled in the current political dispute in Poland. They frequently assume the role of lobbyists or opponents of one option of historical policy or another. The issue of historical policy requires analysis and explanation in an objective and multidisciplinary manner. It is a positive phenomenon that more and more publications with academic aspirations are emerging on this subject in Poland. One should recommend the cooperation between political scientists and historians in order to review and reliably explain planned and executed historical policy in a comparative manner. ; Historical policy versus the politics of remembrance is undoubtedly a policy, or a peculiar way to 'conduct policy,' where the optimally true knowledge of history as well as falsified and mythicized information about the past are a means to maintain, win and participate in power. By this token, historical policy is about the instrumentalization of the knowledge of history and mythicized accounts or opinions of the past for the sake of the implementation of a political agenda.So far, the concept of 'historical policy' has not yet become a clear academic category, which makes it difficult to agree what it actually encompasses. Still, the concept of 'historical policy' stands a chance of becoming an objective category in political science. Some professional historians may lean towards a certain skepticism, especially if they accept the traditional paradigm of studying the history of society.Misunderstandings regarding the issue of 'historical policy' sometimes result in a tendency to reject the possibility of this concept being applied by academics from the humanities and social fields of science. Recently, the issue of 'historical policy' has become of interest to political scientists, whose area of study involves the multiplicity of 'detailed policies.''Historical policy' is also discussed by many journalists who do not always present deepened reflections and concrete attitudes, as they rather tend to express their subjective views. It turns out that some Polish historians, political scientists and journalists are embroiled in the current political dispute in Poland. They frequently assume the role of lobbyists or opponents of one option of historical policy or another. The issue of historical policy requires analysis and explanation in an objective and multidisciplinary manner. It is a positive phenomenon that more and more publications with academic aspirations are emerging on this subject in Poland. One should recommend the cooperation between political scientists and historians in order to review and reliably explain planned and executed historical policy in a comparative manner.

The transformation of the political system in Poland after the negotiations of the'Round Table' resulted in an increased interest in modern history, accompanied by a desire to reckon with the past, in particular with the period of communist rule after 1944. Since the 1990s, government authorities and political parties have made a natural move to legitimize the democratic political system in the area of social memory and historical policy. This process has been initiated by constitutional changes, coupled with a truly spontaneous social movement to change national symbols, names of streets and squares, patrons of schools and universities, institutions and manufacturing plants rooted in the overthrown system of communist Poland. The humanities, in particular historiography, have taken steps to reassess attitudes to Polish and global history. The issues of social memory, national identity and historical policy have been reflected in the ideologies and platforms of various political parties. The issue of social (national) memory has become entangled in political disputes and a struggle for 'control of the past', of interpretations of history, the value of patriotism and, by extension, of the electorate, has been waged mainly by the Law and Justice (PiS), Civic Platform (PO), and the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) parties. This paper analyzes and describes the most influential political movements in Poland in the early 21st century as regards their attitude to collective memory and the concept of historical policy. These attitudes are presented in terms of the conservative, liberal, critical and totalitarian 'models of historical policy'. The study implies that the conservative and liberal models predominate, clearly influenced by the ideology of Christian democracy and national tendencies. The attitude of conservative parties in particular is characterized by disrespect for academic findings and interpretations of history, a frequently ad hoc approach to facts and assessments of the past, which follows from a desire to find the in-depth historical legitimization of the status of a given party in society and to dominate the electorate. ; The transformation of the political system in Poland after the negotiations of the'Round Table' resulted in an increased interest in modern history, accompanied by a desire to reckon with the past, in particular with the period of communist rule after 1944. Since the 1990s, government authorities and political parties have made a natural move to legitimize the democratic political system in the area of social memory and historical policy. This process has been initiated by constitutional changes, coupled with a truly spontaneous social movement to change national symbols, names of streets and squares, patrons of schools and universities, institutions and manufacturing plants rooted in the overthrown system of communist Poland. The humanities, in particular historiography, have taken steps to reassess attitudes to Polish and global history. The issues of social memory, national identity and historical policy have been reflected in the ideologies and platforms of various political parties. The issue of social (national) memory has become entangled in political disputes and a struggle for 'control of the past', of interpretations of history, the value of patriotism and, by extension, of the electorate, has been waged mainly by the Law and Justice (PiS), Civic Platform (PO), and the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) parties. This paper analyzes and describes the most influential political movements in Poland in the early 21st century as regards their attitude to collective memory and the concept of historical policy. These attitudes are presented in terms of the conservative, liberal, critical and totalitarian 'models of historical policy'. The study implies that the conservative and liberal models predominate, clearly influenced by the ideology of Christian democracy and national tendencies. The attitude of conservative parties in particular is characterized by disrespect for academic findings and interpretations of history, a frequently ad hoc approach to facts and assessments of the past, which follows from a desire to find the in-depth historical legitimization of the status of a given party in society and to dominate the electorate.

Brexit to zarówno nieoficjalne określenie referendum, które odbyło się w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej w dniu 23 czerwca 2016 roku, jak i nieformalna nazwa całego procesu opuszczania Unii Europejskiej przez Wielką Brytanię. Wydarzenie to wskazuje na wyzwania związane z problemami identyfikacyjno-definicyjnymi zarówno w odniesieniu do europejskiego procesu integracyjnego, jak i do dynamicznie transformujących się standardów działania i przekazywania informacji w ramach suwerennych państw narodowych w kontekście uobecniających się czynników wynikających zarówno z procesu europeizacji, jak i globalizacji. Ukazuje się tu między innymi wyzwanie związane z zagadnieniem odpowiedzialności poszczególnych grup zawodowych w odniesieniu do formy oraz treści przekazywanych informacji w przestrzeni publicznej. Tego rodzaju optyka prowadzi z kolei do pytań o rolę reprezentantów nauk społecznych i humanistycznych w przestrzeni polityki, a zatem o interakcje między polem polityki i polem nauki o niej. ; Brexit is an unofficial term for the referendum, that took place in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at 23rdJune 2016, as well as an informal designation of the wholeprocess of leaving the European Union by UK. This event indicates challenges of identificational and definitional problems with reference to the European integration process, as well asto dynamically transforming standards of activities and information transmissions within the frames of sovereign nation states in the context of manifestations of factors arising from Europeanisation and globalisation processes. Among other consequences here appears the challenge associated with the issue of responsibility of selected professional groups with reference to both form and content of information conveyed within public sphere. Such perspective leads in turn to the questions about the role of representatives of social sciences and humanities within the field of politics, that is interactions between the field of politics and the field of science devoted to it.

Brexit to zarówno nieoficjalne określenie referendum, które odbyło się w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej w dniu 23 czerwca 2016 roku, jak i nieformalna nazwa całego procesu opuszczania Unii Europejskiej przez Wielką Brytanię. Wydarzenie to wskazuje na wyzwania związane z problemami identyfikacyjno-definicyjnymi zarówno w odniesieniu do europejskiego procesu integracyjnego, jak i do dynamicznie transformujących się standardów działania i przekazywania informacji w ramach suwerennych państw narodowych w kontekście uobecniających się czynników wynikających zarówno z procesu europeizacji, jak i globalizacji. Ukazuje się tu między innymi wyzwanie związane z zagadnieniem odpowiedzialności poszczególnych grup zawodowych w odniesieniu do formy oraz treści przekazywanych informacji w przestrzeni publicznej. Tego rodzaju optyka prowadzi z kolei do pytań o rolę reprezentantów nauk społecznych i humanistycznych w przestrzeni polityki, a zatem o interakcje między polem polityki i polem nauki o niej. ; Brexit is an unofficial term for the referendum, that took place in United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland at 23rdJune 2016, as well as an informal designation of the whole process of leaving the European Union by UK. This event indicates challenges of identificational and definitional problems with reference to the European integration process, as well as to dynamically transforming standards of activities and information transmissions within the frames of sovereign nation states in the context of manifestations of factors arising from Euro-peanisation and globalisation processes. Among other consequences here appears the challenge associated with the issue of responsibility of selected professional groups with reference to both form and content of information conveyed within public sphere. Such perspective leads in turn to the questions about the role of representatives of social sciences and humanities within the field of politics, that is interactions between the field of politics and the field of science devoted to it.

The transformation of the political system in Poland after the negotiations of the 'Round Table' resulted in an increased interest in modern history, accompanied by a desire to reckon with the past, in particular with the period of communist rule after 1944. Since the 1990s, government authorities and political parties have made a natural move to legitimize the democratic political system in the area of social memory and historical policy. This process has been initiated by constitutional changes, coupled with a truly spontaneous social movement to change national symbols, names of streets and squares, patrons of schools and universities, institutions and manufacturing plants rooted in the overthrown system of communist Poland. The humanities, in particular historiography, have taken steps to reassess attitudes to Polish and global history. The issues of social memory, national identity and historical policy have been reflected in the ideologies and platforms of various political parties. The issue of social (national) memory has become entangled in political disputes and a struggle for 'control of the past', of interpretations of history, the value of patriotism and, by extension, of the electorate, has been waged mainly by the Law and Justice (PiS), Civic Platform (PO), and the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) parties. This paper analyzes and describes the most influential political movements in Poland in the early 21st century as regards their attitude to collective memory and the concept of historical policy. These attitudes are presented in terms of the conservative, liberal, critical and totalitarian 'models of historical policy'. The study implies that the conservative and liberal models predominate, clearly influenced by the ideology of Christian democracy and national tendencies. The attitude of conservative parties in particular is characterized by disrespect for academic findings and inter- pretations of history, a frequently ad hoc approach to facts and assessments of the past, which follows from a desire to find the in-depth historical legitimization of the status of a given party in society and to dominate the electorate.

International audience ; The supranational identity concepts and their perception among nations constitute one of the determinants of the integration and disintegration processes in the post-Soviet area. One of these concepts is Turkism – an attempt to create identity foundation for the integration of the post-Soviet states under the aegis of Turkey. This paper analyzes the evolution of its principal assumptions and goals, dimensions of its realization, as well as determinants of its further development in the post-Soviet area. The idea of Turkism as a concept of ethnic-cultural community evolved from the nineteenth- century Pan-Turkism which postulated political integration of the Turkic nations. Among the determinants that limited political ambitions of Turkey after the collapse of the USSR, therecan be indicated: nationalisms as an expression of ruling elites' interests, lack of supranational community feeling among the societies, concerns about the possible reaction of Moscow and fears raised by the Turkish hegemonic ambitions. As a result, Turkey started to put emphasis on bilateral relations with the post-Soviet partners and concentrate on cooperation in economic and social sphere, including cultural and educational activities. Although, even there the success of Turkey was incomplete, the viability of this pragmatic approach was proved by the revival of political dimension of mutual contacts in 2006–2008 and their institutionalization. In the coming years the following factors may determine the development of Turkism in the post-Soviet area: growing ambitions of Turkey as a regional player, dynamics of relations between Ankara, former Soviet republics, the West and Moscow, domestic policy challenges in the post-Soviet states, their developmental needs in the globalized world, and last but not least: the role of Ankara in strengthening the post-Soviet states' multi-vector foreign policy as a method to maximize benefi ts from international cooperation. Divergent national and elites' interests of the ...

In the 21st century, subversion understood as a foreign disruptive activity, has become an element of security policy and power politics in an environment where the direct use of force may be too risky. Though this term is well-known in humanities in Poland, it hasn't yet been translated and literally applied by Polish political scholars. However, states' repertoire includes measures that are a continuation or even a substitute of "war", and their very objectives are consistent with the logic of subversive strategies known in arts. As opposed to direct violence, such operations aim at maintaining conditions between political weakness and failure by targeting fragile areas. In this vein, subversion appears to become the first strategic choice of many states, including world powers. The author introduces the term to the taxonomy of security studies as he starts from a semantic theoretical reasoning (subversion as a covert and indirect strategy) and later answers how subversive strategies are implemented in Eastern Europe. In a specific geopolitical context, i.e. in the intersection of transatlantic/European security complex and post-Soviet area, subversion is part and parcel of the Kremlin policy towards Georgia and Ukraine, and recently the Republic of Belarus towards Poland. Therefore, subversive, "short of war" measures are intended to force competitors to make political concessions, which defines the Russian (in)security policy in its "near (and a bit further) abroad". ; W XXI wieku "subwersja" (subversion), tłumaczona jako zagraniczna działalność wywrotowa, staje się ważnym elementem polityki bezpieczeństwa i budowania stref wpływów w środowisku, w którym otwarte użycie siły może okazać się zbyt kosztowne. Choć pojęcie to jest dobrze znane na gruncie nauk artystycznych, w polskiej literaturze politologicznej nie pojawiało się dotąd w sposób dosłowny. Tymczasem w repertuarze państw pojawiają się środki, które są przedłużeniem, a nawet substytutem, "wojny", a których cel wiąże się z logiką strategii subwersywnych stosowanych w sztuce. W przeciwieństwie do otwartej przemocy takie operacje polegają na utrzymywaniu stanów pomiędzy słabością a upadkiem w drodze wykorzystywania newralgicznych punktów. Subwersja staje się dziś pierwszym wyborem strategicznym wielu państw, w tym mocarstw. Autor wprowadza pojęcie subwersji do terminologii nauki o bezpieczeństwie, wychodząc od rozważań natury teoretycznej (subwersja jako strategia pośrednia i niejawna), aby nieco później przyjrzeć się sposobom operacjonalizacji tych działań w regionie Europy Wschodniej. W konkretnych warunkach geopolitycznych, tj. na styku transatlantyckiego/europejskiego systemu bezpieczeństwa oraz obszaru poradzieckiego, subwersja przejawia się w polityce Kremla wobec Gruzji czy Ukrainy, a ostatnio także Republiki Białoruś względem Polski. Subwersywne działania "poniżej progu wojny" mają prowadzić przeciwnika do politycznych ustępstw, definiując politykę (nie)bezpieczeństwa Federacji Rosyjskiej w jej "bliskiej (i nieco dalszej) zagranicy". ; В XXI веке «субверсия» (subversion), переводимая как иностранная подрывная деятельность, становится важным элементом политики безопасности и построения сфер влияния в среде, где открытое применение силы может оказаться слишком дорогостоящим. Хотя эта концепция хорошо известна в области искусства, до сих пор она не появлялась буквально в польской политологической литературе. Между тем в репертуар государств входят меры, являющиеся продолжением или даже заменой «войны», цель которой связана с логикой подрывных стратегий, используемых в искусстве. В отличие от открытого насилия, такие операции заключаются в удержании состояний между слабостью и неудачей, используя горячие точки. Сегодня подрывная деятельность становится первым стратегическим выбором многих стран, в том числе великих держав. Автор вводит понятие субверсии в терминологию науки о безопасности, начиная с теоретических соображений (подрывная деятельность как косвенная и неявная стратегия), чтобы немного позже взглянуть на методы реализации этой деятельности в регионе Восточной Европы. В определенных геополитических условиях, то есть на стыке трансатлантической / европейской системы безопасности и постсоветского пространства, подрывная деятельность проявляется в политике Кремля в отношении Грузии или Украины, а в последнее время также в Республике Беларусь в отношении Польши. Подрывные действия «ниже порога войны» призваны привести противника к политическим уступкам, определяя политику (не) безопасности Российской Федерации в ее «ближнем (и несколько дальнем) зарубежье».