La suposición de la obediencia estricta, y las demás características de la sociedad bien ordenada (SBO), es una considerable idealización que hace Rawls de las circunstancias históricas reales en las que existen las sociedades contemporáneas. De allí la objeción de que todo el proyecto de la justicia como equidad es inútil, pues de nada sirve saber cuáles serían los principios de la justicia para una SBO que solamente existe en la teoría. Los objetivos de este artículo son aclarar el significado de la suposición de una SBO del que se ocupa una teoría ideal, indicar las relaciones de este tipo de teoría con la metodología de la filosofía política y la noción de factibilidad y reevaluar la objeción de inutilidad a la luz de estas consideraciones. Se propone una respuesta doble a la objeción de inutilidad derivada de obra de Rawls. ; The assumption of strict obedience, and other features of the well ordered society (WOS), is a great idealization that Rawls does from the actual and historical circumstances in which contemporary societies exist. From there comes the objection according to which the whole Project of justice as fairness is just useless, for it has no purpose at all to know what would it be the principles of justice for a well ordered society that only exist in theory. The aims of this paper are to make clear the meaning of the well ordered society's assumption - the society which the ideal theory takes care of -; to point out the links between this kind of theory and the methodology of the political philosophy and the notion of feasibility; and to look again the useless objection in the light of the above considerations. Before the useless objection, it is proposed a twofold answer that could be inferred from Rawls work.
[EN] During the last decades of the twentieth century, various social and philosophical changes pushed to problematize some of the fundamental ideas of the theory of justice. Among them is the relationship that until then was postulated between the ideas of justice, an ideal construction that the philosopher was supposed to elucidate, and injustice, a secondary concept understood as the absence of justice. The idea of the "priority of injustice" now appears as a fundamental starting point for many philosophers of diverse traditions. In this article I will analyze the different meanings that this priority adopts in the main representatives of this "shift", as well as their different ways of conceiving injustices, giving reasons to prefer some approaches to others. This "Copernican shift", as I will attempt to show, entails transformations relevant to the idea of justice that no contemporary theory should ignore. ; [ES] Durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX, diversos cambios sociales y filosóficos empujaron a problematizar algunas de las ideas fundamentales de la teoría de la justicia. Entre ellas destaca la relación que hasta entonces se postulaba entre las ideas de justicia, construcción ideal que el filósofo debía dilucidar, y de injusticia, concepto secundario entendido como la ausencia de aquélla. La idea de la "prioridad de la injusticia" aparece ahora como un punto de partida fundamental de la reflexión de muchos filósofos de tradiciones diversas. En este artículo se analizarán los diversos sentidos que adopta esta prioridad en los principales representantes de este "giro", así como sus formas dispares de concebir las injusticias, dando razones para preferir algunos planteamientos frente a otros. Este "giro copernicano", como se intentará mostrar, conlleva transformaciones relevantes para la idea de la justicia que ninguna teoría contemporánea debería ignorar. ; This article is part of the results of a research project funded by the Spanish Government: "Borders, democracy and Global Justice" (PGC2018-093656-B-I00).
Las contribuciones filosóficas de Celia Ortiz de Montoya (Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina, 1895–1985) a la educación pública entrerriana desde los años 30 y hasta los "largos" 60 se propusieron superar prácticas discursivas reñidas con la noción de humanismo entendido como forma de vida e ideal formativo. Su entusiasmo por el escolanovismo (de origen europeo) se tradujo en la efímera experiencia de la Escuela Integral Activa (1931–32), donde la filosofía y la pedagogía asumían la corresponsabilidad generacional de la trascendencia de la cultura. El análisis de contenido propuesto por la Historia de las Ideas y la Teoría del Contexto permite observar en las ideas filosóficas de la pedagoga, la inspiración de su lucha democrática a favor de un pragmatismo educativo reflexivamente solidario dentro del ideario educativo regional. Este fue concebido como la proyección de nuevas demandas y capacidades impuestas históricamente, a las que ella definió como ético–estéticas, lingüísticas, históricas, políticas y sociales. ; Philosophical contributions of Celia Ortiz de Montoya (Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina, 1895–1985) to regional public education since the 30s and even the "long" 60s were proposed to overcome discursive practices faced the notion of humanism understood as a way of life and ideal training. Her enthusiasm for the escolanovismo (originally European) resulted in the ephemeral experience of the Escuela Integral Activa (1931–32), where philosophy and pedagogy assumed generational co–responsibility to the transcendence of culture. Content analysis proposed by the History of Ideas and Theory Context allow to observe in the philosophical ideas of the pedagogue, the inspiration for her democratic struggle in favor of a reflexively supportive educational pragmatism within the regional educational ideology. They were conceived as the projection of new demands and capabilities historically imposed, which she defined as ethical and aesthetic, linguistic, historical, political and social. ; Fil: Aranda, María Marcela. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras
International audience ; Briefly tracing the main critical theories around the development and progress paradigm allow us to focus attention on questions such as what does it mean to live in development? Why is it necessary to develop and to what extent? How is development achieved? The conceptual approach draws the key lines for the understanding of the hegemonic discourse established in the collective imaginary as a moral ideal in the economic, social and political configuration of societies, as a concept, theory and practice. Concepts understood as inevitable ideals of any traditional society towards a superior. This theoretical review is part of the ongoing doctoral research project entitled «Montuvias. A decolonial feminist look at the development / progress paradigm in Ecuador», so a brief conceptual description of the gender perspective in development is also made. ; Rastrear brevemente las principales teorías críticas en torno al paradigma de desarrollo y progreso permiten centrar la atención en cuestionamientos tales como ¿qué significa vivir en desarrollo?, ¿por qué es necesario desarrollarse y en qué medida?, ¿cómo se consigue el desarrollo? La aproximación conceptual traza las líneas claves para la comprensión del discurso hegemónico instaurado en el imaginario colectivo como un ideal moral en la configuración económica, social y política de las sociedades, como concepto, teoría y práctica. Conceptos entendidos como ideales inevitables de toda sociedad tradicional hacia una superior. Esta revisión teórica hace parte del proyecto de investigación doctoral en curso titulado «Montuvias. Una mirada feminista decolonial al paradigma de desarrollo/progreso en el Ecuador», por lo que también se realiza una breve descripción conceptual de la perspectiva de género en el desarrollo.
Briefly tracing the main critical theories around the development and progress paradigm allow us to focus attention on questions such as what does it mean to live in development? Why is it necessary to develop and to what extent? How is development achieved? The conceptual approach draws the key lines for the understanding of the hegemonic discourse established in the collective imaginary as a moral ideal in the economic, social and political configuration of societies, as a concept, theory and practice. Concepts understood as inevitable ideals of any traditional society towards a superior. This theoretical review is part of the ongoing doctoral research project entitled «Montuvias. A decolonial feminist look at the development / progress paradigm in Ecuador», so a brief conceptual description of the gender perspective in development is also made.
Briefly tracing the main critical theories around the development and progress paradigm allow us to focus attention on questions such as what does it mean to live in development? Why is it necessary to develop and to what extent? How is development achieved? The conceptual approach draws the key lines for the understanding of the hegemonic discourse established in the collective imaginary as a moral ideal in the economic, social and political configuration of societies, as a concept, theory and practice. Concepts understood as inevitable ideals of any traditional society towards a superior. This theoretical review is part of the ongoing doctoral research project entitled «Montuvias. A decolonial feminist look at the development / progress paradigm in Ecuador», so a brief conceptual description of the gender perspective in development is also made.
Briefly tracing the main critical theories around the development and progress paradigm allow us to focus attention on questions such as what does it mean to live in development? Why is it necessary to develop and to what extent? How is development achieved? The conceptual approach draws the key lines for the understanding of the hegemonic discourse established in the collective imaginary as a moral ideal in the economic, social and political configuration of societies, as a concept, theory and practice. Concepts understood as inevitable ideals of any traditional society towards a superior. This theoretical review is part of the ongoing doctoral research project entitled «Montuvias. A decolonial feminist look at the development / progress paradigm in Ecuador», so a brief conceptual description of the gender perspective in development is also made.
Briefly tracing the main critical theories around the development and progress paradigm allow us to focus attention on questions such as what does it mean to live in development? Why is it necessary to develop and to what extent? How is development achieved? The conceptual approach draws the key lines for the understanding of the hegemonic discourse established in the collective imaginary as a moral ideal in the economic, social and political configuration of societies, as a concept, theory and practice. Concepts understood as inevitable ideals of any traditional society towards a superior. This theoretical review is part of the ongoing doctoral research project entitled «Montuvias. A decolonial feminist look at the development / progress paradigm in Ecuador», so a brief conceptual description of the gender perspective in development is also made.
Briefly tracing the main critical theories around the development and progress paradigm allow us to focus attention on questions such as what does it mean to live in development? Why is it necessary to develop and to what extent? How is development achieved? The conceptual approach draws the key lines for the understanding of the hegemonic discourse established in the collective imaginary as a moral ideal in the economic, social and political configuration of societies, as a concept, theory and practice. Concepts understood as inevitable ideals of any traditional society towards a superior. This theoretical review is part of the ongoing doctoral research project entitled «Montuvias. A decolonial feminist look at the development / progress paradigm in Ecuador», so a brief conceptual description of the gender perspective in development is also made.
Renaissance meant a change in lifestyles, social customs and society's way of thinking. This entailed a shift in the attitudes and behavior towards the layout of cities, which –mainly during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in Italy– gave birth of several proposals for the design and development of a perfect city, known by the name of the Ideal City (Italian città ideale). These proposals were developed and studied by a group of humanist architects who defended the theory that such cities made up an urban body subject to planning in all its parts, and which could therefore meet military defense goals and improve poor sanitation conditions, borne by cities for a long time. The purpose of this article is to carry out a critical analysis of these proposals in order to achieve common and differentiating parameters. ; Durante el Renacimiento se modificaron los estilos de vida, las costumbres sociales y el pensamiento de la sociedad. Esto supuso una modificación respecto a las actitudes y comportamientos en relación a la organización de las ciudades que, principalmente dentro del ámbito italiano de los siglos XV y XVI, originó el nacimiento de una serie de propuestas encaminadas al diseño y desarrollo de una ciudad perfecta, conocida con el nombre de città idéal. Estas fueron creadas y estudiadas por un grupo de arquitectos humanistas que defendieron la teoría de que las mismas constituían un organismo urbano, planificable en todas sus partes y que, por tanto, podían cumplir con los objetivos de defensa militar y corrección de las deficiencias higiénicas que arrastraban las ciudades hasta ese momento. La finalidad del presente artículo es la realización de un análisis crítico de estas propuestas con el objetivo de obtener parámetros comunes y diferenciadores.
A 2003 conference speech summarizing US philosopher Nancy Fraser's theory of labor justice in 21st-century globalization, emphasizes the Latin American perspective. Fraser, unlike the majority of academics, considers the reality of the indigenous situation, feminism, & ethnicity in terms of workers' rights issues within the new justice parameters being established by global economics & international politics. Fraser, drawing on Michel Foucault, focuses on governmentability & the myths & realities of regulation, demonstrating how contemporary transnational forces have become the true controllers & governors of the worker's quotidian life. She contrasts the ideal of complete justice with the reality of a justice interrupted, where the understanding of what might be just in the case of workers' rights is left unfulfilled for the sake of production. Adapted from the source document.
Utopía y Derecho son conceptualmente compatibles. Para mostrarlo se hace un estudio del lugar que ocupa el Derecho en el autor utópico por antonomasia: Tomás Moro. Se abordan tres aspectos clave de su obra: Primero, se describe el lugar de Utopía en el marco de su vida y pensamiento, resaltando sus tensiones. Segundo, se analiza el libro I de Utopía en el cual se detallan algunos lineamientos de una teoría de la justicia y del rol de los intelectuales en su defensa. Tercero, se analizan las instituciones jurídicas y políticas del libro II destacando sus limitaciones. En conclusión, se defiende una interpretación moderada de Utopía en la cual Moro emplea su obra como una crítica social. Utopía es interpretada como un experimento mental destinado a ejercer la crítica del presente, en el cual el Derecho juega un rol insoslayable. ; Utopia and law are conceptually compatible. To show this, a study is made of the place that law occupies in the works of the utopian author par excellence: Thomas More. Three key aspects of his work are addressed: First, the place of Utopia is described within the framework of his life and thought, highlighting its tensions. Second, Book I of Utopia is analysed, in which some guidelines of a theory of justice and the role of intellectuals in their defence are detailed. Third, the legal and political institutions of Book II are analysed, highlighting their limitations. In conclusion, a moderate interpretation of Utopia is defended in which More uses his work as a social critique, without implying he held all the ideas in it as a concrete political project. Utopia is interpreted as a mental experiment aimed at exercising criticism of the present, in which law plays an unavoidable role.
Rev.esc.adm.negThis article is intended to provide some personal notes of its author, the proposal a couple of methodologies for project management, some projects´ suggestions and several guidelines which allow us to develop a project in a strategic, geographical, historical and financial way. There are some elements to be considered: to use the Territorial Development Plan of your region, department or country as a guideline to develop a project; to identify and use the analysis of production chains for different products, that the National Planning Department offers; the use of the 3527 official document of the National Council of Economic and Social Policy (CONPES), National Planning Department; and to identify the opportunities that the Free Trade Agreements (FTA) have for Colombia. The aspects that should be taken into account are : to be aligned with the legislation to guarantee a sane relationship among public affairs, professional exercise and particular interests; the ethics of a leader, sponsor or anyone directly involved in a project, to set up a plan, to broaden and delimit the project goals and the plan itself; for this purpose it is important to use an official document of SENA focused on defining the taxonomy of verbs. The suggested methodologies to explore, formulate and execute projects are PMI (Project Management Institute) and Logical Framework. It is indispensable to be careful when making the financial analysis, the regulations and risk management. The themes for developing projects are: Social Responsibility, the Strategic Thought to make a well- structured analysis of the strategic sector, the Restrictions Theory, Knowledge Management, Information Management, the need for personal development, Leadership, the Balanced Scorecard, Informatics Safety, Business Continuity Plan, Contingency and Integrated Management Systems. ; Rev.esc.adm.negEste artículo le brindará la posibilidad de visualizar algunas notas del autor, la proposición de un par de metodologías para la gestión de proyectos, la sugerencia de algunos proyectos y la mención de ciertas guías que le permitirán ubicar de forma estratégica, geográfica, histórica y financiera un proyecto. Dentro de los elementos a ser considerados se encuentra: usar como guía de ubicación el Plan de Desarrollo Territorial de su municipio, departamento o país. Reconocer o usar el análisis de las cadenas productivas de diferentes productos, que ofrece el Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Usar el documento del Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social (CONPES) 3527 - Departamento Nacional de Planeación. Visualizar las oportunidades que tienen los Tratados de Libre Comercio (TLC) para Colombia. Los aspectos que deberá vigilar, son: alinearse con la legislación para garantizar una sana relación entre bien público, ejercicio profesional e interés particular; la ética de la profesión del líder, el Sponsor o cualquier otro interesado influyente en el proyecto; definir un plan; delimitar de forma adecuada el proyecto, para tal fin, usar del SENA un documento focalizado en definir taxonomía de verbos. Las metodologías propuestas para buscar, formular y ejecutar proyectos, son Project Management Institute (PMI®) y Marco Lógico. Se recomienda tener precaución con el análisis financiero, las regulaciones y la gestión de riesgos. Dentro de los temas para proyectos propuestos se encuentran: la Responsabilidad Social Empresaria (RSE); el "Pensamiento Estratégico" para hacer un análisis estructural del sector estratégico; la teoría de restricciones (TOC - "Theory of Constraints"); la gestión de conocimiento; gestión de la información; ver la necesidad del desarrollo personal; el liderazgo; el Balanced Scorecard; la seguridad informática, Business Continuity Plan (BCP), contingencia y sistemas de gestión integrados.
El pensamiento ilustrado, como movimiento intelectual que se desarrolla en Europa en el siglo de las luces, fue la base del pensamiento crítico moderno en una visión global que asocia cultura, economía, política y sociedad, en la que el urbanismo juega un rol estratégico como ejecutor de estas ideas como mediador entre la teoría y la praxis. Vincular este pensamiento con el concepto de "ciudad ideal" en el s. XVIII, analizar los casos de aplicación de las poblaciones de colonización en Andalucía, analizar sus vínculos directos con Europa y América, reconocer los elementos formales existentes propios de la etapa colonizadora y fundacional desde el ámbito territorial, urbano y arquitectónico, así como hacer una valoración y análisis crítico sobre la configuración urbano-territorial actual, son los principales objetivos marcados por la tesis. El análisis sistemático de las nuevas poblaciones y un estudio de caso desde una metodología actualizada nos ayuda a comprender estos claros ejemplos de aplicación de los nuevos ideales y principios ilustrados de reforma económica y social en los conceptos de hábitat y ciudad en el Siglo de Oro. Esta investigación específica aborda la integración como principio fundamental del pensamiento arquitectónico, la interdisciplinaridad como articulación de los diversos campos y las distintas escalas de trabajo, así como la importancia de la relación del urbanismo con el medio natural y social como agente de transformación bajo unos principios generales. En este sentido la investigación aborda una complejidad de la dialéctica socio-espacial desde la disciplina urbanística en el que se hace necesario un análisis transversal de los procesos. ; Il pensiero illuminato, come movimento intellettuale che si sviluppa in Europa nel Secolo dei Lumi, fu la base del pensiero critico moderno in una visione globale che associa cultura, economia, politica e società, nella quale l'urbanistica gioca un ruolo strategico come esecutore di queste idee e come mediatore tra la teoria e la prassi. Vincolare questo pensiero col concetto di "città ideale" nel sec. XVIII, analizzare i casi di applicazione dei popoli di colonizzazione in Andalusia, analizzare i suoi vincoli diretti con Europa ed America, riconoscere gli elementi formali esistenti propri della fase colonizzatrice dall'ambito territoriale, urbano ed architettonico, come fare una valutazione ed analisi critica sulla configurazione urbano-territoriale attuale, sono i principali obiettivi marcati per la tesi. L'analisi sistematica di questi nuovi paesi ed un studio di caso da una metodologia aggiornata ci aiuta a comprendere questi chiari esempi di applicazione dei nuovi ideali e principi illuminati di riforma economica e sociale nei concetti di habitat e città nel secolo d´oro. Questa investigazione specifica abborda l'integrazione come principio fondamentale del pensiero architettonico, l'interdisciplinarietà come articolazione dei diversi campi e le distinte scale di lavoro, come l'importanza della relazione dell'urbanistica col mezzo naturale e sociale come agente di trasformazione sotto alcuni principi generali. In questo senso l'investigazione abborda una complessità della dialettica socio-spaziale dalla disciplina urbanistica nella quale diventa necessario un'analisi trasversale dei processi. ; Enlightened thought as an intellectual movement that developed in Europe in the Age of Enlightenment was the basis of modern critical thinking in a global vision that associates culture, economy, politics and society and in which planning plays a strategic role as the enforcer of these ideas as a mediator between theory and praxis. The main objectives of this thesis are to link this thought with the concept of "ideal city" in the 18th century, analyse applicable cases of colonial settlements in Andalusia, analyse their direct links to Europe and America, recognise the existing formal elements of the colonising and founding phase and from the territorial, urban and architectural scope, as well as carrying out an assessment and critical analysis of the current urban-territorial configuration. The systematic analysis of new settlements and a case study based on updated methodology helps us to understand these clear examples of application of the new ideals and enlightened principles of economic and social reform within the concepts of habitat and city in the Golden Age. This particular research addresses integration as a fundamental principle of architectural thought, interdisciplinarity as an articulation of the various fields and the different scales of work, as well as the importance of the relationship of urban planning with the natural and social environment as an agent of transformation under general principles. In this regard, the research addresses a complexity of the socio-spatial dialectic from the perspective of the discipline, a dialectic in which a cross-sectional analysis of the processes becomes necessary.
Aunque la' "raza", esto es, las representaciones y clasificaciones raciales, ha constituido un rasgo estructural fundamental de la vida política a lo largo del período moderno, no ha sido incorporada de manera sistemática en la teoría política normativa que domina la filosofía angloamericana- en la forma en que lo hizo con la "clase" a finales del siglo XIX y en que ha tratado de hacerlo recientemente con el "género" y la "cultura". Un análisis detallado de la influyente distinción de Jolm Rawls entre teoría "ideal" y ''no-ideal" apunta a un diagnóstico del problema y sugiere una cura: una forma de teoría crítica que combine los fines constructivos y reconstructivos de la teoría normativa con los fines interpretativos y explicativos de los estudios de base empírica y con los fines prácticos de la crítica social y política. ; Although "race", i.e. racial representations and classifications, has been a major structural feature of political life throughout the modern period, the normative political theory that dominates Anglo-American political philosophy has not systematically incorporated it as such — in the way that it did "class" in the late nineteenth century and has recently attempted to do with "gender" and "culture." A close analysis of John Rawls's influential distinction between "ideal" and "non-ideal" theory points to a diagnosis of the problem and suggests a cure: a form of critical theory that combines the constructive and reconstructive aims of normative theory with the interpretive and explanatory aims of empirically based studies and withthe practical aims of social and political critique.
