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American foreign policy changed deeply during George W. Bush's first mandate. It no longer is a reactive policy upholding the status quo, seen as favorable to US interests. It has become an offensive policy trying to change an international situation which is suddenly perceived as a threat. The messianic dimension of Bush's rhetoric, largely inspired by Woodrow Wilson, has troubled many countries, including some European allies. It remains to be seen how this trend in transatlantic relations will evolve in the second term. Adapted from the source document.

The Panther Affair was an incident involving Brazil and Germany that had great international influence in its day, being marked in the history of Brazilian foreign policy as an episode of imperialist aggression against Brazil and as the moment that marks a rapprochement between Brazil and the United States. We believe, however, that a renewed discussion of the Panther Affair allows a fresh examination of the dynamics of imperialism from a peripheral look and a different understanding of other ideas about the nation that left its mark on the ideas of Rio Branco on foreign policy. Adapted from the source document.

Since the beginning of the Cold War, Raymond Aron chose to be on the front line of the French, European & Western debates on how to respond to the challenges of communism & Soviet power. As a philosopher, a journalist, & a politician, Aron committed himself to the search for a strategy that could contain both the risks of war & the perils of surrender in the face of the double threat of imperialist domination & totalitarian normalization. The way he showed stressed four main dimensions: the restoration of pluralist democracy & the streghtening of national states, the institutionalization of the transatlantic alliance & European integration. Adapted from the source document.