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The purpose of this essay is to propose a comprehensive legal theory of implementation allowing for a deeper understanding of the failures of contemporary Public Administration. Such a theory requires its proper methodology, which is, In fact, the missing link between administrative law and the so-called new sciences. The thesis takes the view that the systemic approach satisfies the above requirements, for it makes possible the broader concepti6n of law, viewed within Its social context. It also makes salient the decision-making element inherent in the implementation process. In this way, it enables the researcher to identify and interrelate important but latent factors of implementation failure, neglected or even overlooked by purely legal or purely empirical implementation studies. This deeper understanding of implementation, drawn from the relevant theoretic systemic models, is a necessary prerequisite for a sound policy making, avoiding the pitfalls of implementation failure. On the other hand, the usefulness of the proposed comprehensive legal study of implementation is shown in the Second Part of the thesis. For this purpose, a characteristic case of administrative failure has been selected and analyzed on the basis of the relevant theoretical model proposed in Part One. The case refers to the failure of urban policy in Greece as expressed in the phenomenon of unauthorized development. It is a case worth studying, since the failure is due to a multiplicity of factors other then the relevant legislation (statute of 17.7.1923), which is of a remarkable quality. The models and findings of the study can be applied to any case of implementation failure, thereby facilitating not only diagnosis but prevention of failures as well.

Yes ; Article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention sets out the obligation for States Parties to implement the BTWC through appropriate national measures. Although some States have enacted such legislation, others have not and the Aum Shinrikyo incident in Tokyo in March 1995 underlined the importance of appropriate penal legislation both to implement the BTWC (and the Chemical Weapons Convention) and to criminalise any development, production, stockpiling or acquisition of such weapons for terrorist or criminal purposes. This Briefing Paper reviews the development of the language relating to Article IV of the BTWC by the four Review Conferences, notes the requirements of the Chemical Weapons Convention and then addresses the opportunity provided by the Ad Hoc Group negotiations to strengthen the BTWC through stronger implementation measures.

There are numerous studies and publications about sustainable agriculture. Many papers argue that sustainable agriculture is necessary, and analyze how this goal could be achieved. At the same time, studies question the sustainability of agriculture. Several obstacles, including theoretical, methodological, personal, and practical issues, hinder or slow down implementation, resulting in the so-called implementation gap. This study addresses potential obstacles that limit the implementation of sustainable agriculture in practice. To overcome the obstacles and to improve implementation, different solutions and actions are required. This study aims to illustrate ways of minimizing or removing obstacles and how to overcome the implementation gap. Unfortunately, the diversity of obstacles and their complexity mean there are no quick and easy solutions. A broader approach that addresses different dimensions and stakeholders is required. Areas of action include institutionalization, assessment and system development, education and capacity building, and social and political support. To realize the suggestions and recommendations and to improve implementation, transdisciplinary work and cooperation between many actors are required.

Policy implementation is a formative stage of the policy process. It determines policy's form and effect while also lying at the intersection of politics, policy, and the public. Policy implementation takes place within a given institutional setting and requires specific structure and organization to conduct it both of which allocate decision power and mint specific roles in the implementation process. Nevertheless, current implementation literature tends to overlook implementation arrangements as structures influencing, and influenced by, power. This special issue draws on various aspects of implementation arrangements to demonstrate the significant, yet underexplored, polity of implementation. To do so, this introduction begins by reviewing the conceptual frameworks available in the current implementation scholarship. This is followed by a discussion of the special issue's seven contributions. Finally, the conclusion proposes recommendations for conducting future research on the polity of implementation.

Despite an abundant literature on policy implementation, there has hardly been any systematic cross-national and cross-sectional research focusing on implementation of supranational policies in both law and practice. The first part of this dissertation is a first attempt to analyse the relationship between legal and practical implementation and the causes for decoupling implementation of EU directives in practice in 27 member states across four policy areas. To study how EU policy can take root in society, further analysis focuses on the conditions under which a cooperative and engaged civil society can improve implementation on the ground. The findings show that civil society strength can positively affect practical implementation if civil society organizations are regularly consulted and states have the bureaucratic capacity to cope with societal demands. The second part of the dissertation takes a network approach to analyse the role of civil society as a watchdog and their capacity to monitor the implementation process. The comparative case study on networks of women's groups across EU members states in monitoring the implementation of EU directives on gender equality reveals that civil society in western member states tend to be better equipped, while in CEE member states the direct links with the EU Commission compensate this lack of resources. Finally, using inferential social network analysis in a case study on the monitoring network of women groups in the Netherlands, the findings of this dissertation demonstrate that effective information exchange for monitoring purposes benefits from a diverse and inclusive network.

Working in environments characterised by a high degree of uncertainty, uncontrollability and unpredictability, development agents try to organise complex realities into manageable units. What principles influence the decision on adequate approaches and necessary steps?Through theoretical considerations and nine case studies, the GIZ traces implementation processes and identifies underlying guiding principles which provide the flexibility and adaptability that is necessary for acting in complex contexts.Main findings show that an adaptive and reflexive management structure is crucial for successful implementation. Quick iteration and tight feedback loops facilitate adaptation and reorientation. Contextsensitive knowledge and constant monitoring create a space for learning and innovation. A joint vision for the future which is used for orientation purposes and can be modified according to new findings and developments fosters fruitful cooperation.

This paper shows that, in production economies, the generalized serial social choice functions defined by Shenker (1992) are securely implementable (in the sense of Saijo et al., 2007) and that they include the well-known fixed path social choice functions.

The objective of the study is to analyze the implementation of e-government of the users. The users were the citizen of Bogor City and the government officers in Bogor Government. The implementation of e-government was related to the website application of Bogor Government. The users were considered as the important thing because they could understand and comprehend the benefit of government website and the effectiveness of egovernment implementation. The focus of the study was the implementation of the theory of technology acceptance model. The concept involved the perceived usefulness, the perceived ease of use, and the subjective norm. The model of TAM was extended by involving the perceived risk to clarify of the acceptance of e-government use. The research method was to collect the data and used the survey for distributing the questionnaires of 414 citizens as the respondents in Bogor City. The research result showed that the perceived use influenced the use of the website but it was not significant; meanwhile the perceived ease of use, the perceived risk and the subjective norm influenced the use of the website significantly.

This is a conference paper. ; HASWAS is the name of project trying to institutionalise a Demand Responsive Approach for WSS services in the poor remote northern provinces of Oudomxay and Phongsaly in the Lao People's Democratic Republic. HASWAS stands for 'Hygiene Awareness, Sanitation and Water Supply' and is the RWSS Component of the Provincial Infrastructure Project.

The purpose of this research is to find out and evaluate how the implementation and success of the Adiwiyata Program which has been implemented by the Pasar Baru 1 Elementary School in Tangerang, Banten, using the Discrepancy Evaluation Model. The research method used a qualitative approach, namely by obtaining data scientifically including data collection through interview, observation, and documentation techniques. Resource persons in this study consisted of the principal, committee, Adiwiyata team and teachers. The results of the research can be concluded as follows: (1) The vision, mission and objectives of the Pasar Baru 1 Elementary School, Tangerang City, Banten are in accordance with the policy foundation of the government standard criteria (2) Readiness of human resources in compiling and designing learning related to PPLH in part has met the criteria contained in the Adiwiyata program standard (3) The Adiwiyata Program Implementation Process at the Pasar Baru 1 Elementary School, Tangerang City, Banten has been going well, namely school members are actively involved in the implementation of the Adiwiyata program (4) Achievement of the results of program implementation Adiwiyata, namely Pasar Baru 1. The implementation of the Adiwiyata Program in this school has been quite good in instilling a caring character for the environment in school members, although there are gaps in several indicators of the success of the Adiwiyata Program.

The purpose of this dissertation is the delineation of a new approach, or, more precisely, a new "role" and "methodological system," for those persons engaged in building and managing multi-actor structures, or "networks," for the purpose of policy implementation. As policy formulation and implementation can be viewed increasingly as taking place inter-organizationally, and consisting of individuals, special-interest groups, public organizations, private organizations, non-profits, etc., none of whom have the individual power to autonomously determine the strategies and actions of all the other actors, policy processes can no longer be viewed as the implementation of ex ante formulated goals, but instead must be seen as an interaction process in which actors exchange information about problems, preferences and means, and trade-off goals and resources. That is, the context of "getting things done" in the public sector is changing from a singular organizational context to a multiple-organization network context. Managerially, we must respond accordingly. While there has been an increasing recognition in the literatures of at least three distinct fields of enquiry [political science, organization theory, and policy science] that such networks are becoming the "reality" of daily operation, much less has been written attempting to aid the acting administrator to function successfully within this new setting. Even less has been written concerning how to actually build and use a network setting to one's advantage in an implementation endeavor. We are left in need of a new way to successfully approach implementation through complex multi-actor settings. As it becomes increasingly difficult to administer policy implementation through a single, public organization, the need for new tools and understanding that will enable us to achieve public ends in such complex settings becomes apparent. Such an approach must work to successfully accommodate the increased role of extra-organizational actors, a new role of the administrator as "network facilitator," and still afford the ability to plan for and carry out project implementation. Because the invention of such an approach will require the accommodation of a different view of the administrative world (i.e. a more dynamic context, ephemeral definitions, new roles and responsibilities, and a new method to approaching work life), its development cannot constitute a straightforward reshuffling of the boxes of the administrative process, or the simple adoption of some new buzzwords. It demands, instead, that we begin by asking some fundamental ontological (what is reality) and epistemological (how can we know it) questions. It is after addressing these fundamental concerns that this volume will work to build a new approach to functioning proactively in a network setting. Following a discussion on what the role of "network facilitator" means in relation to current understanding of public management, this treatise will describe a new methodological system for use by the administrator playing such a role. The "methodological system" for building implementation networks that is advocated here is composed of three overlapping methodologies: 1) "Contextual Assessment" - Mapping a Network's Political-Economy; 2) "Stakeholder Analysis & Management" Understanding Who Should be at the Table and Furthering the Conditions for Cooperation; and, 3) "Joint Visioning" " The Facilitation of Project Planning in a Network Setting. In the chapter on "contextual assessment," the reader will be introduced to a method that uses the political economy framework of Wamsley and Zald to derive an interview instrument for use by a recently appointed network facilitator (somebody appointed the responsibility of "getting something done" cross-organizationally). Combining the political economic framework with other standard qualitative methods, including gaining entrance, selecting interview type, snowballing, and quota sampling, one should be able to assess the existing political and economic environment surrounding a potential implementation network and, further, begin to select from that environment a first set of stakeholders in the budding implementation network. This method will result in a "conceptual mapping" of the environment from which one may begin to select potential resources to build an implementation network. Following that, the reader will be introduced to two methods, that when used together, will allow for the analysis, categorization, and selection of network stakeholders. Taken together, these methods can be referred to as "stakeholder analysis." It is the successful selection and management of these stakeholders that will result in the formation of a young implementation network. Finally, the reader will be introduced to a method of "joint-visioning," a process for working with a set of stakeholders to create a shared understanding of the social/organizational and technical/functional systems required for a new implementation network to function. While the theoretical conception here of joint-visioning is new, the techniques suggested to support this method are probably the least original of the techniques associated with the three methods introduced in this volume (in that they are based on recognized methods of group facilitation). The joint-visioning method proposed here is probably most remarkable for what it is not, corporate strategic planning. A discussion about the problems of adopting corporate strategic planning in the public sector will begin this section, followed by a discussion of why something else, like joint visioning, is probably more appropriate. Each methodology has been constructed from the ground up by appropriating parts of different methodologies that have been advocated in different areas of application. Specifically, methods, approaches, and understandings have been appropriated from the literatures of corporate management, stakeholder analysis, action research, political economy, community facilitation, knowledge engineering and management, and strategic planning. These methods have been combined and modified to better serve as tools for network establishment and management. This methodological system has been developed as much from experience as from scholarly analysis. Accordingly, a case study, one that has directly led to the development of many concepts in this system, will be discussed and used for "real-world" elaboration of the concepts described. Specifically, each of these methods will be accompanied by an in-depth discussion on how it was applied in the "Travel Shenandoah" case study. Benefits, as well as problems with the proposed methods will be highlighted. Where appropriate, possible modifications to a method will be suggested. ; Ph. D.

This paper examines the problem of repeatedly implementing an efficient social choice function when the agents' preferences evolve randomly. We show that the freedom to set different mechanisms at different histories can give the planner an additional leverage to deter undesirable behavior even if the mechanisms are restricted to be simple and finite. Specifically, we construct a history-dependent sequence of simple mechanisms such that, with minor qualifications, every pure subgame perfect equilibrium delivers the correct social choice at every history, while every mixed equilibrium is strictly Pareto-dominated. More importantly, when faced with agents with a preference for less complex strategies at the margin, the (efficient) social choice function can be repeatedly implemented in subgame perfect equilibrium in pure or mixed strategies. Our results demonstrate a positive role for complexity considerations in mechanism design. ; Jihong Lee's research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2014S1A3A2043505) and by the Institute of Economic Research of Seoul National University. Hamid Sabourian gratefully acknowledges the hospitality and support from HKUST where part of this research was conducted. ; This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jet.2015.05.002

Implementation of e-Government in the village dear by referring to presidential instruction number 3 Implementation of e-Government Policy in Quality Improvement is still at the stage of preparing access facilities such as a limited wifi connection, as well as a lack of socialization of information sites to the public. The research method used by researchers is a qualitative research method with a desktiptif approach. Data collection techniques are carried out by means of literature studies and field studies. As for the indicators of basic values in determining the success and failure of applications that will and must be achieved in implementing e-Government there are 4 namely effectiveness, efficiency, transparency and accountability. The application of e-Government policies in Sayang Village is still not optimal in the use of communication and information technology. The Village Government unfortunately has not been effective, efficient, transparent and accountable in implementing E-Government-based governance. ; Pelaksanaan e-Government di desa sayang dengan berpedoman terhadap instruksi presiden nomor 3 Penerapan Kebijakan e-Government dalam Peningkatan Mutu masih pada tahap penyiapan sarana akses seperti koneksi wifi yang masih terbatas, serta kurangnya sosialisasi situs informasi kepada masyarakat. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan peneliti adalah metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan desktiptif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara studi pustaka dan studi lapangan. Adapun yang menjadi indikator atas nilai-nilai dasar dalam menentukan sukses dan tidaknya penerapan yang akan dan harus dicapai dalam penyelenggaraan e-Government ada 4 yaitu efektifitas, efisiensi, transfaransi dan akuntabilitas. Penerapan kebijakan e-Government di Desa Sayang masih belum optimal dalam penggunaan teknologi komunikasi dan informasi. Pemerintahan Desa sayang belum efektif, efisien, transparan dan akuntabel dalam menyelenggarakan pemerintahan berbasis E-Government.

ÖZETCE İŞARETİ VE UYGULANMASIOrtak tek bir Pazar oluşumu Avrupa'nın büyük başarılarından biridir. Ürünlerin, hizmetlerin, sermaye ve işgücünün serbest olarak dolaşabildiği bu ekonomik alan 21. yüzyıla girerken Avrupa Birliği'nde refah için bir altyapı sunmaktadır. CE İşareti, Avrupa direktifinin alanına giren ve Avrupa pazarında satılması amaçlanan bütün ürünler için zorunlu (yasal açıdan gerekli) bir işarettir. Bu yaklaşık olarak Avrupa pazarında bugün satılan bütün ürünlerin 'ini kapsamaktadır. CE işareti için bu kurallar Avrupa Birliğinde yerleşik olsa da olmasa da ilgili ürünlerin üreticilerinin tamamı için geçerlidir.CE işaretinin arkasında ürünlerin Avrupa pazarına girmesine izin verilmesi ve serbest dolaşması amacı bulunmaktadır. Bunun için Avrupa Birliği pazarında satılacak ürünler için gerekli şartları içeren Avrupa direktifleri (yönetmelikleri, kanunları) oluşturulmuştur. Bu direktifler, gerekli sağlık ve güvenlik şartlarını belirleyen Avrupa Standartları ile desteklenmiştir. Bu direktifler Avrupa Birliği'nde satılan ürünler için minimum güvenlik seviyesini belirtir. Üreticiler tarafından ürünlerinin üzerine ilgili ürünün uygulanabilir direktiflerin tamamına uygun olduğunu simgeleyen CE işareti yerleştirerek Avrupa şartlarına uygunluk gösterilir. CE işareti üreticinin ürünün gerekli şartları karşıladığına dair iddiasıdır. Buna ek olarak, bir ürünün kendisi ile ilgili direktiflerde CE işareti zorunlu değilse CE işareti taşımayabilir.Yeni ekonomi ihtiyaçları yeni yaklaşım standartları için bir ihtiyaç olup bu süreci hızlandırmaktadır. Gelecek günler CE işaretini zorunlu kılan yeni standartlar getirecektir. Bu nedenle aday bir ülke olarak, kendimizi mevcut ve gelecekte yayınlanacak olan standart ve direktiflere karşı hazırlamalıyız. Bu Tezin amacı yeni yaklaşım direktiflerinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamak, Avrupa pazarında farklı sektörler için ortak bir uygulama şekli sunmaktır. Ayrıca, bu Tez gerçek uygulamaları örneklemek için yeni yaklaşım direktiflerinden biri olan 90/384/EEC Otomatik Olmayan Tartı Aletleri için bir örnek çalışma sunmaktadır. Test raporları, modüler uyumluluk raporları ve kontrol listeleri için otomasyon yazılımı oluşturulmuş ve gerek yazılı halde gerekse de elektronik ortamda sunulmuştur.Haziran 2004Ali GÜRBÜZ ABSTRACTCE MARKING AND ITS IMPLEMENTATIONThe single market is one of the great achievements of Europea. This economic space, where goods, services, capital and labour can circulate freely, provides a foundation for prosperity in the European Union as we move towards the 21st century. The CE Marking is a mandatory (legally required) mark for any product that falls within the scope of a European Directive, and is intended for sale in the European Market. This covers an estimated 70% of all products sold today in the EU (European Union). The rules for CE Marking are valid for any manufacturer of such goods, whether resident within the EU, or of foreign origin. The main catalyst behind the CE Marking of products is to allow the entry and free movement of goods within the European Union and some partnering nations. To accomplish this, European Directives (or laws) were introduced, which contain the essential requirements that a product must meet to be sold in the EU. These directives are supported by European standards, which specify the essential health and safety requirements of the Directive. Essentially, these Directives specify the minimum level of safety for products sold within the European Union (EU). Compliance is thereby demonstrated with the manufacturer affixing the CE Marking to their products, indicating that their product conforms to any and all applicable directives. CE Marking is the manufacturer's claim that the product meets these essential requirements. Additionally, a product may not bear the CE Marking unless a directive that specifies the use of the CE Marking requires it.New economy needs are demand for, and accelerating the takeup of, new approach standards. Next days will bring new standards requiring ce marking. Therefore as a candidate country, we have to prepare ourselves against to these current and coming standards or directives. This theis is intended to contribute to better understanding of new approach directives, and to their more uniform and coherent application across different sectors and throughout the single market. This thesis also provides a case study for one of New Approach directives, 90/384/EEC Non Automatic Weighing Instruments directive, in order to show the real world application as an example. Automation softwares for test reports, compatibilility of modules and checklist are also provided in appendices and in electronic format.June 2004Ali GÜRBÜZ

Context: Urban Quality of Life, architects, urban planners and urbanization, environmental issues and local governments to those skilled in is a concept that has been developed over the years. The quality of urban space is a determining factor in a person's quality of life. Which is important for ensuring quality of urban life structure is creation of healthy city. For this economic, cultural, environmental, social and political needs are met and their rights as one of available and implementation, maintenance and improvement are needed. Aims: In our country and in the world of alternative methods to achieve high quality life and work are done. An assessment shall be performed by attempting to access both national and international studies conducted on this field. Data Sources: The information and data used in the study have been collected from quality of urban life in various national and international papers, books, websites and governmental agencies' publications. Results and Discussion: Such homogeneity caused by globalisation has caused change of life preference and standards of individuals. In this context, as the world is urbanised, the urbanisation fact has become more significant, urban life quality concept and its components have been included to subjects of the agenda.