Suchergebnisse

This article provides an analysis of the knowledge base of organised crime assessments and policy making in the European Union. It is argued that the current European organised crime (threat) assessments are no reliable and relevant instruments to make meaningful statements about organised crime. The data collection system of the current assessments is defective and to a large extent dependant on what Member States decide to disclose and not based on clear developed concepts, definitions and methods. There is no discernable "counting unit" as a basis for deducing threats or risks. More fundamental: the definition or criteria list used is defective, providing no basis for further deductions or conclusions. The conclusions of the open versions of the European reports are of a very general nature, not substantially different from what can be found in open sources. Though European decision making claims to be founded on these assessments, it looks more like a ritual incantation than a knowledge based process.

The very first studies of Belarusian incantations in the European area demonstrate a number of very close correspondences. Further identification of Belarusian­Western European parallels in subjects, motifs and images would help both to expose the genetic and typological in the Belarusian incantation compendium and to determine the possibilities and ways of borrowing, as well as the formation of unique complexes and images. The semantics of the incantation­based motif of three female assistants personified by needlewomen continue the pre­Christian ideas of goddesses and spirits of fate based on the mythology of weaving. From ancient times, the needlewoman is the embodiment of a creative goddess. A definite influence is the Gospel and, accordingly, the iconographic motif of the Virgin Mary portrayed with a spindle in her hands. Early European incantations offer a story of three virgins on a stone, one of which twists and ties, the second untwists and the third helps; in later German, English and Scandinavian incantations, these are the traveling female characters who help the sick along the way. The needlework motif begins to dominate Polish and Latvian incantations, although it is the motif of traveling that still prevails. On the other hand, Russian, especially North Russian tradition, elaborates in detail the story of a needlewoman in the sacred centre, where the Virgin dominates in this role. The Belarusian ethnic territory proves to be a place of a unique meeting of these two powerful movements, organically absorbing the key subject­semantic nodes and developing them in line with its own tradition, including through offering an original image of three female characters who do not know how but only help in healing.

C'est dans les années 1980/1990 que s'est imposée la prise de conscience que la France se coupait progressivement de ses racines religieuses. Au même moment, la société française a commencé à se poser un certain nombre de questions politiques concernant l'islam. Ces vastes débats culturels et politiques liés à la religion se sont prolongés à l'École avec la question de l'enseignement du «fait religieux». À partir de l'étude de l'enseignement de l'histoire dans les classes de 6e et 2de, on peut montrer qu'une bonne partie du discours général sur l'importance de la sensibilisation au «fait religieux» débouche en réalité sur peu de choses concrètes, cette paralysie résultant essentiellement de l'inadaptation de l'institution scolaire et universitaire.