Suchergebnisse

Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Aboriginals, registered Indians fare worst, persons with self-reported Aboriginal identity fare somewhat better, and persons with Aboriginal ancestry (but not identity or registry) fare better still.

There are many arguments for shifting at least part of the higher educational cost burden from governments (or taxpayers) to individuals, particularly in Europe. But this case largely rests onthe capability to offer deferred and incomecontingent payments. The two first features are critical to efficiency – students and lenders should not be deterred by excessive risk – and justice – contributions should be tailored to ex post ability to pay. Examples of instruments satisfying these criteria are income-contingent loans and human capital contracts. The central aim of this paper is to produce realistic estimates of how graduates' and nongraduates' lifetime income is likely to be affected by the generalisation of these instruments. Using data on Belgian income, we evaluate their effect on the distribution of lifetime net income, using higher income tax as a benchmark. The paper then considers the different ways of financing the cost ofincome-contingency, with a particular focus on the risk of adverse selection inherent to pooling the cost among graduates. But it shows that investing less on students opting for less profitable programs is asimple way to mitigate its severity.

National audience Do studies contribute to the well-being of individuals? By cross-referencing a number of French data sources, we highlight a clear relationship between the level of diploma and well-being, whether expressed by life satisfaction or trust in others. The increase in life satisfaction with the level of the diploma is largely reflected in an income effect: by contrast, the fact that higher graduates are more inclined to trust others or trust in the future does not seem to be linked to their income: with equal earnings, the top graduates are more confident and optimistic than the least graduates. ; National audience Faire des études contribue-t-il au bien-être des individus ? En croisant plusieurs sources de données françaises, nous mettons en évidence une relation claire entre niveau de diplôme et bien-être, que ce dernier s'exprime par la satisfaction de vie ou la confiance envers les autres.L'augmentation de la satisfaction de vie avec le niveau du diplôme transite largement par un effet de revenu : un diplôme plus élevé permet de mieux gagner sa vie, ce qui augmente la satisfaction de vie.Par contraste, le fait que les plus diplômés soient plus enclins à faire confiance aux autres ou à avoir confiance en l'avenir ne semble pas lié à leurs revenus : à revenus égaux, les plus diplômés sont plus confiants et optimistes que les moins diplômés.