Suchergebnisse

Transcript: "ORDER ON INCORPORATION OF OCEAN SHORES. WHEREAS, the Canvassing Board of Grays Harbor County has certified to the Board of County Commissioners of Grays Harbor County the results of the election held November 3, 1970, pursuant to resolution of the Board of County Commissioners adopted September 28, 1970. AND WHEREAS, the Board finds that a majority of those voting upon the proposition voted in favor of incorporation, NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the following described property, situate in Grays Harbor County, State of Washington: All of Section 27, Except the East Half of the Southeast Quarter, and All of Sections 34 and 35 in Township 18 North, Range 12 West of the Willamette Meridian; All of Sections 2, 3, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, and 27 in Township 17 North, Range 12 West of the Willamette Meridian, lying Southerly of A. O. Damon Road and the Easterly projection thereof, and lying Westerly of North Bay on Grays Harbor and Easterly of the Pacific Ocean; Together with tidelands of the second class adjacent to or abutting thereon; situate in Grays Harbor County, State of Washington; be and the same is hereby declared incorporated as a non-charter code city under the laws of the State of Washington and that the name of the such city is hereby declared to be Ocean Shores; IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the initial population of the City of Ocean Shores is eight hundred (800). IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this order be entered upon the minutes of the Board of County Commissioners of Grays Harbor County, and that the Grays Harbor County Auditor transmit to and file with the Secretary of State of Washington a certified copy of this order as required by law. Passed and Approved this 23rd day of November, 1970. Board of County Commissioners of Grays Harbor County. [signatures illegible]

Copy of the Articles of Incorporation for the town of Kettle Falls, Wa., December 17, 1891.

How much variation is there in immigrant incorporation policies and practices across the Western democracies? Concluding that the effort to capture variation in typologies of incorporation schemes is likely to prove both futile and misleading, I propose a radically dis-aggregated perspective that conceives of incorporation as the product of the intersection of migrant aspirations and strategies with regulatory frameworks in four domains – state, market, welfare, and culture. Because some but not all of the regulatory institutions in these domains were created with immigrant incorporation in mind, national incorporation frameworks are not fully cohesive, are constantly changing, and at best can be described as belonging to a handful of loosely connected syndromes.

This Article documents and analyzes a powerful form of regulatory competition - competition for investments - that has transformed national corporate laws in the European Union in recent years. Unlike the competition for incorporations that shapes Delaware corporate law and, by some accounts, the corporate laws of other American states as well, competition for investments sparks innovation in corporate law when firms cannot incorporate outside the jurisdiction in which they operate, and is designed to attract investments in local businesses rather than incorporations by foreign businesses. The high political payoffs that await successful participants in the competition for investments enable them to overcome opposition that could stifle competition for incorporations. And, together with the fact that no single jurisdiction in the European Union can dominate the market for investments, these payoffs drive multiple jurisdictions, including large ones, to compete. Allowing firms to incorporate outside the jurisdiction in which they operate, as a recent series of European Court of Justice rulings requires, may or may not breed competition for incorporations. Either way, however, as long as the competition for investments does not lose its steam, the effect on firms will be quite the same. Judging from the reforms that the competition for investments has fueled so far, the effect will be positive.

This article analyzes immigrant incorporation and transnational participation as gendered experiences. The results indicate that the incorporation of immigrants is a complex process affected negatively by class and racial exclusion and positively by their knowledge of U.S. society. The analysis also indicates that incorporation and transnational participation are concurrent and intertwined processes. Our results show that gender matters in the analysis of immigrant incorporation. The experiences of immigrant men and women share a lot in common as they confront similar challenges, but are also affected differently by the most relevant factors in the process of incorporation and transnational participation.

AbstractTheories concerning the adoption of punitive policies at the state level often cite two dynamics: conservative ideology and racial threat, that punitive policies are more likely in states with Republican politicians and a higher proportion of Black residents. I argue these theories lose their explanatory power in the post-Civil Rights era, and suggest Black political incorporation acts as a powerful antidote to the punitive impulses of government officials. I test my hypotheses on a dataset of state corrections spending from 1983 to 2011 and find evidence for the counterbalancing argument. States with increasing percentages of Black state legislators spend .36 fewer dollars per capita on corrections, suggesting Black political incorporation is an important mediator in the relationship between racial threat and corrections budgets. This paper has implications for the application of the social control theory as descriptive representation grows, but also for the study of the effect of minority politicians on budgets and policy more broadly. The adoption of policies deleterious to certain communities can be mitigated by the presence of representatives who legislate on behalf of those communities.