The aim of this short paper is to show that the relations between Ukraine and Russia are extremely complex as they are built on a shared history, religion, language, and culture and they should not, therefore, be gauged by Western standards. Evaluating the current situation from a broader perspective, the fact that Ukraine plays a significant role in Russia's foreign policy needs to be emphasized. Ukraine is considered the key post-Soviet state, a significant "near abroad" country, whose position, potential, and geopolitical location are vital for the balance of power in both Eastern Europe and Europe in general. The research project aims at a synthetic examination of the current Russia-Ukraine war from the point of view of Ukraine striving for full independence, memory, and identity. Will the war of the brotherly nations wreck Russia's long-term policy towards Ukraine? Will the conflict ruin Russia's plans of post-Soviet space reintegration, whose pivot is set on Ukraine? Will the war stimulate Ukraine to deal with the issue of its identity, post-Soviet legacy, and collective memory?
Peace is conditioned by independence. This affirmation has its origin in Church's teaching. The independence of states is based on the subjective nature of nations and ultimately on the right to freedom enjoyed by all citizens. The development of political communities which is built upon the subjectivity their members can be achieved when the normative moral order is observed, most importantly the personal responsibility. The independence of nations fosters the international peace, especially taking into account the two state constituting factors: nation and power. The first one, namely the nation, shapes the spiritual element of the state. In order to promote the peace in the world, we must respect the national rights that include the right to recognition, sovereignty, autonomy, national culture and language as well as the integrated growth. The latter one, the power, is a necessary condition for the political communities to function and strive towards the common good. The political power which observes the normative moral order gives incentives and support for the citizens to progress and to introduce the principle of solidarity on the global scale. Therefore, it can be concluded that the national independence stimulates the peace on the national as well as the international level. ; Niepodległość jest warunkiem pokoju. Owa zasada ma swoje źródło w dokumentach nauczania społecznego Kościoła. Niepodległość poszczególnych państw jest ukonstytuowana na podmiotowości narodów, a ostatecznie – na prawie do wolności poszczególnych obywateli. Rozwój wspólnot politycznych, oparty na podmiotowości obywateli, jest możliwy przy zachowaniu obiektywnego porządku moralnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odpowiedzialności. Niepodległość warunkuje pokój w świecie, szczególnie w zakresie dwóch elementów składowych państwa: narodu i władzy. Naród w zasadniczym stopniu określa pierwiastek duchowy państwa. Zagwarantowanie pokoju w świecie jest nieodzownie związane z respektowaniem praw narodu, pośród których wymienia się następujące: prawo do istnienia narodu, prawo do samostanowienia i niepodległości, prawo do własnej kultury i języka oraz prawo do integralnego rozwoju. Drugim z elementów składowych niepodległych państw – wpływających na pokój – jest władza. W nauczaniu społecznym Kościoła wskazuje się na nieodzowność władzy w funkcjonowaniu wspólnot, skoncentrowanych na urzeczywistnianiu zasady dobra wspólnego. Władza, aprobująca obiektywny porządek moralny, inicjuje i zachęca obywateli do rozwoju, by na coraz większą skalę była urzeczywistniana solidarność w świecie. Niepodległość państw stymuluje więc pokój zarówno w wymiarze pojedynczych państw, jak też w ramach stosunków globalnych.
Niepodległość jest warunkiem pokoju. Owa zasada ma swoje źródło w dokumentach nauczania społecznego Kościoła. Niepodległość poszczególnych państw jest ukonstytuowana na podmiotowości narodów, a ostatecznie – na prawie do wolności poszczególnych obywateli. Rozwój wspólnot politycznych, oparty na podmiotowości obywateli, jest możliwy przy zachowaniu obiektywnego porządku moralnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odpowiedzialności. Niepodległość warunkuje pokój w świecie, szczególnie w zakresie dwóch elementów składowych państwa: narodu i władzy. Naród w zasadniczym stopniu określa pierwiastek duchowy państwa. Zagwarantowanie pokoju w świecie jest nieodzownie związane z respektowaniem praw narodu, pośród których wymienia się następujące: prawo do istnienia narodu, prawo do samostanowienia i niepodległości, prawo do własnej kultury i języka oraz prawo do integralnego rozwoju. Drugim z elementów składowych niepodległych państw – wpływających na pokój – jest władza. W nauczaniu społecznym Kościoła wskazuje się na nieodzowność władzy w funkcjonowaniu wspólnot, skoncentrowanych na urzeczywistnianiu zasady dobra wspólnego. Władza, aprobująca obiektywny porządek moralny, inicjuje i zachęca obywateli do rozwoju, by na coraz większą skalę była urzeczywistniana solidarność w świecie. Niepodległość państw stymuluje więc pokój zarówno w wymiarze pojedynczych państw, jak też w ramach stosunków globalnych. ; Peace is conditioned by independence. This affirmation has its origin in Church's teaching. The independence of states is based on the subjective nature of nations and ultimately on the right to freedom enjoyed by all citizens. The development of political communities which is built upon the subjectivity their members can be achieved when the normative moral order is observed, most importantly the personal responsibility. The independence of nations fosters the international peace, especially taking into account the two state constituting factors: nation and power. The first one, namely the nation, shapes the spiritual element of the state. In order to promote the peace in the world, we must respect the national rights that include the right to recognition, sovereignty, autonomy, national culture and language as well as the integrated growth. The latter one, the power, is a necessary condition for the political communities to function and strive towards the common good. The political power which observes the normative moral order gives incentives and support for the citizens to progress and to introduce the principle of solidarity on the global scale. Therefore, it can be concluded that the national independence stimulates the peace on the national as well as the international level.
Niezależność sądów i niezawisłość sędziów stanowią jedną z podstaw państwa prawnego, należącego do podstawowych wartości Unii Europejskiej. Do zasad państwa prawnego należy zasada trójpodziału władz, stanowiąca równocześnie istotną gwarancję niezależności władzy sądowniczej. Zasada podziału władz oznacza, że do wyłącznej kompetencji władzy sądowniczej należy sprawowanie wymiaru sprawiedliwości i organy innych władz nie mogą ingerować w wykonywanie funkcji orzeczniczych przez sądy. W państwach demokratycznych istnieje potrzeba gwarancji niezależności władzy sądowniczej na poziomie norm konstytucyjnych. Podstawową funkcją niezależności sądów i niezawisłości sędziów jest zapewnienie obywatelom prawa do sądu w rozumieniu art. 6 Konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka i podstawowych wolności oraz art. 45 Konstytucji RP. Z punktu widzenia prawa do sądu ważne jest istnienie związku między niezależnością sądów i niezawisłością sędziów a gwarancją bezstronności sądu oraz gwarancją do sprawiedliwego rozpoznania sprawy przez sąd. Niezależność sądów i niezawisłość sędziów są ściśle powiązane z zasadą odpowiedzialności władzy sądowniczej. ; The independence of the courts and the judiciary constitutes one of the foundations of the rule of law and is one of the basic values of the European Union. Judicial independence is also guaranteed by the principle of the separation of powers. According to this principle courts are the only competent body to execute judiciary powers and no other organs may be permitted to interfere in judicial decisions or their making. Democratic states must have the independence of the courts ensured in their constitutions. The basic function of judicial independence is ensuring citizens the right to a fair trial as provided in Article 6 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and Article 45 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. From the point of view of the right to a fair trial the relationship between the independence of the courts and judicial independence on the one hand and the guarantee of the impartiality of the courts and of a fair trial on the other, is important. The independence of the courts and the judiciary is closely related to the principle of the responsibility of judicial authority.
The aim of the article is to analyze how the concept of sovereignty (the main theoretical category of this text) has been conceptualized/criticized/interpreted during the recent Scottish independence debate, which took place in the period preceding the independence referendum of 18 September 2014. This concept is closely related to the categories of independence and sovereign. The pronouncements on sovereignty present in the intellectual output of three groups are discussed: academics; politicians and political activists; and public intellectuals. An analysis of each type of discourse is produced with a concise partial conclusion, which in the final part are synthesized into a general thesis of the article. The majority of the discussed sources had been made public (i.e. published or presented) no earlier than in the Autumn of 2012. Among these sources there are non-fiction books (academic and essays), academic articles and presentations. This analysis has led to the following conclusions: sovereignty is perceived as relevant in the interdependent 21st century world, as states still remain capable (international pressures and cooperation notwithstanding) of shaping their internal and external policies. It is also generally accepted that the holder of sovereignty, especially in the Scottish case, is the Scottish nation. This assumption leads to calls for the reform of the British constitution, reconciling the existence of various sovereign nations in the United Kingdom, with the sovereignty of parliament. Celem badawczym artykułu jest przeanalizowanie, w jaki sposób pojęcie suwerenność (główna kategoria teoretyczna tekstu) było konceptualizowane / krytykowane/ interpretowane podczas niedawnej szkockiej debaty niepodległościowej, trwającej w okresie poprzedzającym referendum z dnia 18 września 2014 roku. Pojęcie to jest ściśle powiązane z kategoriami niepodległość oraz suweren. Analizie poddane zostały wypowiedzi na temat suwerenności sformułowane przez przedstawicieli trzech grup: badaczy, polityków i osób zaangażowanych w politykę oraz liderów opinii. Analiza poszczególnych typów dyskursów została zakończona zwięzłymi wnioskami cząstkowymi, które w części końcowej zostały ujednolicone, przyjmując postać zasadniczej tezy artykułu. Zdecydowana większość wykorzystanych źródeł została upubliczniona (tj. opublikowana lub wygłoszona) nie wcześniej niż jesienią 2012 roku. Wśród nich znajdują się druki zwarte (książki akademickie i eseistyczne), artykuły akademickie oraz teksty wystąpień. Podjęte badania przyniosły następujące wnioski: suwerenność zachowuje swe znaczenie w realiach gęstej globalizacji pierwszych dekad XXI wieku, gdyż państwa wciąż dysponują (niezależnie od konieczności współpracy międzynarodowej czy presji czynników zewnętrznych różnego typu) instrumentami umożliwiającymi kształtowanie ich polityki zewnętrznej i wewnętrznej. Szeroko akceptowane jest także twierdzenie wskazujące, że suwerenem w warunkach szkockich jest szkocki naród. To pociąga za sobą głosy opowiadające się za reformą brytyjskiego ustroju, godzącą zasadę suwerenności parlamentu z suwerennością poszczególnych brytyjskich narodów.
The aim of this thesis From Living in Care to Independence is to analyse the support given to care leavers as they transition to adulthood. Social workers are the main leaving care support service providers, and it is important to research their roles and competencies relevant for supporting care leavers. The thesis also explores what the needs of care leavers are and the existing policies that guide the provision of support to care leavers. This study was carried out in Lithuania with the interviews conducted between April-November 2020. Data for this thesis was obtained from social workers who provide support to youth in care transitioning to adulthood and care leavers. The subjects were selected using judgmental sampling and the criteria was social workers:1)Who work in institutions that provide leaving care services to youth who have lived in alternative care and 2) Who work with youth about to leave care or who have left care. Using semi-structured interviews, the data was collected from the participants via Skype and text messaging. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed then analysed using the thematic analysis. The results show that social workers use their personal competencies of creativity, understanding and being open-minded to create relationships with care leavers to understand better their needs and teach them the necessary life skills. The roles of the social workers are however, not just to teach care leavers skills, they also act as a source of support and guidance for the care leavers. Finally, the results showed that care leavers need independent and interdependent needs in order to transition to adulthood successfully. The study recommends delaying care leaver transition to independence until they have the necessary skills, changes in legislation to develop a care leaver framework that will suit their diverse needs, further research on the perspectives of care leavers and for social workers to guide care leavers to learn by doing.
The aim of this thesis From Living in Care to Independence is to analyse the support given to care leavers as they transition to adulthood. Social workers are the main leaving care support service providers, and it is important to research their roles and competencies relevant for supporting care leavers. The thesis also explores what the needs of care leavers are and the existing policies that guide the provision of support to care leavers. This study was carried out in Lithuania with the interviews conducted between April-November 2020. Data for this thesis was obtained from social workers who provide support to youth in care transitioning to adulthood and care leavers. The subjects were selected using judgmental sampling and the criteria was social workers:1)Who work in institutions that provide leaving care services to youth who have lived in alternative care and 2) Who work with youth about to leave care or who have left care. Using semi-structured interviews, the data was collected from the participants via Skype and text messaging. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed then analysed using the thematic analysis. The results show that social workers use their personal competencies of creativity, understanding and being open-minded to create relationships with care leavers to understand better their needs and teach them the necessary life skills. The roles of the social workers are however, not just to teach care leavers skills, they also act as a source of support and guidance for the care leavers. Finally, the results showed that care leavers need independent and interdependent needs in order to transition to adulthood successfully. The study recommends delaying care leaver transition to independence until they have the necessary skills, changes in legislation to develop a care leaver framework that will suit their diverse needs, further research on the perspectives of care leavers and for social workers to guide care leavers to learn by doing.
The aim of the article is to analyse the state control function over the activity of local self-governments in the field of their finances. The analysis is based on empirical data of the Regional Accounting Chambers (RACs), which is a special body created for control and supervision in the field of local government finances. Attention is paid to the question of financial independence of the local powers and how it is influenced by the state's external supervision. In this context both too strong and too weak control has negative consequences for prudent funds usage by local government. The research indicates a decrease in law infringement by local authorities in the financial sphere. However, there are still cases of inefficient and irrational budget usage by local powers, which does not contradict the law, yet exerts a negative impact on their financial independence and performance of public tasks. Possible solutions of the indicated problems are outlined at the end of the article.
Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.
Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.
The article aims at presenting basic problems of decision-making independence of an enterprise arising in connection with the present (instituted in 1982) economic reform which opened new and hitherto unknown possibilities for an enterprise to shape independently its own activity at short and long range. The considerations are laid in a historical background, helping to accentuate innovatory and progressive conceptions of the reform and to expose the facts of retaining or rejecting some solutions introduced by previous reforms. The starting point has been provided by the thesis about limied decision-making independence of an enterprise as long as the national economy functions under the conditions of socialized basic means of production and the active role of the central plan. However, the above does not settle explicitly the question of the range and types of independence; the latter may be shapd in various ways. Accepting fully an extensive, and as broad as possible, independence of an enterprise in current and developmental matters, the author carried out the detailed analysis of three main decision-making spheres: 1) the decisions concerning production and exploitation, 2) the decisions concerning supplies and sales, 3) the decisions concerning property and income. The results of the analysis are to inform the management of new opportunities and prerogatives of its decision-making activity and of the problems to be autonomically overcome and solved by means of decision-making measures. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016
The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.
The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.
