Background. The aim of the study was to evaluate the physical status of children born in 1990 in Vilnius City and Region from birth up to the end of puberty, and to investigate the epochal changes and tendencies of their growth. Materials and methods. 1 535 personal health records of children born in 1990 in Vilnius City and Region were analyzed. The main growth indices (height and weight) were recorded from birth up to the age of 18 years. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children was found using the cut-off points for body mass index recommended by the International Obesity Task Force (Cole et al., 2000). The results of the present study were compared with the results of Lithuanian growth studies, as well as with the growth standards of the World Health Organization (WHO). Results. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children born in 1990 in Vilnius City and Region was low: 13.60% and 2.40% in the 18-year-old boys and 9.51% and 1.90% in the 18-year-old girls, respectively. The retardation of growth was observed during the first years of independence. The main growth indices have changed in girls more than in boys: both their height (from 166.5 ± 7.0 cm to 167.9 ± 6.2 cm, during the two past decades) and their BMI (from 20.37 ± 2.27 kg/m2 to 21.28 ± 3.33 kg/m2, over the past ten years) increased. Conclusions. Certain retardation in growth of the children born in 1990 was related with the great political, social and economic transition in Lithuania. However, the retardation process was reversible. The main indices of the physical status (height, weight and body mass index) of children did not change much during the two past decades (the acceleration had stabilized). The growth patterns of the "generation of independence" by the end of adolescence showed the tendency towards a higher body weight, though the prevalence of overweight and obesity remained low.
The article aims at comprehensively and systematically revealing the general transition of the regulation of the inland sea waters of the Republic of Lithuania from the restoration of an Independent State of Lithuania in 1990 until now. The basic stages and trends of the legal development are emphasized in light of the International Law of the Sea and the Law of the European Union and general findings on the compliance thereto in the main fields are made.
The article aims at comprehensively and systematically revealing the general transition of the regulation of the inland sea waters of the Republic of Lithuania from the restoration of an Independent State of Lithuania in 1990 until now. The basic stages and trends of the legal development are emphasized in light of the International Law of the Sea and the Law of the European Union and general findings on the compliance thereto in the main fields are made.
The article aims at comprehensively and systematically revealing the general transition of the regulation of the inland sea waters of the Republic of Lithuania from the restoration of an Independent State of Lithuania in 1990 until now. The basic stages and trends of the legal development are emphasized in light of the International Law of the Sea and the Law of the European Union and general findings on the compliance thereto in the main fields are made.
The article aims at comprehensively and systematically revealing the general transition of the regulation of the inland sea waters of the Republic of Lithuania from the restoration of an Independent State of Lithuania in 1990 until now. The basic stages and trends of the legal development are emphasized in light of the International Law of the Sea and the Law of the European Union and general findings on the compliance thereto in the main fields are made.
Historians believe that between 2,000 and 4,000 Jewish soldiers took part in the struggle for Lithuanian independence in 1919–1923, of whom at least 500 joined the Lithuanian army as volunteers. Although recent research casts doubt on these figures, it is clear that only a small number of Lithuanian Jews joined the fledgling Lithuanian army. One explanation for this could be the deliberate intentions of the leadership of the Lithuanian armed forces to avoid active Jewish involvement, since Jews were not trusted. Despite the atmosphere of mistrust, some Lithuanian Jews chose to join the Lithuanian army. The article tries to establish what motives led to their decision. The discussion may help find answers to the often-raised and still relevant questions about Jewish-Lithuanian political relations during the period of the creation of the modern Lithuanian state.
Historians believe that between 2,000 and 4,000 Jewish soldiers took part in the struggle for Lithuanian independence in 1919–1923, of whom at least 500 joined the Lithuanian army as volunteers. Although recent research casts doubt on these figures, it is clear that only a small number of Lithuanian Jews joined the fledgling Lithuanian army. One explanation for this could be the deliberate intentions of the leadership of the Lithuanian armed forces to avoid active Jewish involvement, since Jews were not trusted. Despite the atmosphere of mistrust, some Lithuanian Jews chose to join the Lithuanian army. The article tries to establish what motives led to their decision. The discussion may help find answers to the often-raised and still relevant questions about Jewish-Lithuanian political relations during the period of the creation of the modern Lithuanian state.
Historians believe that between 2,000 and 4,000 Jewish soldiers took part in the struggle for Lithuanian independence in 1919–1923, of whom at least 500 joined the Lithuanian army as volunteers. Although recent research casts doubt on these figures, it is clear that only a small number of Lithuanian Jews joined the fledgling Lithuanian army. One explanation for this could be the deliberate intentions of the leadership of the Lithuanian armed forces to avoid active Jewish involvement, since Jews were not trusted. Despite the atmosphere of mistrust, some Lithuanian Jews chose to join the Lithuanian army. The article tries to establish what motives led to their decision. The discussion may help find answers to the often-raised and still relevant questions about Jewish-Lithuanian political relations during the period of the creation of the modern Lithuanian state.
Historians believe that between 2,000 and 4,000 Jewish soldiers took part in the struggle for Lithuanian independence in 1919–1923, of whom at least 500 joined the Lithuanian army as volunteers. Although recent research casts doubt on these figures, it is clear that only a small number of Lithuanian Jews joined the fledgling Lithuanian army. One explanation for this could be the deliberate intentions of the leadership of the Lithuanian armed forces to avoid active Jewish involvement, since Jews were not trusted. Despite the atmosphere of mistrust, some Lithuanian Jews chose to join the Lithuanian army. The article tries to establish what motives led to their decision. The discussion may help find answers to the often-raised and still relevant questions about Jewish-Lithuanian political relations during the period of the creation of the modern Lithuanian state.
Master's thesis consists of the Introduction, four Parts with sections, Conclusions, References, Bibliography, and Appendixes. The first part reviews political situation in the country during the period when Sąjūdis was established. The study examines the circumstances of establishment and development of Sąjūdis, as well as its juridical legitimation. The second and the third parts investigate initiation processes of Sąjūdis divisions in the districts of Pakruojis and Šiauliai, also the influence of press in the provinces to local people. The fourth part is devoted to the concept and forms of memory and respect, analysis and assessment of the recollections of Sąjūdis' contemporaries. The reform politics of Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, impelled the ideas of publicity and democracy. That was an inducement to create separate reformation organizations in the USSR soviet republics. Lithuania has established the Reform Movement Sąjūdis to reorganize the state. The initiation of Sąjūdis is considered to be June 3, 1988, when the group of 35 members came together and formed Sąjūdis Initiative Group (Lithuanian: Sąjūdžio iniciatyvinė grupė) in Vilnius. A number of Sąjūdis formations were established throughout the country. Lithuania experienced national Rebirth (Lithuanian: Atgimimas). The processes of Atgimimas in the provinces were slower and varied from the processes in larger cities. The latter opened Sąjūdis divisions in the summer of 1988, meanwhile in the provinces they appeared at the end of autumn. The division in Pakruojis and Šiauliai were found in September and October. Sąjūdis raised hopes to create the State of Lithuania based on democratic administration. The first mass meetings took place in 1988 and Sąjūdis was introduced to local people. After a while the movement spread to smaller towns and villages, supported by Sąjūdis Initiative Groups. According to Sąjūdis historiography, it is observed that historians have carried out comprehensive researches of the processes of Sąjūdis formation in larger cities of Lithuania, however, not in smaller towns. The movement of Sąjūdis was active not only in the capital of Lithuania but also in the provinces and smaller towns. Even though, in the provinces national rebirth faced more challenges. Above all, the provinces had lack of intellectual forces. People living in the provinces were less courageous and resolute. They needed encouragement and leading which they received from Sąjūdis headquarters in Vilnius. Historiography presents no explicit evaluation of Sąjūdis activities in Northern Lithuania, either in Pakruojis and Šiauliai districts. Therefore, one of the aims of this research was to question contemporaries of that time and local Sąjūdis members applying the method of interviewing. Their recollections benefit of analyzing the activities of Pakruojis and Šiauliai divisions. Moreover, the interviews are recorded and will be retained for generations to come. That is the way to pay respects to the Reform Movement. Sąjūdis was the main factor which enabled people to express their opinion about social injustice, imperfection of a communist party and to proclaim national feelings. Sąjūdis council of Pakruojis and Šiauliai took the initiative to organize the first mass meetings in the provinces, began reconstructions of memorials which were destroyed in soviet times, gave publicity to environmental problems, passed resolutions, and collected signatures for petitions. Members of Sąjūdis debated with local people in offices, distributed print of Sąjūdis, and invited people along to join Sąjūdis movement. People who were disappointed about inaction of the Communist party of Lithuania were joining Sąjūdis, whereas a number of citizens feared of losing jobs or privileges and, therefore, they were ignoring the movement. The biggest number of citizens living in the provinces was restrained observers. The study highlights the relevance of ambiguity in Sąjūdis activities. The Reform movement was accepted and supported in Šiauliai district by local authorities and press. Though, Sąjūdis activities in Pakruojis district experienced occasional distrust and disunity. There were tentions in relations with local authorities and confrontations with local press. The main supporters and followers of Sąjūdis were educated people: teachers, engineers, medical doctors, and environmentalists. The activities of the Reform movement in the provinces did not contrast with the common trend in Lithuania. In Šiauliai district Sąjūdis managed to evoke national feelings far more than in Pakruojis. It was determined by professional relations, communication with local authorities, and support of local press. In conclusion, it is noteworthy to acknowledge that Sąjūdis has brought national awakening and regeneration as well as Re-establishment of the State of Lithuania.
Master's thesis consists of the Introduction, four Parts with sections, Conclusions, References, Bibliography, and Appendixes. The first part reviews political situation in the country during the period when Sąjūdis was established. The study examines the circumstances of establishment and development of Sąjūdis, as well as its juridical legitimation. The second and the third parts investigate initiation processes of Sąjūdis divisions in the districts of Pakruojis and Šiauliai, also the influence of press in the provinces to local people. The fourth part is devoted to the concept and forms of memory and respect, analysis and assessment of the recollections of Sąjūdis' contemporaries. The reform politics of Mikhail Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, impelled the ideas of publicity and democracy. That was an inducement to create separate reformation organizations in the USSR soviet republics. Lithuania has established the Reform Movement Sąjūdis to reorganize the state. The initiation of Sąjūdis is considered to be June 3, 1988, when the group of 35 members came together and formed Sąjūdis Initiative Group (Lithuanian: Sąjūdžio iniciatyvinė grupė) in Vilnius. A number of Sąjūdis formations were established throughout the country. Lithuania experienced national Rebirth (Lithuanian: Atgimimas). The processes of Atgimimas in the provinces were slower and varied from the processes in larger cities. The latter opened Sąjūdis divisions in the summer of 1988, meanwhile in the provinces they appeared at the end of autumn. The division in Pakruojis and Šiauliai were found in September and October. Sąjūdis raised hopes to create the State of Lithuania based on democratic administration. The first mass meetings took place in 1988 and Sąjūdis was introduced to local people. After a while the movement spread to smaller towns and villages, supported by Sąjūdis Initiative Groups. According to Sąjūdis historiography, it is observed that historians have carried out comprehensive researches of the processes of Sąjūdis formation in larger cities of Lithuania, however, not in smaller towns. The movement of Sąjūdis was active not only in the capital of Lithuania but also in the provinces and smaller towns. Even though, in the provinces national rebirth faced more challenges. Above all, the provinces had lack of intellectual forces. People living in the provinces were less courageous and resolute. They needed encouragement and leading which they received from Sąjūdis headquarters in Vilnius. Historiography presents no explicit evaluation of Sąjūdis activities in Northern Lithuania, either in Pakruojis and Šiauliai districts. Therefore, one of the aims of this research was to question contemporaries of that time and local Sąjūdis members applying the method of interviewing. Their recollections benefit of analyzing the activities of Pakruojis and Šiauliai divisions. Moreover, the interviews are recorded and will be retained for generations to come. That is the way to pay respects to the Reform Movement. Sąjūdis was the main factor which enabled people to express their opinion about social injustice, imperfection of a communist party and to proclaim national feelings. Sąjūdis council of Pakruojis and Šiauliai took the initiative to organize the first mass meetings in the provinces, began reconstructions of memorials which were destroyed in soviet times, gave publicity to environmental problems, passed resolutions, and collected signatures for petitions. Members of Sąjūdis debated with local people in offices, distributed print of Sąjūdis, and invited people along to join Sąjūdis movement. People who were disappointed about inaction of the Communist party of Lithuania were joining Sąjūdis, whereas a number of citizens feared of losing jobs or privileges and, therefore, they were ignoring the movement. The biggest number of citizens living in the provinces was restrained observers. The study highlights the relevance of ambiguity in Sąjūdis activities. The Reform movement was accepted and supported in Šiauliai district by local authorities and press. Though, Sąjūdis activities in Pakruojis district experienced occasional distrust and disunity. There were tentions in relations with local authorities and confrontations with local press. The main supporters and followers of Sąjūdis were educated people: teachers, engineers, medical doctors, and environmentalists. The activities of the Reform movement in the provinces did not contrast with the common trend in Lithuania. In Šiauliai district Sąjūdis managed to evoke national feelings far more than in Pakruojis. It was determined by professional relations, communication with local authorities, and support of local press. In conclusion, it is noteworthy to acknowledge that Sąjūdis has brought national awakening and regeneration as well as Re-establishment of the State of Lithuania.
The paper discusses the attitude of the leadership of the Delegacy of Armed Forces at Home (DSZ) and the "Freedom and Independence" organization (WiN) towards an agreement reached on 21 May 1945 near Ruda Różaniecka between former units of the Polish Home Army and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists "Bandera" (OUN-B) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). The agreement undoubtedly led to the cessation of hostilities that had been going on in the Lublin Region since spring 1944. Making use of previously unknown records, the author proves that contrary to what numerous testimonies of that period say, the DSZ leaders accepted this local non-aggression pact. Although the leadership of the Delegacy of Armed Forces at Home approved of the armistice from the very beginning, they did not, however, want to sign any treaties, closer cooperate with OUN-B and UPA or promote the Ukrainian cause on the international agenda. Following the establishment of the "Freedom and Independence" organization which advocated a model of civilian conspiracy and dissociated itself from the Polish Government in Exile, both the Polish and Ukrainian side began to show less and less interest in cooperation. ; Artykuł porusza problem stosunku kierownictwa Delegatury Sił Zbrojnych oraz I Zarządu Głównego WiN do lokalnego porozumienia zawartego między polskim poakowskim podziemiem a ukraińskim (OUN-B, UPA) podczas spotkania przedstawicieli obu stron, 21 maja 1945 r., w okolicach Rudy Różanieckiej. Bez wątpienia zawarte wówczas zawieszenie broni obejmujące obszar południowo-wschodniej Lubelszczyzny i rozszerzone następnie na teren Podlasia przyczyniło się do zaprzestania trwających od wiosny 1944 r. walk polsko-ukraińskich. Autorka wykorzystując nieznane do tej pory dokumenty pokazuje, że wbrew temu co niejednokrotnie pisali świadkowie tamtych wydarzeń, zostało one zaakceptowane przez kierownictwo DSZ w formie lokalnego paktu o nieagresji. Przywódcy polskiej konspiracji od początku godzili się na zawieszenie broni, choć jednocześnie nie chcieli zawierania umów i nie widzieli możliwości bliższej współpracy i współdziałania z OUN-UPA czy reprezentowania sprawy ukraińskiej na forum międzynarodowym. Powstanie zaś Zrzeszenia Wolność i Niezawisłość, które proponowało cywilny model konspiracji i odcinało się od zwierzchnictwa Rządu na Uchodźstwie, przyczyniło się do tego, że strona ukraińska jak i polska były coraz mniej zainteresowane współpracą.
Novelty of the research This scientific research is significant for the improvement of the Lithuanian system of nursing services. It not only overviews scientific studies related to the experiences of Lithuania and other countries when planning social services at home but also analyses legislation on the provision of nursing services, reveals systemic shortcomings in the planning and provision of services at home and at the supportive treatment and nursing hospitals, and provides possible solutions based on scientific research. Aim of the study: to assess the independence of older people discharged from the supportive treatment and nursing hospital and the need for nursing services at home. Objectives of the study: 1. To determine the most common health disorders and the main nursing problems of older people discharged from the supportive treatment and nursing hospital. 2. To establish the independence of older people discharged from the supportive treatment and nursing hospital and the need for nursing services. 3. To identify the change in the independence of older people discharged from the nursing hospital and the continuity of the nursing services 90–120 days after the discharge. 4. To reveal the assessment of the nursing service system at the home of the person and future prospects for primary outpatient care services from the point of view of the heads of institutions providing the beforementioned services
