Suchergebnisse

The article discusses modern issues connected with financial support of self-government. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the independence of local self-government, one of the guarantees of which is local budgets. Local issues are financed with expenditures of local budget funds. However, municipalities have limited powers to form the expenditure and revenue of their budgets. Expenditure obligations of municipalities are derived from the composition of local issues defined by federal legislation. The Russian Tax Codecompletely establisheslocal taxes and fees, municipalities could just determine their rates within the limits specified in the Tax Code as well as determine the procedure and terms of payment, tax exemptions and special features of the taxation base. Local taxes include only two property taxes - property tax on individuals and land tax, which are not enough to finance functioning of local budgets. In this connectionBudget Code of the Russian Federation grants personal income tax to the local. In addition, municipalities are provided with significant amounts of inter-budgetary transfers, which puts them in a certain financial dependence on higher budgets. In this connection, the article concludes that the proclaimed independence of municipal formations is not fully provided by financial sources.

The aim of this thesis From Living in Care to Independence is to analyse the support given to care leavers as they transition to adulthood. Social workers are the main leaving care support service providers, and it is important to research their roles and competencies relevant for supporting care leavers. The thesis also explores what the needs of care leavers are and the existing policies that guide the provision of support to care leavers. This study was carried out in Lithuania with the interviews conducted between April-November 2020. Data for this thesis was obtained from social workers who provide support to youth in care transitioning to adulthood and care leavers. The subjects were selected using judgmental sampling and the criteria was social workers:1)Who work in institutions that provide leaving care services to youth who have lived in alternative care and 2) Who work with youth about to leave care or who have left care. Using semi-structured interviews, the data was collected from the participants via Skype and text messaging. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed then analysed using the thematic analysis. The results show that social workers use their personal competencies of creativity, understanding and being open-minded to create relationships with care leavers to understand better their needs and teach them the necessary life skills. The roles of the social workers are however, not just to teach care leavers skills, they also act as a source of support and guidance for the care leavers. Finally, the results showed that care leavers need independent and interdependent needs in order to transition to adulthood successfully. The study recommends delaying care leaver transition to independence until they have the necessary skills, changes in legislation to develop a care leaver framework that will suit their diverse needs, further research on the perspectives of care leavers and for social workers to guide care leavers to learn by doing.

The aim of this thesis From Living in Care to Independence is to analyse the support given to care leavers as they transition to adulthood. Social workers are the main leaving care support service providers, and it is important to research their roles and competencies relevant for supporting care leavers. The thesis also explores what the needs of care leavers are and the existing policies that guide the provision of support to care leavers. This study was carried out in Lithuania with the interviews conducted between April-November 2020. Data for this thesis was obtained from social workers who provide support to youth in care transitioning to adulthood and care leavers. The subjects were selected using judgmental sampling and the criteria was social workers:1)Who work in institutions that provide leaving care services to youth who have lived in alternative care and 2) Who work with youth about to leave care or who have left care. Using semi-structured interviews, the data was collected from the participants via Skype and text messaging. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed then analysed using the thematic analysis. The results show that social workers use their personal competencies of creativity, understanding and being open-minded to create relationships with care leavers to understand better their needs and teach them the necessary life skills. The roles of the social workers are however, not just to teach care leavers skills, they also act as a source of support and guidance for the care leavers. Finally, the results showed that care leavers need independent and interdependent needs in order to transition to adulthood successfully. The study recommends delaying care leaver transition to independence until they have the necessary skills, changes in legislation to develop a care leaver framework that will suit their diverse needs, further research on the perspectives of care leavers and for social workers to guide care leavers to learn by doing.

This article considers the autonomy at work trends in Russia for more than 15 years on the basis of monitoring data "Social differences in modern Russian society". A degree and characteristics of autonomy in work depend on external conditions and are manifested differently in different periods. The 1990s are a watershed of these periods. The established trends in the degree of manifestation of different types of autonomy in work are shown. There is a marked contradiction between the assessment of their autonomy and limiting framework of its manifestation: in comparison with 2015, in 1999, employees evaluated it significantly higher. This can be explained by adaptation to changing conditions of work and employment. At the same time, the organization of the workplace, according to the estimates of workers, does not give great opportunities to show their autonomy. This trend has been observed throughout the years of the survey. Meanwhile, workers are noticeably more likely to feel the insignificance of their level of autonomy. The study confirmed the relationship of autonomy in labour relations with professional status: a high level of power, education, well-being. There is a decrease in autonomy of the heads of organizations and managers of the lower level. Working conditions are also important: forms of employment, contract, remuneration. Personal characteristics associated with attitudes to change in their lives, play a role. The influence of age and sex is not so significant. Trends in the situation of self-employment are noted: the growth of the scale, professional and qualification compliance. This confirms the assumption that compulsion characterizes self-employment to a lesser extent than in the 1990. It is concluded that autonomy in work is a characteristic of a more privileged social position of workers, as well as emerging social groups of self-employed.

The scientific article provides a historical analysis of the doctrinal approach to the legal characterization of the right of operational management. Particular attention is paid to the scientific works of Professor S. M. Korneev and his position on the right of operational management as a subjective real right. The position of Professor S. M. Korneev is presented. on the distinction between the right of ownership and the right of operational management, which became the basis for the author's conclusion that the subject of the right of operational management manages the property of the owner for the purposes that the owner sets for the first. The article touches upon the question of the possibility of transferring the powers of the owner to the subject of the right of operational management, the answer to which was given at one time by Professor Korneev S. M., who believed that the owner, transferring this or that power, does not transfer it completely. The author also examines the current problems of applying the norms of the civil legislation of the Russian Federation on the right of operational management, which in most cases take place in relation to private institutions. The question is raised about the subsidiary liability of the founder of the institution for the debts of the latter. It is concluded that it is necessary to revise the main features of the right of operational management in the new economic conditions, which are different from those that took place in the Soviet period of Russia's development.

The article deals with the procedural status and procedural independence of the investigatorat the present stage, the very concept of the investigator is given, his rights andduties are explained. Also, the reform of the investigative apparatus is considered, duringwhich the supervisory powers of the prosecutor were transferred to the head of the investigativedepartment, so the legislator could not ensure the procedural independence of theinvestigator. The necessity of extending the procedural independence of the investigator. ; В статье рассматриваются процессуальный статус и процессуальная самостоятельность следователя на современном этапе, дано само понятие следователя, разъяснены его права и обязанности. Также рассматривается реформа следственного аппарата, в ходе которой надзорные полномочия прокурора передались руководителю следственного отдела, в связи с этим законодатель не смог обеспечить процессуальную самостоятельность следователя. Обоснована необходимость расширения процессуальной самостоятельности следователя.

Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.

Up to the reclaiming Independence, there was censorship in every activity related to the spread of information in Lithuania. In these times, there were many publications published in Russian language. This way, the government of Soviet Union tried to spread soviet ideology to the society. After the collapse of Soviet Union, there were social, political, and economical changes in Lithuania, which consequences were also felt in the area of publishing. After Lithuania reclaimed independence, bookstores in Lithuania started to supply bigger variety of books every year. One of today's urgent things is publishing of publications in minority languages. The problem, stated in this final master of science work is research of decreasing publishing indexes of literature in Russian language, published in Lithuania. Literature in Russian language is also mentioned in these publications. These publications examine quantitative indicators, repertoire of Russian literature. However, there was no luck finding academic works and articles, which analyze books in Russian language, published after Lithuania reclaimed independence. The research objects of this final master work are the books and brochures in Russian language published after reclaiming independence in Lithuania. Manuals, monographies and other scientific works, corresponding the topic of printed book and brochure, are also stated as objects of this work. The purpose of this final master work is to find out how many books in Russian language are among the publications published in Lithuania, and to carry out the quantitative and quality analysis of Russian books. Main goals of this final master work: analyze publishing dynamical indicators of books and brochures in Russian language, released in Lithuania; analyze repertoire of books published in Russian language: assort books and brochures in Russian language by subjects, assort books and brochures in Russian language by purpose, carry out classification of publication in Russian language by variety; find out publishers of books and brochures in Russian language. Statistical method, selected for final master work: gathering, sorting and analyzing statistical data. Using analysis methods of scientific literature, applying statistical and tipological classifications methods, analysis came to conclusion, that there were more books and brochures published in Russian language at the first year of independence than other years. At the first years of Lithuania's independence, number of published publications in russian language was several times bigger, while yearly editions where bigger some ten times. Using typology of publications, books, where sorted by topic, purpose, publishers, printing places, types and types of publications. Analysing repertoire of books and brochures, publications where sorted by topic. Analysing serve the purpose of publications in russian language by topic, study came to conclusion, that biggest variety of topic where at first years (1991) after reclaiming Lithuanian independence. Smallest variety of topics was in the year 1995. Largest number of books and brochures in russian language where published topics of language learning and science, popular literature and science of literature, mathematics and natural sciences. Analysing books and brochures in russian language by their most important classification method in books science. When classification of publications was carried out, study came to conclusion, that learning literature for middle school. Analysing publications qualities, was using topologic methods. It's was helping to establish, that there were more printing books and brochures published in russian language. Writing final master work, was ascertain, which Lithuanian publishing house was published books and brochures in russian language after reclaiming independence.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.

The aim of this article is to evaluate the stances of relevant Serbian political parties (Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Serbia, Serbian Socialist Party, Serbian Radical Party, "New Serbia", "G17 Plus" and Liberal Democratic Party) on Kosovo's independence issue, as well as to assess the dynamics of change and continuity of parties' attitudes during the 2000-2008 period. The analysis confirms that in forming stances toward Kosovo's independence issue Serbian political parties apply utility-maximizing approaches, but it appears to be complementary to parties' ideational values and normative orientations. The political heritage based on the tradition of ethnic mobilization still dictates the electoral behavior of most of Serbian political parties: shaping their positions on the Kosovo's secession issue, parties use widespread value patterns, not rational arguments. This leads to further escalation of the Kosovo issue as an inseparable part of Serbia. Nevertheless, there is a noticeable change in Serbian political actor's representation of Kosovo since the public rhetoric of political parties acquires more pragmatic features. In addition to this, increased sophistication of Serbian electorate's preferences reflects the fact that in Serbia exists institutional and normative pluralism which is crucial for a long-term solution to territorial conflict.

I have chosen the subject "Ideas of Economic Independence in Soviet Lithuania in 1988-1989", because it is not widely investigated in Lithuanian historiography. Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was established after Soviet Occupation of Lithuania in 1940 and existed to 1990. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania again on March 11, 1990, all legal ties of sovereignty were cut with the Soviet Union as Lithuania declared the restitution of its independence. But its way to independence was long and not easy. The last five years of occupation beginning in 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy were perestroika and glasnost. His policy of glasnost gave some freedom for media and hope for occupied nations. The objective of master thesis is to investigate process and development of ideas of economic independence in Soviet Lithuania (1988-1989). To obtain the objective I made three tasks: 1) to review Soviet Lithuanian economy in the end on 1980s and to show discussions about Lithuanian SSR as dependant republic of Soviet Union; 2) to introduce "Lithuania's economic independence conception" and to analyze its implementation; 3) to review ideas about its own currency and to introduce Lithuania's system of money and credit conception. In the end I came to these conclusions: 1) Soviet Lithuania's economy was integrated to Soviet Union's central economy and there was no self-sufficiency for Soviet republics; 2) in the discussions about dependency of Soviet Lithuania's economy from Soviet Union, Lithuanian economists reasoned denied Soviet government affirmations that Soviet Lithuania is dependant; 3) The ideas of Soviet Lithuania were systematized in "Lithuania's economic independence conception" (1988). This conception determined political, law and economic conditions, and only with these conditions republic economy could be independent; 4) Lithuania's economic independence conception did not threatened disintegration of Soviet Union, but it had some essential independent state features like: a) all property situated in Lithuania's territory should be Lithuanian, b) Lithuania's government institutions are not under central Soviet rule jurisdiction anymore; 5) in 1988 and 1989 the important discussion was about its own currency. In media this idea was discussed no less, than the idea of Lithuania as dependent state on the Soviet Union or not. Discussions about own currency were summarized and systematized in "Lithuania's system of money and credit conception".

I have chosen the subject "Ideas of Economic Independence in Soviet Lithuania in 1988-1989", because it is not widely investigated in Lithuanian historiography. Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was established after Soviet Occupation of Lithuania in 1940 and existed to 1990. The Lithuanian SSR was renamed the Republic of Lithuania again on March 11, 1990, all legal ties of sovereignty were cut with the Soviet Union as Lithuania declared the restitution of its independence. But its way to independence was long and not easy. The last five years of occupation beginning in 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev made significant changes in the economy were perestroika and glasnost. His policy of glasnost gave some freedom for media and hope for occupied nations. The objective of master thesis is to investigate process and development of ideas of economic independence in Soviet Lithuania (1988-1989). To obtain the objective I made three tasks: 1) to review Soviet Lithuanian economy in the end on 1980s and to show discussions about Lithuanian SSR as dependant republic of Soviet Union; 2) to introduce "Lithuania's economic independence conception" and to analyze its implementation; 3) to review ideas about its own currency and to introduce Lithuania's system of money and credit conception. In the end I came to these conclusions: 1) Soviet Lithuania's economy was integrated to Soviet Union's central economy and there was no self-sufficiency for Soviet republics; 2) in the discussions about dependency of Soviet Lithuania's economy from Soviet Union, Lithuanian economists reasoned denied Soviet government affirmations that Soviet Lithuania is dependant; 3) The ideas of Soviet Lithuania were systematized in "Lithuania's economic independence conception" (1988). This conception determined political, law and economic conditions, and only with these conditions republic economy could be independent; 4) Lithuania's economic independence conception did not threatened disintegration of Soviet Union, but it had some essential independent state features like: a) all property situated in Lithuania's territory should be Lithuanian, b) Lithuania's government institutions are not under central Soviet rule jurisdiction anymore; 5) in 1988 and 1989 the important discussion was about its own currency. In media this idea was discussed no less, than the idea of Lithuania as dependent state on the Soviet Union or not. Discussions about own currency were summarized and systematized in "Lithuania's system of money and credit conception".

the political and professional qualifications. As in 1940–1941 Lithuanian communist party was not numerous, the membership in the communist party was not the condition of becoming a soviet judge. The political qualification of the candidate to the soviet judge was identified by the candidates' loyalty to the party which was estimated according to his or her and his or her family social status, nationality, profession, the main occupation before 15 th of June 1940 and after that date, the participation in opposition or trade union, the determination to implement party line and the connections with foreign countries. In 1940 the requirement for judges of special legal education was abolished, in result this let to format soviet courts from persons which had no legal work experience. The legal qualification of soviet judges was improved in law courses and in law schools. In soviet law doctrine the model of the appointment of the judges was rejected, so soviet judges in Lithuania in 1940–1941 were elected, but the system of soviet judges elections was created so that only the party had right to decide about the "election" of a judge.

the political and professional qualifications. As in 1940–1941 Lithuanian communist party was not numerous, the membership in the communist party was not the condition of becoming a soviet judge. The political qualification of the candidate to the soviet judge was identified by the candidates' loyalty to the party which was estimated according to his or her and his or her family social status, nationality, profession, the main occupation before 15 th of June 1940 and after that date, the participation in opposition or trade union, the determination to implement party line and the connections with foreign countries. In 1940 the requirement for judges of special legal education was abolished, in result this let to format soviet courts from persons which had no legal work experience. The legal qualification of soviet judges was improved in law courses and in law schools. In soviet law doctrine the model of the appointment of the judges was rejected, so soviet judges in Lithuania in 1940–1941 were elected, but the system of soviet judges elections was created so that only the party had right to decide about the "election" of a judge.