Suchergebnisse

Based on one and a half year of ethnographic research, this dissertation explores the religious practices of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking group of the Brazilian Amazonia whose members have mainly converted to evangelicalism, a Protestant movement, since the mid-20th century. More specifically, I investigate the reorganization of such practices in an urban context, that is among the Baniwa who live in the city and in peri-urban villages. Through a reflection structured around four major themes – Amerindian conversions, growth of evangelical Churches in Brazil, shamanism and indigenous movements – this work sheds light on a little-known aspect of the Amazonian native people's relation to Christianity. While Amerindian conversions in the Lowlands of South America are generally presented in anthropological literature as an ephemeral or unstable phenomenon, the results of this analysis show the continuity of the Baniwa evangelical movement. Under the influence of indigenous political mobilizations, this movement emancipates itself from the non-native missionaries and pastors and consolidates itself through the constitution of an extensive network of autonomous native Churches, while reconfiguring the place of shamanism in the group. ; Cette thèse, qui prend appui sur une enquête ethnographique de près d'un an et demi, porte sur les pratiques religieuses des Baniwa, un groupe de langue arawak de l'Amazonie brésilienne dont les membres ont la particularité d'adhérer majoritairement à l'évangélisme, un mouvement d'origine protestante, depuis le milieu du XXème siècle. Elle explore plus spécifiquement la recomposition de ces pratiques dans un contexte urbain, c'est-à-dire parmi les Baniwa qui se sont établis en ville et dans des villages périurbains. À partir d'une réflexion qui articule quatre grandes thématiques – les conversions amérindiennes, l'expansion des Églises évangéliques au Brésil, le chamanisme et les mouvements politiques indigènes – elle propose d'éclairer une facette méconnue du rapport des indiens ...

Based on one and a half year of ethnographic research, this dissertation explores the religious practices of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking group of the Brazilian Amazonia whose members have mainly converted to evangelicalism, a Protestant movement, since the mid-20th century. More specifically, I investigate the reorganization of such practices in an urban context, that is among the Baniwa who live in the city and in peri-urban villages. Through a reflection structured around four major themes – Amerindian conversions, growth of evangelical Churches in Brazil, shamanism and indigenous movements – this work sheds light on a little-known aspect of the Amazonian native people's relation to Christianity. While Amerindian conversions in the Lowlands of South America are generally presented in anthropological literature as an ephemeral or unstable phenomenon, the results of this analysis show the continuity of the Baniwa evangelical movement. Under the influence of indigenous political mobilizations, this movement emancipates itself from the non-native missionaries and pastors and consolidates itself through the constitution of an extensive network of autonomous native Churches, while reconfiguring the place of shamanism in the group. ; Cette thèse, qui prend appui sur une enquête ethnographique de près d'un an et demi, porte sur les pratiques religieuses des Baniwa, un groupe de langue arawak de l'Amazonie brésilienne dont les membres ont la particularité d'adhérer majoritairement à l'évangélisme, un mouvement d'origine protestante, depuis le milieu du XXème siècle. Elle explore plus spécifiquement la recomposition de ces pratiques dans un contexte urbain, c'est-à-dire parmi les Baniwa qui se sont établis en ville et dans des villages périurbains. À partir d'une réflexion qui articule quatre grandes thématiques – les conversions amérindiennes, l'expansion des Églises évangéliques au Brésil, le chamanisme et les mouvements politiques indigènes – elle propose d'éclairer une facette méconnue du rapport des indiens ...

Based on one and a half year of ethnographic research, this dissertation explores the religious practices of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking group of the Brazilian Amazonia whose members have mainly converted to evangelicalism, a Protestant movement, since the mid-20th century. More specifically, I investigate the reorganization of such practices in an urban context, that is among the Baniwa who live in the city and in peri-urban villages. Through a reflection structured around four major themes – Amerindian conversions, growth of evangelical Churches in Brazil, shamanism and indigenous movements – this work sheds light on a little-known aspect of the Amazonian native people's relation to Christianity. While Amerindian conversions in the Lowlands of South America are generally presented in anthropological literature as an ephemeral or unstable phenomenon, the results of this analysis show the continuity of the Baniwa evangelical movement. Under the influence of indigenous political mobilizations, this movement emancipates itself from the non-native missionaries and pastors and consolidates itself through the constitution of an extensive network of autonomous native Churches, while reconfiguring the place of shamanism in the group. ; Cette thèse, qui prend appui sur une enquête ethnographique de près d'un an et demi, porte sur les pratiques religieuses des Baniwa, un groupe de langue arawak de l'Amazonie brésilienne dont les membres ont la particularité d'adhérer majoritairement à l'évangélisme, un mouvement d'origine protestante, depuis le milieu du XXème siècle. Elle explore plus spécifiquement la recomposition de ces pratiques dans un contexte urbain, c'est-à-dire parmi les Baniwa qui se sont établis en ville et dans des villages périurbains. À partir d'une réflexion qui articule quatre grandes thématiques – les conversions amérindiennes, l'expansion des Églises évangéliques au Brésil, le chamanisme et les mouvements politiques indigènes – elle propose d'éclairer une facette méconnue du rapport des indiens d'Amazonie au christianisme. Alors que les conversions des populations autochtones des basses terres de l'Amérique du Sud ont généralement été présentées dans la littérature anthropologique comme des phénomènes éphémères ou instables, les résultats de l'analyse mettent en évidence la pérennité du mouvement évangélique baniwa qui, sous l'influence des mobilisations politiques indigènes, s'émancipe de la tutelle des missionnaire et des pasteurs non-indiens et se consolide à travers la constitution d'un vaste réseau d'Églises indiennes autonomes, tout en donnant lieu à une reconfiguration de la place du chamanisme au sein du groupe. ; Esta tese, que se apoia numa pesquisa etnográfica de um ano e meio, trata das práticas religiosas dos Baniwa, um grupo de língua arawak da Amazônia brasileira cujos membros têm a particularidade de aderir na sua maioria ao cristianismo evangélico, um movimento de origem protestante, desde a metade do século XX. O trabalho explora mais especificamente a recomposição de estas práticas num contexto urbano, ou seja, entre os Baniwa estabelecidos na cidade e em comunidades periurbanas. A partir de uma reflexão que articula quatro grandes temáticas – as conversões ameríndias, a expansão das Igrejas evangélicas no Brasil, o xamanismo e os movimentos políticos indígenas – propõe revelar uma faceta pouco conhecida da relação dos índios da Amazônia com o cristianismo. Enquanto as conversões das populações indígenas das terras baixas da América do Sul foram geralmente apresentadas na literatura antropológica como fenômenos efêmeros ou inestáveis, os resultados da análise demonstram a perenidade do movimento evangélico baniwa que, sob a influência das mobilizações políticas indígenas, se emancipa da tutela dos missionários e pastores não-índios e se consolida através da constituição de uma ampla rede de Igrejas nativas autônomas, gerando ao mesmo tempo uma reconfiguração do lugar do xamanismo dentro do grupo.

Based on one and a half year of ethnographic research, this dissertation explores the religious practices of the Baniwa, an Arawak-speaking group of the Brazilian Amazonia whose members have mainly converted to evangelicalism, a Protestant movement, since the mid-20th century. More specifically, I investigate the reorganization of such practices in an urban context, that is among the Baniwa who live in the city and in peri-urban villages. Through a reflection structured around four major themes – Amerindian conversions, growth of evangelical Churches in Brazil, shamanism and indigenous movements – this work sheds light on a little-known aspect of the Amazonian native people's relation to Christianity. While Amerindian conversions in the Lowlands of South America are generally presented in anthropological literature as an ephemeral or unstable phenomenon, the results of this analysis show the continuity of the Baniwa evangelical movement. Under the influence of indigenous political mobilizations, this movement emancipates itself from the non-native missionaries and pastors and consolidates itself through the constitution of an extensive network of autonomous native Churches, while reconfiguring the place of shamanism in the group. ; Cette thèse, qui prend appui sur une enquête ethnographique de près d'un an et demi, porte sur les pratiques religieuses des Baniwa, un groupe de langue arawak de l'Amazonie brésilienne dont les membres ont la particularité d'adhérer majoritairement à l'évangélisme, un mouvement d'origine protestante, depuis le milieu du XXème siècle. Elle explore plus spécifiquement la recomposition de ces pratiques dans un contexte urbain, c'est-à-dire parmi les Baniwa qui se sont établis en ville et dans des villages périurbains. À partir d'une réflexion qui articule quatre grandes thématiques – les conversions amérindiennes, l'expansion des Églises évangéliques au Brésil, le chamanisme et les mouvements politiques indigènes – elle propose d'éclairer une facette méconnue du rapport des indiens d'Amazonie au christianisme. Alors que les conversions des populations autochtones des basses terres de l'Amérique du Sud ont généralement été présentées dans la littérature anthropologique comme des phénomènes éphémères ou instables, les résultats de l'analyse mettent en évidence la pérennité du mouvement évangélique baniwa qui, sous l'influence des mobilisations politiques indigènes, s'émancipe de la tutelle des missionnaire et des pasteurs non-indiens et se consolide à travers la constitution d'un vaste réseau d'Églises indiennes autonomes, tout en donnant lieu à une reconfiguration de la place du chamanisme au sein du groupe. ; Esta tese, que se apoia numa pesquisa etnográfica de um ano e meio, trata das práticas religiosas dos Baniwa, um grupo de língua arawak da Amazônia brasileira cujos membros têm a particularidade de aderir na sua maioria ao cristianismo evangélico, um movimento de origem protestante, desde a metade do século XX. O trabalho explora mais especificamente a recomposição de estas práticas num contexto urbano, ou seja, entre os Baniwa estabelecidos na cidade e em comunidades periurbanas. A partir de uma reflexão que articula quatro grandes temáticas – as conversões ameríndias, a expansão das Igrejas evangélicas no Brasil, o xamanismo e os movimentos políticos indígenas – propõe revelar uma faceta pouco conhecida da relação dos índios da Amazônia com o cristianismo. Enquanto as conversões das populações indígenas das terras baixas da América do Sul foram geralmente apresentadas na literatura antropológica como fenômenos efêmeros ou inestáveis, os resultados da análise demonstram a perenidade do movimento evangélico baniwa que, sob a influência das mobilizações políticas indígenas, se emancipa da tutela dos missionários e pastores não-índios e se consolida através da constituição de uma ampla rede de Igrejas nativas autônomas, gerando ao mesmo tempo uma reconfiguração do lugar do xamanismo dentro do grupo.

Social movements had great participation as an agent of political changes throughout the 20th century, it is from this articulation (especially in Latin America) that the perspective of interculturality strengths in the indigenous school education, which seeks to understand the school within the post-colonial inequalities. The Brazilian Indigenous Movement began to organize itself in the 1970s, with the Union of Indigenous Nations (UNI) playing a major role in the 1988 constitutional charter, which will underpin the educational rights related to the intercultural school within a specific social Project. ; Los movimentos sociales tuvieron gran participación como agentes políticos a lo largo del siglo XX, es a partir de esta articulación a nível latinoamericano que la perspectiva de la interculturalidade cobra fuerza dentro de la educación escolar indígena, que busca entender la escuela dentro de las desigualdades poscoloniales. El movimiento indígena brasileño comenzó a organizarse en la década de 1970, con la Unión de Naciones Indígenas (UNI) jugando um papel principal en la carta constitucional de 1988, que sustentará los derechos educativos relacionados con la escuela intercultural dentro de un proyecto social específico. ; Social movements had great participation as an agent of political changes throughout the 20th century, it is from this articulation (especially in Latin America) that the perspective of interculturality strengths in the indigenous school education, which seeks to understand the school within the post-colonial inequalities. The Brazilian Indigenous Movement began to organize itself in the 1970s, with the Union of Indigenous Nations (UNI) playing a major role in the 1988 constitutional charter, which will underpin the educational rights related to the intercultural school within a specific social Project.

Social movements had great participation as political agentes throughout the 20th century, it is from this articulation at the level of Latin America that the perspective of interculturality gains strenght within indigenous school education, which seeks to understand the school within the post-colonial inequalities. The Brazilian Indigenous Movement began to organize itself in the 1970s, with the Union of Indigenous Nations (UNI) playing a major role in the 1988 constitutional charter, which will underpin the educational rights related to the intercultural school within a specific social Project. ; Los movimentos sociales tuvieron gran participación como agentes políticos a lo largo del siglo XX, es a partir de esta articulación a nível latinoamericano que la perspectiva de la interculturalidade cobra fuerza dentro de la educación escolar indígena, que busca entender la escuela dentro de las desigualdades poscoloniales. El movimiento indígena brasileño comenzó a organizarse en la década de 1970, con la Unión de Naciones Indígenas (UNI) jugando um papel principal en la carta constitucional de 1988, que sustentará los derechos educativos relacionados con la escuela intercultural dentro de un proyecto social específico. ; Movimento sociais tiveram grande participação como agentes políticos ao longo do século XX, é dessa articulação a nível de América Latina que ganha força a perspectiva da interculturalidade dentro da educação escolar indígena, que busca assim compreender a escola dentro das desigualdades pós-coloniais. O movimento indígena brasileiro começa a se organizar a partir da década de 70, tendo a União das Nações Indígenas (UNI) grande participação na carta constitucional de 1988, a qual irá fundamentar os direitos educacionais relativos à escola intercultural inserida dentro de um projeto societário próprio.

In the paper, from a systematic analysis of the literary production of Brazilian Indigenous writers, we will argue that, since the middle of XXs, Brazilian Indian peoples start to affirm and use the public sphere, in terms of activism, militancy and engagement, as the strategy and the place par excellence to the thematization of national Indian condition, as reaction to processes of social-economic expansion and political-cultural negation which put in check their own existence, refusing also the technocratic paternalism and dependent responsibility imposed to them. With the purpose of consolidating themselves as active public-political subjects, they opted for school education and for the appropriation of epistemological tolls and digital techniques which allow them to insert in the national socialization, to modernize politically, culturally and epistemologically in order to streamline a perspective of criticism regarding our conservative modernization from the internal communitarian self-organization and the construction of a network of collaboration among the indigenous nations. This posture leads to the deconstruction of the image cultural and normatively produced in terms of colonization, of a savage, rude and barbarous Indian, restricted to the more far corner of forest, incapable of civilization; and, in its place, it is consolidated exactly the role of the socialized Indian, in the full capability of political citizenship, producing and publicizing the own knowledge, culture and art. From the appropriation of school education and of these epistemological-digital tools and techniques we go, therefore, to an activist, militant and engaged posture in the public, political and cultural sphere, by means of the correlation of Indian Movement and Indian literature, in which the promotion of ethnic-anthropological singularity is in the basis of the criticism to modernity constituted and performed by Indian peoples, their intellectuals and writers.

This research uses a post-colonial feminist lens to investigate how development towards gender equality and equity can be promoted alongside processes of decolonisation in Kanaky-New Caledonia. In particular, it explores the ways that Kanak women in the pro-independence movement negotiate gender and indigeneity, and how these interactions subsequently influence society and the movement. Three key themes emerged from this research: violence, gender roles within the customary context compared to the western political context, and the responsive strategies that women employ. Issues raised related to violence focus on: physical violence related to political unrest, removal of self-determination, racial gaslighting around independence negotiations, gender and racial discrimination, and physiological and mental health. This thesis finds that Kanak women have different roles in customary contexts compared to political contexts. This thesis subsequently investigates how Kanak women experience and interpret these roles and highlights links and disconnects between gender roles and experiences in these two spheres. Tensions and negotiations between the customary sphere and the political sphere become very clear in institutions like the Customary Senate which occupies a place between the customary sphere and the Western political sphere. The Kanak women independence activist participants in this research utilise a plethora of strategies to navigate challenges they face in the customary sphere, in wider society, and within the independence movement. This indicates significant self-mobilisation of Kanak women towards gender equitable social change, which development actors should value and support. This research emphasises the intersectionality of Kanak women's experiences, the importance of self-determination to gender and development strategies, and the value of recognising and supporting self-mobilisation. Based on these research findings this thesis argues that decolonisation and decoloniality are integral to gender-focused development.

This thesis studies the literary production of Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Miguelángel López Hernández authors published in Colombia who self-identify as wayuu. During the years 1970-1980, the transcription in conventional alphabetic writing and the translation into Spanish of the wayuu palabra de origen contained in the traditional songs or jayeechis and in the pictographic writing of the indigenous people took place. Our objectiv is to demonstrate that the contemporary literature that follows is a vector of expression of the structures of knowledge carried by the palabra de origen at the same time as it seeks to assert the fundamental rights of the Wayuu by transforming national and international spaces it invests. Thus, the literature of Simanca and López Hernández expresses the agency of the members of the community, despite a desire for the appropriation of indigenous cultural productions by the multicultural state in its search for political legitimacy. It is by emphasizing the agency of Simanca and López Hernández that we can think of the emancipatory character of their literary work, that is to say its conquest of spaces of political and epistemological autonomy by the intermediary of intercultural dialogue. This emancipatory action should be read in connection with the history of the community and with the demands of the indigenous social movements of the twentieth century. Contacts and negotiations in which commercial smuggling plays a central role characterized the history of the Wayuu. Similarly, contemporary literary production sets up circuits of literary smuggling with majoritarian societies in the Americas that challenge their cultural homogeneity by the eruption of indigenous knowledge systems at their centre. ; : Cette thèse étudie la production littéraire d'Estercilia Simanca Pushaina et de Miguelángel López Hernández auteur.e.s publiés en Colombie qui s'auto-identifient comme wayuu. Pendant les années 1970-1980, se produit la transcription en écriture alphabétique conventionnelle et la ...

The traditional image of South American Indians in loincloths & glittering feather headdresses, or in ponchos playing the panflute, seems definitively out of date. Indians no longer live lives of isolation on their reservations. These days, the continent's 44 million strong indigenous population has organized into a significant social & political force. The election last December of Evo Morales in Bolivia, the good turnout for Ollanta Humala in Peru & the unseating of three presidents under pressure from popular uprisings in Ecuador all show that indigenous movements have reached maturity. Everywhere they are fighting against expropriation of natural resources, against an ultra-liberal economic model which undermines their ancestral values of sharing & solidarity, in order to end their exclusion & subservience. Their aim is to take their destiny into their own hands & impose their vision of the world. But will their powerful North American neighbor eventually weigh in against them? Let us hope not. Adapted from the source document.

This thesis studies the literary production of Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Miguelángel López Hernández authors published in Colombia who self-identify as wayuu. During the years 1970-1980, the transcription in conventional alphabetic writing and the translation into Spanish of the wayuu palabra de origen contained in the traditional songs or jayeechis and in the pictographic writing of the indigenous people took place. Our objectiv is to demonstrate that the contemporary literature that follows is a vector of expression of the structures of knowledge carried by the palabra de origen at the same time as it seeks to assert the fundamental rights of the Wayuu by transforming national and international spaces it invests. Thus, the literature of Simanca and López Hernández expresses the agency of the members of the community, despite a desire for the appropriation of indigenous cultural productions by the multicultural state in its search for political legitimacy. It is by emphasizing the agency of Simanca and López Hernández that we can think of the emancipatory character of their literary work, that is to say its conquest of spaces of political and epistemological autonomy by the intermediary of intercultural dialogue. This emancipatory action should be read in connection with the history of the community and with the demands of the indigenous social movements of the twentieth century. Contacts and negotiations in which commercial smuggling plays a central role characterized the history of the Wayuu. Similarly, contemporary literary production sets up circuits of literary smuggling with majoritarian societies in the Americas that challenge their cultural homogeneity by the eruption of indigenous knowledge systems at their centre. ; : Cette thèse étudie la production littéraire d'Estercilia Simanca Pushaina et de Miguelángel López Hernández auteur.e.s publiés en Colombie qui s'auto-identifient comme wayuu. Pendant les années 1970-1980, se produit la transcription en écriture alphabétique conventionnelle et la traduction en espagnol de la parole d'origine wayuu contenue dans les chants traditionnels ou jayeechis et dans l'écriture pictographique du peuple autochtone. Notre objectif est de démontrer que la littérature contemporaine qui s'ensuit est un vecteur d'expression des structures de connaissance portées par la parole d'origine au même temps qu'elle cherche à affirmer les droits fondamentaux des Wayuu en transformant les espaces nationaux et internationaux qu'elle investit. Ainsi, la littérature de Simanca et de López Hernández exprime la capacité d'action des membres de la communauté et ce malgré une volonté d'appropriation des productions culturelles autochtones par l'État multiculturel en vue de sa recherche de légitimité politique. C'est en mettant l'accent sur l'agir de Simanca et de López Hernández que nous pouvons penser le caractère émancipateur de leur œuvre littéraire, c'est-à-dire sa conquête d'espaces d'autonomie politique et épistémologique par l'intermédiaire du dialogue interculturel. Cette action émancipatrice est à lire en lien avec l'histoire de la communauté et en consonance avec les revendications des mouvements sociaux autochtones du XXe siècle. L'histoire des Wayuu est caractérisée par des contacts et des négociations où la contrebande commerciale joue un rôle central. De manière similaire, la production littéraire contemporaine met en place des circuits de contrebande littéraire avec les sociétés majoritaires des Amériques qui remettent en cause leur homogénéité culturelle par l'irruption en leur centre des systèmes de savoir autochtones.

This thesis studies the literary production of Estercilia Simanca Pushaina and Miguelángel López Hernández authors published in Colombia who self-identify as wayuu. During the years 1970-1980, the transcription in conventional alphabetic writing and the translation into Spanish of the wayuu palabra de origen contained in the traditional songs or jayeechis and in the pictographic writing of the indigenous people took place. Our objectiv is to demonstrate that the contemporary literature that follows is a vector of expression of the structures of knowledge carried by the palabra de origen at the same time as it seeks to assert the fundamental rights of the Wayuu by transforming national and international spaces it invests. Thus, the literature of Simanca and López Hernández expresses the agency of the members of the community, despite a desire for the appropriation of indigenous cultural productions by the multicultural state in its search for political legitimacy. It is by emphasizing the agency of Simanca and López Hernández that we can think of the emancipatory character of their literary work, that is to say its conquest of spaces of political and epistemological autonomy by the intermediary of intercultural dialogue. This emancipatory action should be read in connection with the history of the community and with the demands of the indigenous social movements of the twentieth century. Contacts and negotiations in which commercial smuggling plays a central role characterized the history of the Wayuu. Similarly, contemporary literary production sets up circuits of literary smuggling with majoritarian societies in the Americas that challenge their cultural homogeneity by the eruption of indigenous knowledge systems at their centre. ; : Cette thèse étudie la production littéraire d'Estercilia Simanca Pushaina et de Miguelángel López Hernández auteur.e.s publiés en Colombie qui s'auto-identifient comme wayuu. Pendant les années 1970-1980, se produit la transcription en écriture alphabétique conventionnelle et la traduction en espagnol de la parole d'origine wayuu contenue dans les chants traditionnels ou jayeechis et dans l'écriture pictographique du peuple autochtone. Notre objectif est de démontrer que la littérature contemporaine qui s'ensuit est un vecteur d'expression des structures de connaissance portées par la parole d'origine au même temps qu'elle cherche à affirmer les droits fondamentaux des Wayuu en transformant les espaces nationaux et internationaux qu'elle investit. Ainsi, la littérature de Simanca et de López Hernández exprime la capacité d'action des membres de la communauté et ce malgré une volonté d'appropriation des productions culturelles autochtones par l'État multiculturel en vue de sa recherche de légitimité politique. C'est en mettant l'accent sur l'agir de Simanca et de López Hernández que nous pouvons penser le caractère émancipateur de leur œuvre littéraire, c'est-à-dire sa conquête d'espaces d'autonomie politique et épistémologique par l'intermédiaire du dialogue interculturel. Cette action émancipatrice est à lire en lien avec l'histoire de la communauté et en consonance avec les revendications des mouvements sociaux autochtones du XXe siècle. L'histoire des Wayuu est caractérisée par des contacts et des négociations où la contrebande commerciale joue un rôle central. De manière similaire, la production littéraire contemporaine met en place des circuits de contrebande littéraire avec les sociétés majoritaires des Amériques qui remettent en cause leur homogénéité culturelle par l'irruption en leur centre des systèmes de savoir autochtones.

This article thinks through the interconnection between art, education, and human development within the framework of the Latin American peasant and indigenous movements' political praxis. To do this, it is argued that the art conception woven by these political subjects emerges from an apprehension of the heart as the epistemic and ontological nucleus of their feelings, their thinking, and their political action – a sentimental-thoughtful art – which demarcates another paradigm of thought and knowledge building. Thus, I introduce some expressions of the aesthetics of resistance in the sentimental-thoughtful art of the Landless Rural Workers' Movement (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST) and the Zapatista Movement, with an emphasis on the principles that underlie the educational and political dimension of art in the struggle for land, territory, and an emancipatory project. In Latin American and Caribbean history, the sentimental-thoughtful art nurtured the dreams of freedom, emancipation, and justice – and, in times of recrudescence of the class struggle, people cried out for never losing tenderness, in Che Guevara's words. ; Este artículo analiza la interconexión entre arte, educación y formación humana en el ámbito de la praxis política de los movimientos campesinos e indígenas de América Latina. Para hacer esto, se argumenta que la concepción de arte tejida por estos sujetos políticos surge de una aprehensión del corazón como núcleo epistémico y ontológico de sus sentimientos, de su pensamiento y de su acción política – un arte sentipensante – que delimita a otro paradigma de pensamiento y de construcción de conocimiento. Así, presento algunas expresiones de la estética de la resistencia en el arte sentipensante del Movimiento de Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST) y del Movimiento Zapatista, con énfasis en los principios que fundamentan la dimensión educativa y política del arte en la lucha por la tierra, el territorio y un proyecto emancipador. En la historia latinoamericana y caribeña, el arte sentipensante alimentó los sueños de libertad, emancipación y justicia – y, en tiempos de recrudecimiento de la lucha de clases, se clamó por no perderse la ternura jamás, en las palabras del Che Guevara. ; Cet article analyse l'articulation entre art, éducation et formation humaine dans le domaine de la praxis politique des mouvements paysans et indigènes latino-américains. Pour ce faire, il est soutenu que la conception de art tissée par ces sujets politiques émerge d'une appréhension du cœur en tant que noyau épistémique et ontologique de ses sentiments, de sa pensée et de son action politique – un art sentimental-pensant – qui délimite un autre paradigme de pensée et de construction du savoir. Ainsi, je présente quelques expressions de l'esthétique de la résistance dans l'art sentimental-pensant du Mouvement des Travailleurs Ruraux Sans Terre (Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra – MST) et du Mouvement Zapatiste, en mettant l'accent sur les principes qui sous-tendent la dimension éducative et politique de l'art dans la lutte pour la terre, le territoire et un projet émancipateur. Dans l'histoire de l'Amérique Latine et des Caraïbes, l'art sentimental-pensant a nourri des rêves de liberté, d'émancipation et de justice – et, à l'époque d'une intensification de la lutte des classes, des gens criaient pour ne jamais perdre la tendresse, selon les mots de Che Guevara. ; Este artigo tece reflexões sobre a articulação entre arte, educação e formação humana no âmbito da práxis política dos movimentos camponeses e indígenas latino-americanos. Para tanto, argumenta-se que a concepção de arte tecida por esses sujeitos políticos emerge de uma apreensão do coração como núcleo epistêmico e ontológico de seus sentimentos, de seu pensamento e de sua ação política – uma arte sentipensante – que demarca outro paradigma de pensamento e de construção de conhecimento. Nesse sentido, apresento algumas expressões da estética da resistência na arte sentipensante do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e do Movimento Zapatista, com destaque para os princípios que fundamentam a dimensão educativa e política da arte na luta em defesa da terra, do território e de um projeto emancipatório. Na história latino-americana e caribenha, a arte sentipensante alimentou os sonhos de liberdade, emancipação e justiça – e, nos momentos de recrudescimento da luta de classes, clamou-se por não se perder a ternura jamais, nas palavras de Che Guevara.

The article deals with the development of international relations in Central Asia in the 1930s. The research featured the relationship between England and the Soviet Union during the uprising of the indigenous peoples of Xinjiang against the Chinese administration in 1931–1934. The analysis involved recent publications and archival sources. The research clarifies the historical picture of the confrontation between Great Britain and the Soviet Union in Central Asia. London made persistent attempts to establish its control over the rebel movement in order to gain economic and political influence in the province, which it had lost in the 1920s. However, the reciprocal actions of the Soviet government proved effective and completely deprived Britain of any serious prospects in that region. The confrontation, its forms, methods, and results affected the entire complex of international relations in Central Asia. The conflict became the final episode of the Great Game, which later determined the predominant position of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. Contrary to the opinion of many western researchers, the USSR never intended to annex the territory of Xinjiang. The research summarizes the history of international relations in Central Asia. ; Рассмотрены проблемы, связанные с развитием международных отношений в Центральной Азии в 1930‑е гг. Предмет – взаимоотношения Англии и Советского Союза в период восстания коренных народов Синьцзяна против китайской администрации в 1931–1934 гг. Проведен анализ исследований, опубликованных в последние годы, и архивных источников, вновь выявленных и введенных в научный оборот. Сделан ряд выводов и заключений, которые дополняют и уточняют событийную картину противостояния Великобритании и России (Советского Союза) в регионе Центральной Азии. Отмечено, что Лондон предпринимал весьма серьезные и настойчивые попытки установления своего контроля над повстанческим движением, чтобы с его помощью вернуть в провинции утерянное в 1920-х гг. экономиче‑ ское и отчасти политическое влияние. Однако встречные действия советского правительства в развернувшейся борьбе оказались не только более эффективными, но и окончательно лишили Англию сколько-нибудь серьезных перспектив деятельности в этом регионе. Подчеркивается, что противоборство Англии и СССР, развернувшееся в ходе восстания, его формы, методы и итоги отразились на всем комплексе международных отношений в Центральной Азии. Сама схватка стала, по сути, финальным эпизодом «Большой игры», который определил в дальнейшем преимущественное положение Советского Союза в этом регионе. При этом руководство СССР, вопреки мнению многих западных исследователей, никогда не ставило своей целью аннексию территории Синьцзяна. Материалы исследования могут быть использованы в обобщающих работах по истории международных отношений в Центральной Азии.

The February revolution in Russia emphasized the national question in the space of the former Empire and became the impetus for the formation of national movements seeking to promote the interests of individual nationalities and regions in the national political process. The autonomist movement that originated in Turkestan after the revolution is interesting because it was an example of the first national political movement of the modern type of the indigenous population. Local nationalists have formulated a program of national selfdetermination of the population of the region in the form of national-territorial autonomy of Turkestan within the Russian Federal Republic and even tried to put it into practice, proclaiming in November 1917 the government of Turkestan autonomy. The radicalization of the Russian revolutionary process and the October Revolution together with the ideological and organizational immaturity of the national movement, political passivity of the broad strata of the indigenous population did not allow implementing the project of the Turkestan autonomy. However, the status of autonomy was retained by the Soviet government for Turkestan as the Soviet Republic within the RSFSR.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-07 ; Февральская революция в России чрезвычайно актуализировала национальный вопрос на пространстве бывшей империи и стала толчком для формирования национальных движений, стремившихся продвигать интересы отдельных национальностей и регионов в общероссийском политическом процессе. Автономистское движение, зародившееся в Туркестанском крае после революции, интересно тем, что представляло собой пример первого национального политического движения современного типа коренного населения. Местные националисты сформулировали программу национального самоопределения населения края в форме национально-территориальной автономии Туркестана в составе Российской федеративной республики и даже попытались воплотить его на практике, провозгласив в ноябре 1917 г. правительство Туркестанской автономии. Радикализация общероссийского революционного процесса и Октябрьский переворот в совокупности с идейной и организационной незрелостью национального движения, политической пассивностью широких слоев коренного населения не позволили реализовать проект Туркестанской автономии. Однако статус автономии был сохранен советской властью для Туркестана как советской республики в составе РСФСР.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-07