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Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, established in January 2007, is the latest in a long line of Algerian jihadi groups. Like many terrorist organizations, AQIM enjoys global media exposure on activist Internet sites, but unlike other al-Qaeda franchises, it has managed to maintain its indigenous leadership. The group has become known for fearsome suicide attacks, which were previously unheard of in Algeria, but has failed to incorporate the jihadi outfi ts from neighboring Morocco and Tunisia. AQIM has therefore focused on the northern Sahara, carving out safe havens and threatening weak government forces,first in Mauritania, and now increasingly in Mali. At the outset, AQIM's global strategy was based on the triangular dynamic of the Middle East (where Iraq serves as a magnet for potential recruits), North Africa (where the group functions as a regional jihadi recruiting hub), and Europe (where it pursues aggressive propaganda against the French and Spanish "Crusaders"). The demise of al-Qaeda in Iraq jeopardized this grand design, undermining AQIM's capabilities on both sides of the Mediterranean, but although it primarily targets Western "Crusaders" in its own Algerian and Saharan environment, AQIM remains wedded to a global agenda.The threat of AQIM must be contained, and hopefully, ultimately eradicated. Algeria and the other targeted states have a long record of fi ghting similar jihadi networks, but they cannot confront transnational movements without international cooperation. To address this threat, regional security organizations can enhance much-needed bilateral exchanges among law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Additionally, the countries implementing the UN global strategy against terrorism should focus considerable attention on North Africa and the Sahel, where the threat is on the rise, but not yet out of control.

Book reviewed in this article:Thomas J. Biersteker, Multinationals, the State, and Control of the Nigerian Economy.Olusola Akinrinade and J. Kurt Barling (eds), Economic Development in Africa: International Efforts, Issues and Prospects.Kamran Mofid, Development Planning in Iran from Monarchy to Islamic Republic.George Kopils, Structural Reform, Stabilization and Growth in Turkey.Rizwanul Islam (ed.), Rural Industrialization and Employment in Asia.Javier Gonzalo Alcade, The Idea of Third World Development: Emerging Perspectives in the United States and BritainChristopher Layton, Europe and the Global Crisis: a First Exploration of Europe's Potential Contribution to World Order.Roger C. Riddell, Foreign Aid ReconsideredStephen Britton and William C. Clarke (eds), Ambiguous Alternative: Tourism in Small Developing Countries.Rosemary B. Jommo, Indigenous Enterprise in Kenya's Tourism Industry.Clare Wells, The UN, UNESCO and the Politics of Knowledge.Caroline Thomas, In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations.Nzongola‐Ntalaja, Bade Onimode, Bernard Magubane, Harold Wolpe, Kempton Makamure, Fatima Babikar Mahmoud, Abdoulaye Bathily, Africa's Crisis.Alan Berg, Malnutrition. What can be done? Lessons from World Bank Experience.Charles L. Choguill, New Communities for Urban Squatters; Lessons from the Plan that Failed in Dhaka, Bangladesh.John W. Mellor, Christopher L. Delgado and Malcolm J. Blackie (eds), Accelerating Food Production in Sub‐Saharan Africa.James A. Beckford (ed.), New Religious Movements and Rapid Social Change.Kirsten Hoist Petersen (ed.), Religion, Development and African Identity.Jean‐Paul Sajhau and Jiirgen Von Muralt, Plantations and Plantation Workers.Colin Kirk, People in Plantations: A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography.Victor Buhner‐Thomas, The Political Economy of Central America since 1920.Judith Gentleman (ed. h Mexican Politics in Transition.Chris Prouty, Empress Taytu and Menilek II. Ethiopia 1883–1910.Stewart MacPherson and James Midgley, Comparative Social Policy and the Third World.Mansour Khalid (ed.), John Garang Speaks.Robert E. Hudec, Developing Countries in the GA TT Legal System.

Die Rohstoffausbeutung und das Vordringen des Neo-Extraktivismus in Lateinamerika hat enorme Ausmaße angenommen und tiefgreifende Folgen für Mensch und Natur. Maristella Svampa nimmt sich diesem Prozess an und analysiert ihn umfassend aus sozio-ökologischer und politischer Perspektive. Dazu arbeitet sie die historischen Konjunkturen des Neo-Extraktivismus seit 2003 heraus und schlägt für ein besseres Verständnis der Krise das Konzept des Rohstoffkonsens vor. In Bezug auf den sozio-ökologischen Widerstand führt sie das Konzept der ökoterritorialen Wende ein, das die Vorreiterrolle von indigenen Völkern und Frauen besonders betont - und schließlich wendet sie sich den Grenzen der Rohstoffausbeutung mit Blick auf kriminelle Territorialitäten, patriarchale Gewalt und Rechtsextremismus zu

Chapter 1:Introduction: Expanding the Boundaries of Environmental Labour Studies -- Part I: Histories -- Chapter 2: Labour and the Environment in India -- Chapter 3: Energy Transitions in the Global South: the Precarious Location of Unions -- Chapter 4: The New Struggles to be Born: The Difficult Birth of a Democratic Ecosocialist Working-Class Politics -- Chapter 5: The Green New Deal and Just Transition Frames within the American Labour Movement -- Chapter 6: Working-Class Environmentalism: The Case of Northwest Timber Workers -- Chapter 7: Trade Unions and Environmental Justice -- Part II: Seeking Common Ground -- Chapter 8: 'Beware of the Crocodile's Smile': Labour –Environmentalism in the Struggle to Achieve a Just Transition in South Africa -- Chapter 9: Fighting in the Name of Workers: Exploring the Dynamics of Labour-Environmental Conflicts in Kerala -- Chapter 10: Trade Union Politics for a Just Transition: Towards Consensus or Dissensus? -- Chapter 11: Climate Jobs Plans: A Mobilising Strategy in Search of Agency -- Chapter 12: The Role of Ecuadorian Working-Class Environmentalism in Promoting Environmental Justice: an Overview of the Hydrocarbon and Agricultural Sectors -- Chapter 13: A Just Transition for All? A Debate on the Limits and Potentials of a Just Transition in Canada -- Part III: Farmers, Commoners, Communities -- Chapter 14: Labouring the Commons. Amazonia's 'Extractive Reserves' and the Legacy of Chico Mendes -- Chapter 15: Connecting Individual Trajectories and Resistance Movements in Brazil -- Chapter 16: Whose Labour, Whose Land? Indigenous and Labour Conflicts and Alliances over Resource Extraction -- Chapter 17: Commoning Labour, Labouring the Commons: Centring the Commons in Environmental Labour Studies -- Chapter 18: Agroecological Farmer Movements and Advocacy Coalitions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Between De-Politicisation and Re-Politicisation -- Chapter 19: Working-Class Environmentalism in the UK – Organising for Sustainability Beyond the Workplace -- Part IV: Trade Unions and the State -- Chapter 20: A Just Transition Towards Environmental Sustainability for All -- Chapter 21: Labour Resistance against Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform: Neoliberal Discourses and African Realities -- Chapter 22: Challenges and Prospects for Trade Union Environmentalism -- Chapter 23: From 'Just Transition' to the 'Eco-Social State' -- Chapter 24: Environment, Labour and Health: The Ecological-Social Debts of China's Economic Development -- Part V: Organic Intellectuals -- Chapter 25: Trade Union Environmentalists as Organic Intellectuals in the US, UK, and Spain -- Chapter 26: Embedding Just Transition in the USA: The Long Ambivalence -- Chapter 27: Caring for Nature, Justice for Workers: Worldviews on the Relationship Between Labour, Nature, and Justice -- Chapter 28: Individuals Transforming Organisations: Spanish Environmental Policies in Comisiones Obreras -- Part VI: Rethinking and broadening Concepts -- Chapter 29: The Commodification of Human Life: Labour, Energy, and Money in a Deteriorating Biosphere -- Chapter 30: Workers, Trade Unions and the Imperial Mode of Living. Labour Environmentalism from the Perspective of Hegemony Theory -- Chapter 31: André Gorz's Labour-Based Political Ecology and its Legacy for the Twenty First Century -- Chapter 32: Rethinking Labour/Work in a Degrowth Society -- Chapter 33: Labour and Societal Relationships with Nature. Conceptual Implications for Trade Unions -- Chapter 34: Society - Labour - Nature. How to Think the Relationships? -- Chapter 35: Labour Centred Design for Sustainable and Just Transitions -- Chapter 36: Technology and the Future of Work: The Why, How and What of Production.

This paper presents a critical analytical study of agricultural legislation in the African state under Roman rule, with a review of the most important economic features of the state, and the role played by Romanian politics in the development of African economy. The Roman conquest of Africa in 146 BC brought great changes in various economic conditions in Africa, whether in agriculture, industry or commerce, However, African agriculture was the most economic field that experienced changes, where the Roman made several changes, regarding agricultural land-use and the expansion of agriculture and development of management and division into several types according to quality and area, as well as the development of land survey and irrigation systems, through a set of agricultural legislations regulating agriculture and production relations. This agricultural policy resulted in other changes in the fields of industry and trade, which have been largely related to agricultural developments and have relied heavily on their products. The importance of Africa in the Romanian economy: after the Romans opened Africa in 146 BC. The Roman followed the policy of imposing control over occupied African territory, as a public property of the Roman people Ager Publicus Popli romani from the perspective of the Roman law, the Roman administration has expropriated the ownership of African lands from indigenous peoples and redistribution to the Roman settlers. Not only was that done by appropriating fertile lands but also pastoral lands and forests, and creating new administrative sections, until Roman Africa became a province completely different from the Punic Africa after the fall of Carthage, turning it into Romanian control. The Roman occupation of Africa has been associated with economic and social problems in Rome and Italy and the reform movement by the Gracos' brothers, where the People's Movement considered settlement and the distribution of land to the poor Latin and Italians a solution to the social problems that emerged in Rome as a result of the destruction on the Italian territory. The populist view led to a state of boiling and conflict between the aristocracy and the People's Movement. In order to control African territory In 123 BC, the aristocratic-popular struggle began on the land of Africa when Giacos Gracos 163-133 BC and succeeded in issuing the Rubros Law known as Lex Rubria. It came in favor of the proletariat where the law allocates a large area of land distributed to six thousand Romans by 50 hectares per person at the expense of land owners. The enactment of that law had brought about the Roman aristocracy unity against Jayos Gracos and his brother. After violent confrontations, the aristocracy regained control of the great monarchy and the conflict led to the deaths of the Gracos. Later, this conflict determined the fate of African territory, where the aristocrats of the Senato Council controlled the large monarchies. They preferred to hire people to bring Italians, and only a very little remained in the hands of the Romanian proletariat

El auge de los agrocombustibles en los últimos diez años ha respondido en gran medida a los intereses de las Empresas Trasnacionales vinculadas al agronegocio y la energía, así como a las élites políticas y económicas de los países más industrializados. Los altos niveles de producción y consumo de agroenergía en Brasil, bajo el modelo de agronegocio, son justificados por laboratorios científicos, élites agrícolas y empresarios nacionales e internacionales, que en muchas ocasiones cuentan con el apoyo del Gobierno Federal y los regionales. Queda demostrado en el presente trabajo que este esquema productivo en Brasil es generador de violencia e impacta negativamente sobre los campesinos, indígenas, pueblos tradicionales y el medio ambiente de manera general, a lo cual se oponen actores políticos y sociales, dentro de los que se destaca el Movimiento de Trabajadores Rurales Sin Tierra [MST]; uno de los mayores movimientos campesinos de Latinoamérica, con una declarada vocación socialista y solidaria, que de manera general manifiesta su oposición contra el carácter depredador del modo de producción capitalista. El objetivo de esta investigación es fundamentar cómo el MST ha venido gestionado, a través de métodos de lucha noviolenta, el conflicto de los agrocombustibles en Brasil desde el 2003 hasta el 2013. Se verifica en el estudio que el movimiento asume un enfoque pacífico como principio para exigir sus reivindicaciones. Su estrategia y tácticas de acción política así lo demuestran, aun cuando se enfrentan a adversarios muy poderosos económicamente, extremadamente violentos, respaldados de forma directa o indirecta por el Gobierno y por los medios de difusión. ; The agrofuels boom in the last ten years has responded to the interests of Transnational Corporations linked to agribusiness and energy, as well as to the political and economic elites of the most industrialized countries. The high levels of production and consumption of agroenergy in Brazil, under the agribusiness model, are justified by scientific laboratories, agricultural elites and national and international entrepreneurs, who often are supported by the Federal and regional governments. It has been demonstrated in the present work that this productive scheme in Brazil has been a great generator of violence and has an adverse impact on peasants, indigenous and traditional peoples and the wider environment. Several political and social actors are opposed to the agribusiness model; the Movement of Landless Rural Workers [MST] stands out in that struggle; It is one of the largest peasant movements in Latin America, with a declared socialist and solidary vocation, which generally expresses its opposition to the predatory nature of the capitalist production mode. The major aim of this research is to establish how the MST has been faced the conflict of agrofuels in Brazil from 2003 to 2013, through methods of nonviolent struggle. It has been verified in the study that the movement assumes a peaceful approach as a principle to demand their claims. Its political action strategy and tactics demonstrate this, even when they face very powerful adversaries economically, extremely violent, backed directly or indirectly by the Government and the media. ; Tesis Univ. Granada. Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales

Переселенческое движение в Сибирь в пореформенное время стало первым опытом организации массовых народных миграций, не связанных с исключительно военно-стратегическими задачами или исправительно-карательными нуждами. Со второй половины XIX в. расширяется географический ареал аграрной колонизации Сибири, когда в спектр миграционной активности населения вовлекаются новые земли южной степной полосы Западной Сибири. Выявление подходов центральной и региональной власти к освоению этих земель, с учётом народной колонизационной парадигмы, даёт возможность определения логики и результатов аграрной колонизации Сибири в целом. ; The author focused on the problem of migration movement in the agricultural areas of the Steppes of Western Siberia, concerning the state regulation of the colonization process of the second half of XIX early XX centuries. The starting point of the research was the Great Reform of 1861 year which gifted liberty to peasants but did not cope with the agrarian problem in Russia. The incompleteness of such conversions stimulated migration mobility of the agricultural contingent that largely raised the activity of the central and regional bureaucracies to develop a program to subdue the eastern (borderlands), as well as the adoption of the resolutions regulating the colonization process which were displayed in the legislative and circular work. On the substantive aspect, migration to the Steppe Region (mainly to Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk Oblasts) coincided with the general outlines of migration to other parts of Western Siberia -Tobolsk and Tomsk Provinces. However, in this process there were also a number of specific points. Firstly, the development of the southern steppe zone of Western Siberia started later and was of great strategic and military importance for the Russian Empire, which was realized in the active work of the administrative structures of the region and added a lot of powers to the local bureaucracy. Secondly, within the Steppes, Russian population was constantly in contact with the indigenous so that it required the government to participate actively in the consideration of the issue of migration. During the incorporation of the steppe territory with the Russian Empire, the principles of migration policy underwent constant modifications. The conflict between the higher central and the regional bureaucracy caused to constant and rigid discussion concerning feasibility of organizing the migration process within the boundaries of the Steppe Governor-General (Governorate General). At the same time, the vast majority of the Siberian institutions and agencies aggressively lobbied the idea of limiting and terminating of the migration movement in the Steppe Region. However, the migration movement itself was structured and developed mostly out of the state regulations. In the peasant community, direct or indirect restrictions relating to migrations and initiated by the representatives of the authorities, were either ignored or interpreted as a direct guide to implement their own migration motives. The reason for migration was the letters of those who had already moved beyond the Urals, as well as unchecked information distributed within the peasant community via informal channels. Thus, in many aspects the state regularly faced the facts of unsanctioned, unauthorized migration, and was compelled to recognize it post factum. Real economic achievements of migrants, who equipped in the agricultural districts of the Steppes Region, were of great importance to modify the state migration program.

Die internationalen Grenzen, welche die Vereinigten Staaten von Kanada und Mexiko trennen, sind für Amerikas und Kanadas indigene Völker von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Auferlegung der Grenzen hat das Leben dieser Völker drastisch beeinflusst, da diese ganze Gemeinschaften voneinander trennen. Die eingeführte Grenzpolitik hat nicht nur zu einer allgemeinen Einschränkung der Bewegungsfreiheit geführt, sondern auch dazu, dass indigene Völker ihre eigene Identität hinterfragen. An den Grenzen treffen diese nicht nur auf Rassismus, sondern sehen sich darüber hinaus häufig dazu gezwungen, sich entweder als kanadische/r oder amerikanische/r Staatsbürger/in zu positionieren, da ihnen sonst der Zugang zu den Vereinigten Staaten oder Kanada verweigert wird. Diese Problematik wird im ersten Teil der Diplomarbeit analysiert und die Auswirkungen dieser Grenzen für indigene Völker in den USA und Kanada erforscht. Ein theoretischer Hintergrund der historischen Ereignisse, beginnend mit der Kolonisierung Amerikas und Kanadas, ist notwendig, um jene diskriminierende Situation zu verstehen, in der sich diese Gruppen noch heute befinden. Aufgrund des gesteigerten Interesses an Grenzstudien in den letzten Jahren wird der zweite Teil dieser Diplomarbeit einer eingehenden Analyse ausgewählter Texte der Autoren Thomas King und Sherman Alexie gewidmet sein. Grenzen und Grenzübergänge, sowohl fiktive als geografische, werden durch beide Autoren thematisiert. Durch Humor, Satire und Ironie - Merkmale, die bei beiden Autoren aufzufinden sind, wird auch Kritik geäußert. Diese wird vor allem sichtbar durch die Herausforderungen, denen sich die fiktiven Figuren stellen. Das Hauptaugenmerk der Analyse von Kings und Alexies Werken liegt auf den unterschiedlichen Wahrnehmungen von Grenzen und Grenzübergängen durch ihre Protagonist/innen sowie auf den Auswirkungen dieser geografischen und fiktiven Grenzen auf deren Identitäts- und Zugehörigkeitsgefühl. ; The international borders, which separate the United States from Canada and Mexico, have tremendously impacted Natives in various ways. The imposition of these borders has affected American and Canadian Native life drastically as they separate Native lands, nations, and people. Border policies that have been put into place have not only impeded the free movement of indigenous people, but also caused them to question their own identity. Along with issues of racism, Native AMericans and First Nations often find themselves forced to declare their citizenship as either Canadian or American as they otherwise get denied access to the United States or Canada. Problems like this have remained unchanged and will be addressed in the first half of the paper. The main focus will be on the analysis of the role and impact of borders in the eyes of Native Americans and First Nations in the United States and Canada. Thus, a theoretical background of the historical occurrences starting with the colonization of the Americas is necessary in order to understand the discriminatory situation in which indigenous people find themselves today. As there has been an increasing interest in border studies in recent years, the second half of the paper will be dedicated to an in-depth analysis of the two very popular Native authors Thomas King and Sherman Alexie. Borders, whether fictional or geographical, are investigated in selected texts by both authors. Even though humor, satire, and irony are characteristics that can be found in their works, serious issues are addressed as well through the challenges of their fictional characters. The main focus of the analysis of Kings and Alexies narratives lies on the different perceptions of borders and border crossings by their protagonists, as well as on the impact those geographical and fictional borders have on their feelings of identity and belonging. ; vorgelegt von Katja Kronawetter ; Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Diplomarbeit, 2020 ; (VLID)5099202

The project is the second part of the investigation, " Bolivia : the discursive construction of the neoliberal crisis." The work has four conclusions: a) the applicability of the political categories of Antonio Gramsci to the crisis of the neoliberal model in Bolivia , b ) the hegemony of neoliberal policies in the period of 1985-2000 , c ) the period of 2000- 2005 is a consequence of inequality produced by the neoliberal model d ) the peasant indigenous - native - government begins to change the economic order , but without achieving economic hegemony.The research "Bolivia: the discursive construction of the neoliberal crisis. Indianismo readings and Bolivian left during the 'short memory' (2000-2005). Part II: neoliberalism in Bolivia" reconstructs the rise of neoliberalism in the Plurinational State of Bolivia Supreme Decree 21060, consolidation in the 90s and its crisis in the early twenty-first century. The research highlights the period 2000-2005 in which four clashes between the popular bloc and the traditional parties weregiven: the Water War, roadblocks, and February Bolivian Gas War.In terms of communication, the study analyzes the discourses on the neoliberal model throughthe point of view of Bolivian authors, and interviews with academics and intellectuals. In this sense,the study also devotes a final chapter that discusses the construction of a new economic hegemonyby the indigenous and peasant in front of the Presidency of the State movement. ; El proyecto corresponde a la segunda parte de la investigación "Bolivia: la construcción discursiva de la crisis neoliberal". El trabajo presenta cuatro conclusiones: a) la aplicabilidad de las categorías políticas de Antonio Gramsci a la crisis del modelo neoliberal en Bolivia, b) la hegemonía de políticas neoliberales en el período que va de 1985 a 2000, c) el período de 2000-2005 es consecuencia de la inequidad producida por el modelo neoliberal y d) el gobierno indígena-originario-campesino comienza a modificar el orden económico, pero sin lograr la hegemonía económica.La investigación, "Bolivia: la construcción discursiva de la crisis neoliberal. Las lecturas del indianismo y de la izquierda boliviana durante la 'memoria corta' (2000-2005). Parte II: el neoliberalismo en Bolivia", reconstruye el surgimiento del neoliberalismo en el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia con el Decreto Supremo 21.060, su consolidación en la década del 90 y su crisis a comienzos de siglo XXI. La investigación destaca el período 2000-2005 en el cual se dieron cuatro choques entre el bloque popular y los partidos tradicionales: la Guerra del Agua, los bloqueos de caminos, el Febrero Boliviano y la Guerra de Gas.En el plano de la comunicación, el estudio analiza los discursos sobre el modelo neoliberal a la luz de bibliografía de autores bolivianos, y entrevistas con académicos e intelectuales. En este sentido también dedica un último capítulo que analiza la construcción de una nueva hegemonía económica por parte del movimiento indígena y campesino al frente de la Presidencia del Estado.

Source: DOI:10.1080/00233609.2016.1207701 ; The article explores the construction of Sami national heritage taking works from a touring exhibition, Gierdu, as the object for exploration. The exhibition opened in 2009 displaying 27 artworks from the art collection at RiddoDuottarMuseat in Karasjok in Norway. The exploration is contextualised as an understanding of heritage, tradition and modernity as dynamic concepts dealing with how we interpret and validate the past in the present. Artworks, both categorised as duodji, and dáidda are on display in Gierdu. In the early years of the Sami ethno-political movement, duodji was considered authentic Sami, while dáidda was considered non-Sami. In recent years, both Sami and other scholars have questioned the difference, claiming the relation between tradition and modernity as appropriations, dialogues and encounters rather than oppositions. Through a reading of a selection of works from the exhibition, several appropriations are found. One appropriation is how duodji is institutionalised in the art museum. Another is how Western, modernist art is included in a Sami collection of art. A third appropriation is how contemporary art practices as assemblage reintroduces magic and ritual to the gallery, from which such distractions previously were removed. The most important construction of heritage in Gierdu is the reconstruction of a space important for duodji – operating between the sacred and the profane. The reconstructed space has the same, dynamic qualities, but instead of a space between the sacred and the profane, art in the reconstructed space operates between tradition and modernity. This article will explore the construction of Sami national heritage by analysing works from the touring exhibition Gierdu. The 27 artworks on display in Gierdu all belong to the RiddoDuottarMuseat's (RDM's) collections, comprising 1200 artworks acquired since the early 1970s.11. RDM is an abbreviation of RiddoDuottarMuseat/The Sami Museum Collections. View all notes The collections, previously called The Sami Collections, are housed in Karasjok and was the first Sami cultural institution established in Norway. It opened in 1972 in a modernist building partly designed and decorated by the late Sami artist Iver Jåks (1932–2007). The establishment of one's own cultural institutions has been part of indigenous people's self-determination; to claim the position of subject has been a strategy to counteract the previous objectification in museums and art galleries.22. More about the relation between indigenous people and Western museums and art institutions, see James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art, Cambridge, MA, 1988, pp. 215–254. View all notes In the Norwegian part of Sápmi, both political and cultural Sami institutions have evolved in response to the cultural revitalisation the last 40 years.33. Paul Pedersen and Asle Høgmo, Sápmi slår tilbake: Samiske revitaliserings- og moderniseringsprosesser i siste generasjon, Kárášjohka, 2012, p. 19. View all notes Initially, The Sami Collections was mainly a museum of Sami cultural history, but one that also collected art. A committee of Sami artists has selected the acquisitions, and artists from all over Sápmi are represented. The art collection, funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Sami Parliament, is one of many examples of the institutional affirmation that have taken place. In Sami, the title Gierdu means "connection" or "circle", which relates to the traditional Sami understanding of time as cyclic rather than linear. The subtitle of the project, "Movements in the Sami Art World", addresses the project's goal to show movements in Sami art, and the dynamics and diversity in contemporary Sami art practices.44. Eva Skotnes Vikjord and Irene Snarby (Eds.), Gierdu: Bevegelser i samisk kunstverden/Sirdimat sámi duodje- ja dáiddamáilmmis, Bodø, 2009, p. 7.In addition to the touring exhibition, Gierdu consisted of seminars, a catalogue, and a website http://gierdu.no (12.05.2016). View all notes RDM cooperated with SKINN (Se Kunst i Nord-Norge) to curate Gierdu, which opened in 2009.55. SKINN is an abbreviation of a publicly funded organisation mediating art in northern Norway (Se Kunst I Nord-Norge). View all notes The objects for exploring the construction of Sami cultural heritage will be works that were on display in Gierdu, not the entire collection. The exploration divides the works into two categories: First "Duodji and tradition", then "Dáidda – The contemporary art practices". The motivation for this division is the fact that it still prevails both in the definition of Sami art provided by Sami Artists' Union and in RDM's description of the art collection.66. The distinction appears in the Sami Artists' Union's definition of Sami art. See Synnøve Persen (Ed.), Sámi Dáiddárleksikona/Samisk Kunstnerleksikon, Alta, 1993, pp. 8–9 and at the RDM webpage http://rdm.no/norsk/samisk_kunst/ (12.05.2016). The distinction also appears in numerous texts about Sami art. See Hanna H. Hansen, Fortellinger om samisk samtidskunst, Karasjok, 2007, p. 13f. View all notes Consequently, the exploration will in addition reconsider this division. Descriptions and analyses of the selected works will serve to elucidate my argument about the existence of twinning, appropriation, dialogues and encounters between tradition and modernity on various levels in Sami cultural heritage.

The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. ; Winner of the 2022 Friends of the Kreitzberg Library Award for Outstanding Research in the University Archives category. ; Brown 1 Looking Back on the Representation of LGBTQ+ Members, People of Color, & Women An Analysis of The Chameleon Literary Journal, 1961 — Present Lydia Brown Department of English & Communications, Norwich University EN 415: English Internship Professor Sean Prentiss Fall 2021 Brown 2 Abstract The Chameleon Literary Journal has served as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine since 1961. Under the mentorship of its advisor Professor Sean Prentiss, third-year student Lydia Brown analyzed all past publishings in order to understand the extent to which Norwich University students represented LGBTQ+ members, people of color, and women throughout the years. This internship also allowed her to explore the overall history of The Chameleon Literary Journal, including its distinct differences from era to era. As the final product, such findings were accumulated over the course of a single semester and comprised into the following written report. Brown 3 The Chameleon | 1961 - Present Brief Historical Background Founded in 1961, The Chameleon Literary Journal continues to serve as Norwich University's arts and creative writing magazine under a team of student editors. Norwich University undergraduate and graduate students are welcome to submit various pieces for review, such as visual arts, drama, poetry, creative nonfiction, and fiction. Sean Prentiss, a published author and professor of creative writing, was selected to be the advisor of the journal when he arrived on campus in 2012. Since his arrival, he has assisted the journal in becoming multilingual by translating students' creative writing pieces into multiple languages. In addition, three-four creative writing awards are issued annually to writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body. Brown 4 Introduction Significance of Representation Representation is a system for unambiguously organizing values, ideas, and conduct — all of which enable communication and social exchange amongst members of a particular group or community. From birth onward, an individual's self-c 1 oncept and values are affected by the surrounding environment. Adolescence is an especially critical period for identity development as the classroom serves as the primary site of socialization, although the American K-12 and college school systems have previously marginalized students who were perceived as different. Women are also encouraged from an early age to adhere to the traditional role of a homemaker, rather than pursue vocational training, higher education, and careers in STEM. As the reader will observe in the following excerpts from The Chameleon Literary Journal, Norwich University is no stranger to marginalization as women were not officially admitted for enrollment prior to the mid-1970s. Telltale signs found in the language used by Norwich student contributors indicate that slurs, stereotypes, and insults used against minorities and women were normalized for much of the Chameleon's history. It was not until the early 2000s that there appears to be a significant social shift within the student body due to the increasing presence of minorities and women on campus. Based on these findings, American society seemed to finally be becoming more inclusive, allowing minority Norwich students to express themselves freely, develop social stability, and gain a sense of acknowledgment through positive identity formation as well as representation. 1 "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https://dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Brown 5 Baby Boomers | 1946 - 1964 Brief Historical Background Following World War II and the Great Depression, a significant spike in birth rates occurred throughout the United States. Approximately 76.4 million babies were born over the course of these nineteen years. Most historians claim that this phenomenon stems from the general population's desire to establish their own families — an undertaking that was previously postponed due to World War II. The Servicemen's Readjustment Act also gave soldiers an additional reason to have larger families as the G.I. Bill granted stipends for college tuition, job-finding assistance, and housing expenses. During this time period, economic growth began to increase and the majority of Americans had an optimistic outlook for the future. This encouraged families to relocate from the sparse countryside to the bustling atmospheres of nearby cities. Once these cities were overcrowded by newcomers, plans for large residential communities were undertaken by housing pioneer William Levitt who created the suburbs as a result.2 However, those with xenophobic tendencies followed quickly relocated to the suburbs as cities became miniature melting pots of integrated immigrants with various political, social, and economic backgrounds. This sparked disputes among the American people as legalized statutes remained persistent in enforcing segregation at both the state and local capacity.3 2 Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) 3 The first three years of the Chameleon were released during the Baby Boomers generation but were mostly written by students who were born during the Silent Generation (1928-1945). Brown 6 Baby Boomers Overview of Significant Events • Brown v. Board of Education becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1954). • Civil Rights Movement begins (1954). • Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a public bus (1955). • Montgomery Bus Boycott tackles segregation on the public transit system (1955). • Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American, is lynched in Mississippi (1955). • 1956 Sugar Bowl becomes the first integrated college football game in the South (1956). • Civil Rights Act becomes the first federal civil rights legislation since 1875 (1957). • Little Rock Crisis prevents students from enrolling in a racially segregated school (1957). • Greensboro sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Nashville sit-ins initiate protests regarding the South's policy of segregation (1960). • Gay Liberation Movement begins (1960). • Alliance for Progress initiates improved economic cooperation with Latin America (1961). • Katherine Johnson assists NASA's 1962 Friendship 7 Mission (1962). • Civil Rights Act establishes federal inspection of voter registration polls (1960). • Children's Crusade addresses segregation within the school system (1963). • Martin Luther King Jr. leads the March on Washington (1963). • Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique (1963). • President Johnson proposes the Great Society to combat poverty and racial injustice (1963). • Civil Rights Act outlaws discrimination based on race, religion, and sex (1964). Brown 7 Baby Boomers The Chameleon Highlights "A young woman driving a truck!? That was unusual, no doubt about it…Stupid woman, all guts, and no brains! … Maybe you can imagine what went on inside the young man when an officer stopped him and hurriedly said; Never mind, mister, there's nothin' you can do, she's dead, just some dirty n***** woman truck driver" (1963). 4 —- An excerpt from "The Wanderers" by R. Reid The use of profanities towards both people of color and women appears to be a commonality amongst Norwich student contributors from the Chameleon's founding in 1961 through much of the decade. In this short story, "The Wanderers," terms such as stupid and dirty are used to target a woman of color for being a trucker. The author continues to expand the character's description by using calling the woman the N-word. Deriving from the Spanish word negro, the N-word is now considered taboo as its connotation has been predominantly used by white people to demean those of color. Black social identity has been especially damaged by the usage of this word as it severs their overall sense of national belonging. 5 4 Complete usage of the word is censored in respect of the black community. 5 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https:// doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469628578.003.0002. Brown 8 "…I saw everything. The city has been purified, swept clean, and now fosters only the black scars and in glorious moments of the past…You liar! You had to see the city die! You had to see it spill its false entrails out in the rotten streets to be devoured by the cleansing fires. This place is no longer dirty…" (1961). —- An excerpt from "The Dream Monger" by Anonymous In this short story, "The Dream Monger," the phrase cleansing fires reveals itself to be the cause of death and destruction. Like the Holocaust, mass genocides often surround ideologies associated with ethnic cleansing. This allows for a geographical area to become ethnically homogeneous under an establishment of power. In 20th-century America, for example, Anglo- American colonialism constituted the genocide of countless Natives in America and around the world. Such events will never be widely coined as genocide, however, due to the number of those who survived exploitation, disease, malnutrition, and neglect. 6 The term black scars also leads to further speculation that this short story may involve post-slavery events of America's racial segregation system. One of which included the Tulsa race massacre, decimating the Black business ecosystem and killing 6,000 community members. 7 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women, although there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members.8 6 Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. 7 Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. 8 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 9 Generation X | 1965 - 1980 Brief Historical Background Those who grew up during this time were accustomed to having a sense of independence from an early age. This was caused by the increased divorce rates throughout the United States, the unique dynamics of single-parent households, and dual-income parents who were not able to spend as much time at home. Most parents found a life-long career in computers, business management, construction, or transportation. Although routinely working long hours, they still managed to find a healthy balance between exhibiting their creative freedoms within the workplace and maintaining personal relationships with their children. Also referred to as latchkey kids, Gen Xers often spent their downtime conversing with friends via email, channel surfing on the television, or playing video games. They also seemed to have a deep interest in musical genres associated with social-tribal identities, including punk rock and heavy metal. This meant that music became an important self-identifying factor, even influencing the type of attire an individual wore on a daily basis. In the 1960s and 1970s, a countercultural movement known as the hippie era catalyzed other self-identifying factors — especially for those who identified as members of the LGBTQ+ community. American writer Allen Ginsberg formed the core of the movement as he openly opposed all military efforts, sexual repression, and capitalism.9 Ginsburg also identified as gay, serving as positive a role model for members of the LGBTQ+ community and allies alike. 10 9 Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. 10 Eleven years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation X but were mostly written by students who were born during the Baby Boomers generation (1946-1964). Brown 10 Generation X Overview of Significant Events • Selma to Montgomery marches promote voting rights for African Americans (1965). • Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American Supreme Court Justice (1965). • Immigration & Nationality Act outlaws de facto discrimination against immigrants (1965). • Voting Act outlaws racial discrimination in voting (1965). • Malcolm X is assassinated (1965). • Watts Riots occur in light of Marquette Frye's arrest (1965). • Nation Organization for Women is established (1966). • American Indian Movement is founded (1967). • Detroit Riot sheds blood between black residents and the Detroit Police Department (1967). • Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated (1968). • Fair Housing Act outlaws discrimination regarding housing (1968). • Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman elected to Congress (1968). • East Los Angeles Walkouts are organized by Mexican American students (1968). • Stonewall Riots call for LGBTQ+ members to respond to police raids (1969). • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1971). • AIM protests against injustice under law enforcement towards Native Americans (1972). • Roe v. Wade becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (1973). • Billie Jean King wins the "Battle of the Sexes" tennis match (1973). • Beverly Johnson becomes the first black model on the cover of Vogue (1974). Brown 11 Generation X Relevance to The Chameleon "The pedestrian Walks, talks, and discriminates On such vital and valid criteria as Color, breeding and religion. Sees sex, and is offended. Grows indignant. Has a firm conviction that freedom of speech sometimes goes too far When it lets Martin Luther King "cause trouble" and "incite" riots" (1965). —- An excerpt from "The Pedestrian" by Jacob Sartz Unlike most pieces of writing from the 1960s publishings, this free verse poem seems to call out the discriminatory tendencies of others. The author especially targets any person whose ideologies are rooted in racism, sexism, and other gateways leading to unequal treatment. By labeling them as the pedestrian, such subtlety creates an effect where anyone can be the principal character and thus the reader may begin to question their own actions. As the author begins to shift towards a more political ambiance, African American activist Martin Luther King Jr. is mentioned. From the pedestrian's perspective, however, King is known to overstep the principle of free speech with the exception of cases where it benefits the white majority. Brown 12 "He had gone through a variety of different girls in the next six years, and he had accumulated an assortment of different names in his address book, including a few of the local sweethearts that he'd called up in dire sexual emergencies… When he had heard that his little "streetlight girl" had been married, he put a check next to her name in the book as he had done for several other old flames that had been put out of commission for one reason or another. He thought of her a little while after that, but closed the book as he had always done" (1970). —- An excerpt from "The Street Light" by Paul LeSage Unlike our example directly above, there are several alarming factors sprinkled throughout this short story, revealing how a man uses the sexual objectification of women to his advantage. The man's use of an address book further proves this implication as the women he has been sexually involved with are jotted down in writing. Visually speaking, the reader may think of a grocery list or an inventory of stock goods when it comes to the address book's description. The man proceeds to check off the women who no longer sexually benefit him all while refusing to use their real names, ultimately dehumanizing them in the process. This allows the reader to further explore the harmful effects of sexual objectification, pushing them to decipher the differences between sex and sexualizing.11 11 Many other excerpts were found focusing on a more negative portrayal of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 13 Generation Y | 1981 - 1996 Brief Historical Background Many of those who were either born into this generation or lived through it prioritized their careers and personal interests above marriage. This means that they were having fewer children than their predecessors. Like Gen Xers, Millenials were known to be tech-savvy with a specific preference to communicate through email or text. MTV brought them further reason to enjoy screen time when the cable channel was launched in 1981. Originally created to showcase music videos, MTV quickly moved to television personalities. Michael Jackson, for example, served as the precedent for television personalities and leading artists, topping the charts throughout the duration of the 1980s. He eventually became one of the most well-loved television personalities who dedicated much of his offscreen time to charitable efforts. Prince, Whitney Houston, Diana Ross, and many others followed closely behind. Based on the increased media representation of minority artists, it's safe to say that this particular time frame allowed for people of color to debut their own music videos for the first time. This urged the public to gravitate towards soul music and R&B, marking the start of this generation's willingness to embrace black creators. Alongside music, technological advances in STEM were budding with breakthroughs. Women paved the way towards many of these breakthroughs under large startups and federal organizations, inspiring younger girls to do the same through higher education. 12 12 Eighteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Y but mostly written by students who were born during Generation X (1965-1976). Brown 14 Generation Y Overview of Significant Events • Asian American/Pacific Islander Heritage Week is implemented in May (1979). • Boston African American National Historic Site is established (1980). • AIDS Epidemic begins, causing numerous deaths in the LGBTQ+ community (1981). • Sandra Day O'Connor is nominated as the first female Supreme Court Justice (1981). • Federation of Survival Schools leads legal education seminars for Native students (1984). • Ellison Onizuka, the first Asian-American in space, dies in the Challenger disaster (1986). • Minneapolis AIM Patrol refocuses on protecting native women in Minneapolis (1987). • Sally K. Ride becomes the first American woman in space (1983). • Susan Kare made typeface contributions to the first Apple Macintosh (1983). • Michael Jordan is named the NBA's "Rookie of the Year " (1985). • Nadia Perlman invents the spanning-tree protocol (1985). • Carole Ann-Marie Gist becomes the first African American to win Miss USA (1990). • Freddie Mercury dies from AIDS (1991). • Rodney King is brutally beaten by LAPD officers (1991). • AIM revives the Sun Dance ceremony in Pipestone, Minnesota (1991). • Los Angeles Riots result in numerous deaths and $1 billion in damage (1992). • Mae Jemison becomes the first African American woman in space (1992). • National Coalition in Sports & Media Forms is established by native leaders (1992). • "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" bars the LGBTQ+ community from military service (1993). Brown 15 Generation Y Relevance to The Chameleon "I slowly adapt myself to another man's world, But I soon realize that my character is a reflection Of a foreign spectrum I see myself through another man's eyes, My words come from another man's mouth, And my ideals are relocated from another man's mind" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Nostalgic Experience" by Noble Francis Allen America's social construction has continued to uphold whiteness throughout the duration of its history, while people of color must condition themselves to that of the norm. In this case, the author speaks in the first person, signifying their position as the principal character who is faced with having to mirror the way others perceive the world. This implies that the narrator may have had a weakened sense of self-identity at the time this poem was written. Self-identity is an especially important feature as it consists of the traits, characteristics, social relations, and roles that define who one is. An individual's racial and ethnic 13 background is also included within the same realm due to the distinguishment of their given group's cultural values, kinship, and beliefs.14 13 Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. 14 Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378. Brown 16 "Across his back is a deerskin quiver, and in the quiver, there are seven feathered arrows. Gripped in his sweaty palm is an oak bow. A golden-handled sword, whose blade is as long as a man's leg, hangs from his waist. Its once binding shine has been replaced by a thick coat of blood. His skin is the color of golden honey, and his hair is the reflection of yellow sunshine… A woman emerges from the foliage of the wildwood. Warm sunshine gleams off of browned skin. Raven-black hair drops over a slender neck, and ends upon soft shoulders. Unsuspecting almond-eyes gaze wildly at the sky. She is nude. Her breasts are round, full, and tipped with chocolate nipples. A thin waist gives way to broad hips, and eventually slender legs" (1980). —- An excerpt from "A Blind Odin" by Mitchell T. Kubiak This short story, "A Blind Odin," depicts a deep contrast between the description of a man and the description of a woman. The man embodies characteristics associated with a skilled hunter, such as strength and courage. The woman, however, is only described based on her physical features, all of which seem to align with the male gaze. For those who are not familiar with feminist theory, the male gaze is perceived from a masculine heterosexual perspective with aspects of voyeurism, objectification, fetishism, and scopophilia attached.15 Further descriptions of the woman's bodily proportions also suggest clues about the author, although it is crucial for the reader to understand that Norwich University had very few female candidates at the time this short story was written. 16 15 Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https:// doi.org/10.2307/2928465. 16 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of the BIPOC community and women during this time. However, there was no mention of LGBTQ+ members. Brown 17 Generation Z | 1997 - 2009 Brief Historical Background Gen Zers are the first to experience technological advances from birth onward. Once the majority reached adolescence, it became evident that there was a growing demand for portable devices. Although the first smartphone was released by IBM during the early 1990s, its overall bulkiness and poor battery life were not ideal for communication lines. Apple has since become the most popular phone brand in the United States. It also helped that the company released the iPod, a portable music device with, at the time, the ability to store over 200 songs. The same year also marked the events of several terrorist attacks on September 11th. Two jet airliners shattered the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in a series of terrorist attacks, killing nearly 3,000 people and injuring twice as many. Those responsible were later identified as members of al-Quaeda, a militant Islamist organization led by Saudi Arabian terrorist Osama bin Laden. Life became all the more difficult for Muslim Americans as they continuously experienced the dangers of Islamophobia on a daily basis. Such dangers surrounded an ongoing spike in hate crimes, ranging from cold-blooded murder to vandalism of places of worship. Even when there was a slight decline in hate crimes years later, Muslim Americans continued to struggle with employment discrimination. Many of those who practiced Islam were either laid off or turned away during the hiring process for reasons directly relating to their religion. By the end of Generation Z, religion no longer served as a determining factor during the hiring process and diversity became a primary focus in the workplace. 17 17 Thirteen years of Chameleon issues were released during Generation Z but were mostly written by students who were born during Generation Y (1977-1995). Brown 18 Generation Z Overview of Significant Events • Gary Locke becomes the first Asian American governor of a mainland state (1996). • Kalpana Chawla boards Columbia as the first woman in space of Indian origin (1997). • Serena Williams wins the U.S. Open Women's Singles Tennis Championship (1999). • Maurice Ashley becomes the world's first black Grandmaster in chess (2000). • Permanent Partners Immigration Act is introduced to Congress (2000). • Equality Mississippi is founded as an LGBT civil rights organization (2000). • Millennium March on Washington raises awareness of LGBT issues (2000). • Elaine Chao is selected as the first Asian American to be Secretary of Labor (2001). • Patriot Act allows the indefinite detention of immigrants and warrantless searches (2001). • Cincinnati-based riots spark unrest following Timothy Thomas' death (2001). • Balbir Singh Sodhi's death is deemed the first fatal act of violence as a result of 9/11 (2001). • Dennis Archer becomes the first African American to be President of the ABA (2002). • Goodridge v. Dept. of Public Health becomes a landmark Supreme Court case (2003). • Grutter v. Bollinger becomes a landmark Supreme Court Case (2003). • Same-sex marriage is first legalized in the state of Massachusetts (2004). • Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon are wed, becoming the first legal same-sex marriage (2004). • Condoleezza Rice is named the first black woman to be Secretary of State (2005). • Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (2007). • Barack Obama is elected as the first African American to hold office (2009). Brown 19 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "You called me a fa***t and said no one would love me But I am here to say what goes around comes around And now it's your turn to get knocked down" (2004). —- An excerpt from "The Bastard Son" by James A. Hoffman Now used as a slur in reference to homosexual men and boys, the term fa***t has its own unique origin. The term's former use in the Norwegian dialect was originally emplaced to describe a bundle of firewood. Because these bundles were large in size, the term eventually moved towards describing heavyset women who were often seen as slovenly and thus placing them near the bottom of all social classes. When British English ha 18 d made a far greater influence on the Scandinavian languages, the term was combined with bugger, also known as a person who engages in anal or oral sex. Premodern Europe was known to persecute heretics during this time, including homosexuals, as they did not conform to the belief systems of the Church. 19 This short story, "The Bastard Son," is one of the first positive representations of LGBTQ+ members found in the Chameleon as the narrator gains the courage to speak against negative attitudes and feelings surrounding the LGBTQ+ community. 18 Johansson, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word 'Fa***t'." William Percy. 19 Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Brown 20 Generation Z Relevance to The Chameleon "Mother, you are the greatest woman I know. I have based my life upon yours, all the great things you have done and all the obstacles that you were able to overcome; the thing that I admire most about you is the fact that you were a single mother of four and didn't need a man's help, but I always knew that was a great challenge for me, in this world that is much too different from the one that you grew up. To me, that was the greatest obstacle that you conquered" (2004). —- An excerpt from "Mother's Love" by A.M.T Lebron In this dedication, "Mother's Love," the author retrieves past memories in writing to celebrate their mother. It is not often that Norwich student contributors write about the entailments of motherhood. Although it remains unclear whether the author's mother was divorced, widowed, or remained unmarried, the family has a relentless source of love for one another and proceeds to use their shared affection to overcome challenges. Such challenges include economic hardships and increased states of stress as a single mother often relies on one source of income. There is also reason to believe that those raised in similar households develop a sense of independence resembling that of their mother. Some may even develop additional 20 internal resources that will allow them to construct their own identity far from the gender roles typically seen within the American household. 21 20 Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. 21 Many other excerpts were found focusing on both positive and negative portrayals of minority communities and women. Brown 21 Generation Alpha | 2010 - Present Brief Historical Background Many of those who are either born into this generation or currently living through it witness technological advances at an accelerating rate to the extent of replacing the previously known means of childhood entertainment with mobile devices and streaming services. The dawning of this generation also brought Instagram, the most frequently preferred social media platform to date. The thought of having children was generally delayed across the United States following the economic crisis of 2008, while young adults reportedly dealt with increasing stress from education debt. Following the economic crisis of 2008, it is not uncommon for young adults to deal with increasing stress from education debt. Many Gen Zers who previously planned on extending their families during this time were also affected as financial worries prevented them from having children. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused further economic turmoil when small businesses had to close down to prevent the spread of the virus. Those who were employed under larger corporations, however, moved their offices to home. Between dual-career families and remote work, the boundaries separating professional and personal life became blurred. 22 Such challenges have proved that the young faces of Generation Alpha are capable of resilience, utilizing their own diverse backgrounds to tackle the more difficult questions. This includes advocating for fairness in all aspects of society and questioning the validity of gender. 22 Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Brown 22 Generation Alpha Overview of Significant Events • Apple's iPad is released, also known as the first touchscreen tablet PC (2010). • President Barack Obama begins his second term (2013). • Defense Against Marriage Act is struck down by the Supreme Court (2013). • Black Lives Matter emerges as a political movement (2013). • Michael Brown is fatally shot by a Ferguson police officer (2014). • Nine African Americans churchgoers are killed during a Bible study in Charleston (2015). • Same-sex marriage is legalized in all 50 states (2015). • Pulse Nightclub shooting causes the deaths of 49 LGBTQ+ members (2016). • Unite the Right, a white supremacist rally, leads to three deaths in Charlottesville (2017). • Me Too movement is relaunched following the Harvey Weinstein accusations (2017). • Director Jon M. Chu breaks box office records with his film Crazy Rich Asians (2018). • California Synagogue shooting causes the injuries of three and the death of one (2019). • President Trump's wall receives $2.5 billion in funds under the Supreme Court (2019). • Kobe Bryant, along with his daughter, dies in a helicopter crash (2020). • Geroge Floyd is murdered by a Minneapolis police officer during an arrest (2020). • Kamala Harris becomes the 49th vice president (2021). • Spa shooting in Atlanta leaves eight dead, with six being of Asian descent (2021). Brown 23 Generation Alpha Relevance to The Chameleon "It had only been four days since I was bought from the Greens. The Green House was known for cutting off the body parts of slaves and letting them bleed out slowly or waiting for them to die of infection. They used to take other slaves to the field and pick different parts to cut off. If they cut off too much and you couldn't work anymore, they'd leave the bodies in the field as an example of what happens when you make mistakes. " (2019). —- An excerpt from "Mixed Voices" by Alain Cropper-Makidi The author moves to educate the reader on a particular building utilized during America's slavery period. Also known as the Green House, the building lay separate from the main house and lodged slaves who were being punished for fieldwork mistakes. Whipping, burning, branding, raping, and imprisoning were some of the most common punishments for slaves. However, the Green House resorted to dismembering the slaves' limbs and allowing them to bleed out. This short story, "Mixed Voices," also addresses that some slaves received educational instruction from the main house's mistress. This was most likely executed in secret as slaves were generally prohibited from reading and writing out of fear that they would forge travel passes and escape. 23 23 "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https:// americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Brown 24 "One day You tell me that let's be Together I shake my head Say I'm tired of your lies Rather to get myself alone" (2020). 有⼀天 你对我说我们在⼀起吧 我摇摇头 说我厌倦了你的虚伪 宁愿孤独 —- An excerpt from "Untitled" by Zenghui Zhang Like several others, this poem was both written and translated by a student under Professor Lenny Hu. Since his arrival at Norwich, Professor Hu has assigned his Chinese students the task of writing and translating poetry. This allows them to expand their Chinese literacy and gain a sense of passion for the language itself. As the Norwich language department continues to grow, translations will continue to be included in future Chameleon issues for the benefit of promoting diverse students and staff who already understand or aim to learn beyond that of the English language. Brown 25 Conclusion Sustains & Improves After reviewing all past issues of the Chameleon, it is clear that Norwich's literary journal previously published pieces of writing representing LGBTQ+ members, the BIPOC community, and women in a negative light. This was especially true from 1961 through the late 1990s. Gradually, the Chameleon has begun to positively represent our communities. During our current time period, for example, positive representations have become the primary focus under Professor Sean Prentiss and his team of student editors who have made a conscious effort in improving the Chameleon as a whole. Student writers who distinguish themselves amongst the rest of the student body are oftentimes selected for awards. One of which is the "Be You, Be True Prize" for the best writing by or about the LGBTQ+ community. Additionally, many Norwich University professors currently include culturally sustaining pedagogies within their curricula. Such pedagogies include seeking nontraditional texts, merging language varieties, and encouraging students to explore cultural spaces. To maintain as well as improve such efforts, Norwich University affiliates must remain aware that America's long history of combating minorities often resulted in bloodshed. Although not to the extent of our previous generations, similar events still continue to occur today. Therefore, as one of the most renowned military colleges in the United States, it is our responsibility to protect minority students and ensure that they perceive themselves as valuable members of the community. Without them, the future stands for nothing. Brown 26 References Anderson, Gary C. Ethnic Cleansing & the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America. University Of Oklahoma Press, 2015. "APA Dictionary of Psychology." American Psychological Association, https:// dictionary.apa.org/social-representation. Jha, Amrit Kumar. "Understanding Generation Alpha ." OSF Preprints, 20 June 2020. Johanssen, Warren. "The Etymology of the Word F*****." William Percy, pp. 356–359. Kapadia, Reshma. "The Tulsa Massacre Left a Lasting Impact on Wealth." Trade Journal, vol. 101, no. 22, 31 May 2021. Karras, Ruth Mazo. "The Regulation of 'Sodomy' in the Latin East & West." Speculum, vol. 95, no. 4, 2020, pp. 969–986., https://doi.org/10.1086/710639. Kinser, Amber E. Motherhood & Feminism. Seal Press, 2010. "Literacy as Freedom - American Experience." SAAM, Smithsonian American Art Museum, https://americanexperience.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Literacy-as-Freedom.pdf. Nohria, Nitin, Anthony Mayo, and Mark Benson. "William Levitt, Levittown and the Creation of American Suburbia." Harvard Business School Case 406-062, December 2005. (Revised March 2010.) Oyserman, Daphna, and George Smith. "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity." Handbook of Self and Identity, edited by Kristen Elmore, 2nd ed., The Guilford Press, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 69–104. Brown 27 Pryor, Elizabeth Stordeur. "The Etymology of N*****: Resistance, Politics, and the Politics of Freedom in the Antebellum North." Colored Travelers: Mobility and the Fight for Citizenship before the Civil War, 2016, https://doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/ 9781469628578.003.0002. Silos, Jill Katherine. "Everybody Get Together: The Sixties Counterculture & Public Space, 1964-1967." University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository, 2003. Snow, Edward. "Theorizing the Male Gaze: Some Problems." Representations, vol. 25, 1989, pp. 30–41., https://doi.org/10.2307/2928465. Tenaglia, Sean. '"Seeing Yourself in the Story:' The Influence of Multicultural Education on Adolescent Identity Formation." The Virginia English Journal, vol. 68, 2018. Woo, Bongki, et al. "The Role of Racial/Ethnic Identity in the Association Between Racial Discrimination & Psychiatric Disorders: A Buffer or Exacerbator?" SSM - Population Health, vol. 7, 7 Apr. 2019, p. 100378., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100378.