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Research on human density has indicated that how people perceive a high-density situation strongly influences their behavior, and that density itself rarely has a direct unmediated effect on human behavior. The purposes of the present study were to (1) determine if there are individual differences in the perception of density, (2) clarify the nature of these individual differences if they exist, and (3) assess the dimensions underlying people's perceptions of situations of varying density. Subjects (n = 30) made pairwise similarity judgments of 12 neutral-secondary situations (Stokols, 1976) which varied on type of activity, group size, and spatial density. A Tucker and Messick (1963) approach to multidimensional scaling revealed sizable individual differences in perception of the situations. Three groupings of subjects were identified. Each grouping was similar in that the two major dimensions underlying perceptions were Spatial Constraint and Social Constraint. The major difference between groups of subjects was the relative emphasis assigned to the two dimensions. Results were discussed in the context of an interactionist perspective on density research, and the practical importance of the findings was considered.

AN ACCEPTABLE WAY OF REPRESENTING CONSISTENCY AS A MODERATOR VARIABLE USING INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IS THROUGH INTERACTION TERMS IN A SEQUENTIAL REGRESSION ANALYSIS THAT DEPARTS FROM THE TRADITIONAL MODERATOR MODEL, BUT RESULTS WITH SIMULATED DATA ARE MODEST. THE AUTHORS SUGGEST SEARCH FOR IMPORTANT MODERATOR EFFECTS IN FIELD OF PERSONALITY SHOULD BE GUIDED BY GENERIC IDEAS ABOUT SYSTEMATIC INTERACTIONS.

This investigation examines the relative contributions of several individual difference factors to the amount of subordinate participation in decisionmaking (PDM) allowed by superiors among a sample of 103 male and female employees. It was found that females as a group are more participative than males and that such sex differences often affect the relation of personality variables to PDM. Moreover, the findings serve to support and extend Vroom and Yetton's (1973) findings concerning individual and situational contributions to PDM by examining such findings for males and females separately.

Based on studies of the internat'l crisis of 1914, it is asked how much of the variation in the perceptions of the decisionmakers may be accounted for by the nature of the situation, diff's in the nation they represent, & by diff's between individuals acting on behalf of the same nation. Over 1000 statements by foreign policy-makers during the crisis leading to WWI were analyzed & scored on the basis of the intensity of perceived hostility, with the crisis divided into 2 major periods. The greatest amount of variation in perceptions of hostility is accounted for by the situational variable. Conclusions suggested are: (1) the range of variation among foreign policy leaders on pol'ly-relevant attributes is quite restricted; (2) 'definitions of the situation' by the 1914 leaders remained ambiguous right up to the outbreak of war; & (3) such definitions tend to converge as stress increases. Modified AA.

Source vs. message orientation produced no differences under either source- or message-immunization conditions, nor did sex. But self-esteem did interact with immunization strategies as predicted.