Suchergebnisse

WOS:000493654200001 ; PubMed:31764915 ; A search for new physics in top quark production is performed in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1) collected in 2016 with the CMS detector. Events with two opposite-sign isolated leptons (electrons or muons), and b quark jets in the final state are selected. The search is sensitive to new physics in top quark pair production and in single top quark production in association with a W boson. No significant deviation from the standard model expectation is observed. Results are interpreted in the framework of effective field theory and constraints on the relevant effective couplings are set, one at a time, using a dedicated multivariate analysis. This analysis differs from previous searches for new physics in the top quark sector by explicitly separating tW from t (t) over bar events and exploiting the specific sensitivity of the tW process to new physics. ; BMWFW (Austria); FWF (Austria)Austrian Science Fund (FWF); FNRS (Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; FWO (Belgium)FWO; CNPq (Brazil)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); CAPES (Brazil)CAPES; FAPERJ (Brazil)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); FAPESP (Brazil)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS (China)Chinese Academy of Sciences; MoST (China)Ministry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC (China)National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia)Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSES (Croatia); CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER (Estonia); ERC IUT (Estonia)Estonian Research Council; ERDF (Estonia)European Union (EU); Academy of Finland (Finland)Academy of Finland; MEC (Finland); HIP (Finland); CEA (France)French Atomic Energy Commission; CNRS/IN2P3 (France)Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); BMBF (Germany)Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); DFG (Germany)German Research Foundation (DFG); HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece)Greek Ministry of Development-GSRT; OTKA (Hungary)Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA); NIH (Hungary)United States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA; DAE (India)Department of Atomic Energy (DAE); DST (India)Department of Science & Technology (India); IPM(Iran); SFI (Ireland)Science Foundation Ireland; INFN (Italy)Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); MSIP (Republic of Korea); NRF(Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE (Malaysia); UM(Malaysia); BUAP (Mexico); CINVESTAV (Mexico); CONACYT (Mexico)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT); LNS (Mexico); SEP (Mexico); UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (NewZealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE (Poland); NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal)Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; JINR (Dubna); MON (Russia); RosAtom (Russia); RAS (Russia)Russian Academy of Sciences; RFBR (Russia)Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR); RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI (Spain); CPAN (Spain); PCTI (Spain); FEDER (Spain)European Union (EU); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter (Thailand); STAR (Thailand); NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK (Turkey)Turkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK); TAEK (Turkey)Ministry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; NASU (Ukraine); SFFR (Ukraine)State Fund for Fundamental Research (SFFR); STFC (United Kingdom)Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE (USA)United States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF (USA)National Science Foundation (NSF); Marie-Curie program (European Union)European Union (EU); European Research Council (European Union)European Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); EPLANET (European Union)European Union (EU); Leventis Foundation; A. P. Sloan FoundationAlfred P. Sloan Foundation; Alexander von Humboldt FoundationAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Belgian Federal Science Policy OfficeBelgian Federal Science Policy Office; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium)Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium)Institute for the Promotion of Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; Council of Science and Industrial Research, IndiaCouncil of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) - India; HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science; European Union, Regional Development FundEuropean Union (EU); Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino)Compagnia di San Paolo; Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR (Italy)Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) [20108T4XTM]; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; Science and Technology Facilities CouncilScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC) [ST/N000242/1] Funding Source: researchfish ; We congratulate our colleagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the excellent performance of the LHC and thank the technical and administrative staffs at CERN and at other CMS institutes for their contributions to the success of the CMS effort. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the computing centres and personnel of theWorldwide LHC Computing Grid for delivering so effectively the computing infrastructure essential to our analyses. Finally, we acknowledge the enduring support for the construction and operation of the LHC and the CMS detector provided by the following funding agencies: BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM(Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF(Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM(Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (NewZealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund; the Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino); the Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste); MIUR project 20108T4XTM (Italy); the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; and the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund.

Die Strategische Umweltprüfung (SUP) ist eine Umweltprüfung für Pläne, Programme und Policiesund entstand als Ergänzung zur Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung (UVP) auf Projektebene. In der Europäischen Union ist die SUP jedoch nur für Pläne und Programme eingeführt worden. Mit der Einführung der Strategischen Umweltprüfung in der Europäischen Union und in Deutschland war und ist die Hoffnung verbunden, verschiedene Einschränkungen der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung auf Projektebene zu überwinden. Dazu zählen die Prüfung von strategischeren Alternativen, die auf Projektebene unzumutbar sind, die Prüfung von kumulativen Wirkungen und die frühzeitige Beteiligung der Öffentlichkeit vor dem Projektzulassungsverfahren. In dieser Dissertation wird die Strategische Umweltprüfung in Deutschland evaluiert. Als Evaluationsmaßstab wird dabei der internationale Wissensstand (Best Practice-Standards) zur Evaluation der erforderlichen Qualität der Strategischen Umweltprüfung herangezogen. Die Arbeit geht davon aus, dass eine Strategische Umweltprüfung den ursprünglich erhofften Mehrwert gegenüber der UVP auf Projektebene erfüllt und dadurch wesentlich zurBerücksichtigung von Umweltbelangen in der strategischen Entscheidungsfindung beiträgt, wenn sie den internationalen Best Practice-Standards entspricht. Mit dieser Dissertation soll ergründet werden, warum die SUP in Deutschland den ursprünglich erhofften Mehrwert gegenüber der UVP ggf. nicht erfüllt und es sollen Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der SUP-Praxis in Deutschland abgeleitet werden. Der theoretische und praktische SUP-Anwendungsbereich in Deutschland wird analysiert. Zur Evaluation der Strategischen Umweltprüfung wird ein Fallstudienansatz gewählt, bestehend aus Evaluationskriterien und -indikatoren, Analyseschema, Dokumentenanalyse und Interviews bzw. Gruppendiskussionen mit den SUP-verantwortlichen Behördenvertretern und SUP-Gutachtern. Da die Strategische Umweltprüfung in Deutschland nach ihrer rechtlichen Einführung noch nicht sektorübergreifend evaluiert wurde, werden zunächst Evaluationskriterien und -indikatoren anhand des internationalen Forschungsstandes (Literaturanalyse) und eines one-stop Delphis mit internationalen SUP-Experten entwickelt. Außerdem wird ein Analyseschema entwickelt und das Forschungsdesign wird einem Pretest unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse der Fallstudienanalyse zeigen, dass die Qualität der Strategische Umweltprüfung in Deutschland eingeschränkt ist. Insbesondere die Qualität der Alternativenprüfung, der Prüfung kumulativer Effekte, der Umweltüberwachung und der Beteiligungder Öffentlichkeit sind begrenzt. Damit bleibt die SUP in Deutschland hinter den internationalen Erwartungen zurück und kann den ursprünglich erhofften Mehrwert gegenüberder UVP bisher nicht erfüllen. Die SUP in Deutschland ist damit weniger strategisch als erhofft. Insbesondere die SUP auf Bundesebene ist weniger strategisch, als es, angesichts ihrer wichtigen vorbereitenden Rolle, erwartet wird. Wie strategisch eine SUP sein kann, mag dabei allerdings nicht von der Planungsebene (Bund, Land, Kommunal) abhängen, sondern von der Ausrichtung der Planung, d. h. ob sie wegweisende Aspekte ähnlich zu einerPolicy enthält oder nicht. Positiv hervorzuheben ist, dass die SUP (Umweltbericht, Öffentlichkeitsbeteiligung und die Interaktion zwischen Behörde und Gutachtern) im Allgemeinen hilfreich ist, um Wissen über die Umweltauswirkungen der Planungen zu erhalten. Diese Informationen führen allerdings nicht zwangsläufig dazu, dass die Planungen umweltfreundlicher werden. Die Ergebnisse werden von anderen Untersuchungen und Erfahrungsberichten zur SUP in Deutschland gestützt. Der internationale Stand der Forschung belegt einen vergleichbar unbefriedigenden Status der Strategischen Umweltprüfung. Hinderlich für eine gute SUP-Praxis in Deutschland sind unklare Rechtsgrundlagen in Kombination mit einer legalistischen Tradition der Verwaltungsbehörden und einer experten-basierten Planungskultur im Gegensatz zu einem eher kollaborativen Planungsverständnis. Darüber hinaus scheinen das grundlegende SUP-Verständnis und die Qualitätsstandards noch nicht gefestigt zu sein. Des Weiteren behindern im Einzelfall auch organisatorische Faktoren eine gute SUP-Praxis. Die aus den Ergebnissen abgeleiteten Empfehlungen beinhalten eine Klarstellung der rechtlichen Regelungen zu kumulativen Wirkungen und der Überwachung, eine Überarbeitung des SUP-Leitfadens des Bundes, die Integration von SUP-Kursen in Studiengänge für SUP-pflichtige Planungsdisziplinen sowie andere Maßnahmen der Kapazitätsentwicklung, eine Förderung des gemeinschaftlichen Scopings sowie die Forschung, Entwicklung und Erprobung im Bereich der Policy-SUP und der Überwachung. Obgleich die Fallstudienanzahl mit sechs analysierten SUP-Fällen begrenzt ist und eine Vergrößerung der empirischen Basis ratsam wäre, ist ein belastbarer Evaluationsbeitrag zur Strategischen Umweltprüfung in Deutschland entstanden. Das gewählte Forschungsdesign ermöglichte es, die Fallstudien in der angemessenen Tiefe zu ergründen und Hintergründe für die beobachtete Praxis zu beleuchten. Dadurch konnten zielgerichtet Empfehlungen zur Verbesserung der SUP in Deutschland abgeleitet werden. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht insbesondere in der Evaluation der anderen Dimensionen der SUP-Effektivität jenseits der Qualität und der procedural effectiveness. Darüber hinaus wäre eine weiterentwickelte und ganzheitliche Konzeptualisierung der SUP-Effektivität erforderlich, welche die unterschiedlichen Dimensionen der Effektivität zusammenführt und die Dimensionen für die praktische Evaluation handhabbar macht. ; Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is an environmental assessment for plans, programmes, and policies and was developed to complement Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA) at project level. In the European Union, however, SEA has only been introduced for plans and programmes. With the implementation of Strategic Environmental Assessment in the European Union and Germany, there was and is hope of overcoming various limitations of environmental impact assessment at project level. These include the assessment of more strategic alternatives that are unreasonable at project level, the assessment of cumulative effects and the early public involvement prior to project approval processes.This dissertation evaluates the Strategic Environmental Assessment in Germany. The international state of knowledge (best practice) on the necessary quality of the Strategic Environmental Assessment is used as evaluation criteria. The thesis assumes that a Strategic Environmental Assessment fulfils the expected benefit compared to the EIA at project level and thus contributes significantly to the consideration of environmental concerns in strategic decision-making if the SEA meets the international best practice standards. The aim of the dissertation is to investigate why the SEA in Germany may not achieve the expectedbenefit compared to the EIA and to derive recommendations for improving SEA practice in Germany. The theoretical and practical application of SEA in Germany is analysed. A case study analysis is chosen for the evaluation of the Strategic Environmental Assessment consisting of evaluation criteria and indicators, an analysis framework, document analysis, and interviews or group discussions with the representatives of the SEA responsible agencies and SEA consultants. Since the Strategic Environmental Assessment in Germany has not yet been evaluated with a cross-sectoral approach after its transposition into national law, evaluation criteria and indicators are developed on the basis of the international state of research (literature analysis) and a one-stop delphi with international SEA experts. In addition, an analysis framework is developed and the research approach is subject to a pretest. The results of the case study analysis show that the Strategic Environmental Assessmentin Germany has a limited SEA quality. In particular, the quality of alternatives assessment, cumulative effects assessment, environmental monitoring, and public participation arelimited. This means that SEA in Germany falls short of international expectations andhas not yet been able to fulfil the expected benefit compared to EIA. SEA in Germanyis thus less strategic than expected. In particular, federal level SEA is less strategic than expected in respect to its important preparatory role. How strategic SEAs can be, however,may not depend on the planning level (federal, state, local), but on the planning approach, i.e. whether or not the plan or programme contains guiding aspects similar to a policy. On the positive side, the SEA (environmental report, public participation, and interactionbetween agencies and consultants) is generally helpful for gaining knowledge about the environmental impacts of planning. However, this information does not necessarily leadto more environmentally friendly plans or programmes. The results are supported by otherstudies and experience reports on SEA in Germany. The international state of research proves a comparable unsatisfactory status of Strategic Environmental Assessment. Obstacles to good SEA practice in Germany are limited or unclear legal regulations in combination with a legalistic tradition of administration and an expert-based planning approach as opposed to a more collaborative understanding of planning. In addition, the basic understanding of SEA and quality standards do not yet seem to be consolidated. Furthermore, in individual cases organisational factors also hinder good SEA practice. The recommendations include a clarification of legal regulations on cumulative effects and monitoring, a revision of the federal SEA guidance document, the integration of SEA courses into study programmes for planning disciplines subject to SEA as well as other measures of capacity development, a promotion of joint scoping, as well as research, development, and testing in the field of policy SEA and monitoring. Although the number of case studies analysed is limited to six SEA case studies and increasing the empirical basis is advisable, a reliable contribution to Strategic Environmental Assessment evaluation in Germany has been produced. The chosen research approach made it possible to explore the case studies adequately and to shed light on the reasons for the observed practice. This made it possible to derive targeted recommendations for improving SEA in Germany. Further research is particularly needed on the evaluation of the other dimensions of SEA effectiveness beyond quality and procedural effectiveness. In addition, SEA effectiveness needs to be refined and holistically conceptualised to bring together the various dimensions of effectiveness and make them feasible for practical evaluation.

El desarrollo científico técnico en la contemporaneidad configura un nuevo pensamiento investigativo. Desde esta mirada, los abordajes cuantitativos son acompañados de comprensiones fenomenológicas para la explicación de los procesos. Mientras que en las investigaciones cualitativas intervienen recursos y técnicas cuantitativas de medición y explicación.
Una de las problemáticas que enfrentan los investigadores a la hora de organizar un proceso investigativo es la de seleccionar una metodología pertinente con la naturaleza del objeto/sujeto de estudio. Esta selección los lleva a tomar partido a favor de procesos de naturaleza cuantitativa o cualitativa, con puntos de vista plurales en dependencia de las maneras de percibir y comprender el panorama que tienen ante sí. Además, se debe propiciar la conformación de un andamiaje de métodos y técnicas de corte positivista, fenomenológico o donde se exprese una complementariedad entre ambos.
Un ejemplo lo tenemos en el estudio de la conducta humana donde no podemos perder de vista la naturaleza causal que origina el comportamiento humano y la peculiar combinación de la herencia y del medio ambiente, los motivos y la orientación hacia metas y objetivos conscientes. En este estudio, puede ser pertinente la utilización de métodos y técnicas cuantitativos, así como aquellos que exploren la subjetividad humana.
El debate epistemológico entre los paradigmas racionalistas y empirista carece de base suficiente, pues los métodos particulares no están necesariamente vinculados a ­un paradigma.
El paradigma positivista también llamado (cuantitativo, empírico-analítico, racionalista) busca explicar, predecir, controlar los fenómenos, verificar teorías y leyes para regular los fenómenos; identificar causas reales, temporalmente precedentes o simultáneas.
Por su parte, la racionalidad hermenéutica (cualitativo, fenomenológico, naturalista, humanista o etnográfico) busca una forma de abordar, estudiar, entender, analizar y construir conocimientos; a partir de procesos de interpretación donde la validez y la confiabilidad del conocimiento descansa, en última instancia, en el rigor del investigador. Se asume la construcción del conocimiento como un proceso subjetivo e intersubjetivo. En tanto, es el sujeto quien construye el diseño de investigación, recopila la información, la organiza y le da sentido desde sus estructuras conceptuales previas; así como los hallazgos que surgen de la propia investigación, que luego se colectivizan y se discuten en la comunidad académica.
Erlandson, Harris, Skipper y Allen (1993), contraponen el diseño tradicional (cuantitativo) al diseño emergente (propio de la indagación derivada del paradigma naturalista). La diferencia entre ambos se halla en la especificidad del plan original de investigación.
Si la investigación cualitativa busca comprender significados; los estudios cuantitativos tratan de conocer cuestiones poco exploradas a través de la eficacia de las técnicas.
Stake (1999:41), señaló:
"Esta distinción entre métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos es una cuestión de énfasis – ya que la realidad es la mezcla de unos y otros. En cualquier estudio etnográfico, naturalista, hermenéutico u holístico (por ej., en cualquier estudio cualitativo) la enumeración y reconocimiento de la diferencia de cantidad ocupan un lugar destacado. Y en cualquier estudio estadístico o experimento controlado (por ej., en cualquier estudio cuantitativo) son importantes el lenguaje natural con que se describen y la interpretación del investigado".
Para Hashimoto y Saavedra (2014:8), "La discusión tiene que centrarse en por qué debo o tengo que usar ese u otro método, o en el para qué debo buscar o emplear ese dato o método". Ese es el quid del asunto, resolver esa cuestión está en el plano filosófico y no metodológico.
Guba y Lincoln (2002:113), plantean:
"Desde nuestra perspectiva, el uso de métodos tanto cualitativos como cuantitativos puede ser apropiado para cualquier paradigma de investigación. De hecho, las cuestiones de método son secundarias frente a las de paradigma, que definimos como el sistema básico de creencias o visión del mundo que guía al investigador ya no sólo a elegir los métodos, sino en formas que son ontológicas y epistemológicamente fundamentales".
El tema de la complementariedad metodológica transita por el dilema de la ausencia de fundamento epistemológico de base para aproximarse a la realidad. McMillan y Schumacher (2005:128-129), señalan que la investigación cuantitativa está basada en alguna forma de positivismo lógico que busca establecer cómo son las cosas evitando juicios de valor; mientras que la investigación cualitativa está basada en el construccionismo, que busca explicar cómo las personas llegan a describir, explicar o dar cuenta del mundo donde viven. Estas dos tradiciones muchas veces son vistas como antagónicas y sin posibilidades de discusión o cooperación.
La propuesta de complementariedad entre los dos paradigmas puede considerarse como una opción válida en la investigación; pues cada una de las metodologías hace importantes aportes a la construcción de conocimientos. Su uso rígido, sin dudas, empobrece el proceso de búsqueda de nuevos conocimientos, al impedir incorporar al proceso investigativo las bondades que cada uno de ellos posee e impide llegar a hallazgos más interesantes.
Las posibilidades de complementación pueden darse sustentadas en los principios de consistencia y de unidad dialéctica. Lo cuantitativo en su lógica hipotético-deductiva aporta al proceso la explicación y la relación de causa y efecto. A su vez, lo cualitativo con su comprensión inductivo-deductiva se adentra en los complejos caminos de la construcción y la decodificación de significados de la subjetividad humana, que considera lo individual y lo grupal, como resultado de los procesos sociales que cada uno vive. Por tanto, la complementariedad nos permite aprovechar las fortalezas de un método para compensar las debilidades del otro.
Tomando en consideración a Serrano, Blanco, Ligero, Alvira, Escobar y Sáenz (2009:16-17), "…el uso combinado de ambas perspectivas en el seno de una misma investigación ha pasado a convertirse en un lugar comúnmente aceptado y que se ha llegado incluso a un momento en el que podemos hablar de la "deseabilidad social" de la investigación multimétodo".
Los focos temáticos de este volumen de la Revista Scientific. muestran claramente sus diferentes secciones, entre ellas: la transformación de las prácticas docentes; las experiencias innovadoras para perfeccionar los procesos educativos y de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el marco del aula; los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje, las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones y la relacionada con la educación ambiental. Hacia allí conducen las preguntas que recorren los diversos artículos como testimonio de los resultados científicos que cada autor propone.
En sus enfoques epistemológicos se aprecia un recorrido por diferentes metodologías, métodos y técnicas. Se transita desde miradas cuantitativas, cualitativas o de complementación metodológica; respetando, como se ha referido anteriormente, la naturaleza del objeto de la investigación realizada.
Finalmente, la importancia de las temáticas de este número de la Revista radica en la reflexión acerca de las disímiles aristas de los procesos formativos, en variados contextos y niveles de enseñanza. También reside en la mirada a las lógicas en uso, comprometidas con diferentes metodologías; las cuales deben juzgarse en correspondencia al éxito alcanzado en las investigaciones.

This thesis, which seeks to formalize a psycho-social geographical situation, reviews the role of the psyche and of space in individuation and the relationship with the other by studying everyday life in Cadaqués, a semi-rural tourist village on Spain's Costa Brava, situated in the heart of the Catalan region of Empordà on the South-Mediterranean coast. This village has a diverse local population, given the presence of European and non-European immigrants who are often reduced to the status of foreign seasonal and temporary workers, often long-term. In this shared community, with a wide variety of rich and complex lives, co-habitation with outsiders leads to the emergence of several subgroups based on hierarchical social position and promotion of a so-called native authenticity. A transcalar interpretation of spatial changes and a biographical approach on human experience permits an assessment of contemporary transformations in this village as part of the global world and of different forms of co-habitation that emanate from this situation. It describes a space constituted by a secular interaction of a wide range of material and idealistic changes, while at the same time, exposing the variations negotiated between individuals along community lines and influenced by various interests, despite their shared existential misfortunes and aspirations. This analysis, which is based on a qualitative survey of an ethnographic terrain, interviews with different categories of residents, statistical data, press articles, and mapping, reveals daily life functioning within a plurality of universes. Geohistorical catalysts of notoriety and adherence to globalization processes of the village of Cadaqués, as well as issues arising from a co-habitation between native population and visitors, are both highlighted by inter/national migrations. This extended case study takes a distanced, situated and ordinarized approach to questioning the participation of migrants in their village, a participation that is more often analysed in an urban environment from the perspective of methodological ethnicism and inclusiveness. With the rise in racism, political short-term vision and disputes over conformity to democratic principles, specifically the right to live and move around Europe and the West, this thesis demonstrates the importance of initiating a renewed prospective and utopic approach to a respectful sociality that is capable of promoting otherness and a citizenship that permits both rooting and mobility. ; Esta tesis pretende formalizar una geografía psicosocial y trata del papel de la psique y del espacio en la individuación y la relación con el otro, mediante el estudio del habitar en Cadaqués. Éste es un municipio turístico y semi-rural de la Costa Brava española, localizado en el seno de la región catalana del Empordà y en la costa mediterránea sur-europea. Participando de la diversidad de la inmigración en dicha localidad, los no-nacionales extra/europeos, a menudo reducidos al estatuto de trabajadores extranjeros de temporada y precarios, moran también en el pueblo, algunos de ellos desde bastante tiempo. En este espacio compartido, atravesado y rico en vidas complejas, la convivencia con el otro tiene lugar bajo varias compartimentaciones, vinculadas a posiciones sociales diferenciadas y al marketing de una pretendida autenticidad autóctona. Una lectura trans-escalar de las evoluciones espaciales y un enfoque biográfico sobre las experiencias humanas posibilitan una apreciación de las transformaciones contemporáneas del pueblo de Cadaqués, en el marco de la mundialización, y de las formas de co-habitar que resultan de ellas. Todo ello nos muestra un lugar constituido por el entramado secular de múltiples movimientos materiales e ideales. Además, Cadaqués también está constituido por las brechas que son negociadas entre los habitantes según lógicas comunitarias animadas por intereses variables, a pesar de desdichas y de aspiraciones existenciales comunes. El análisis de datos de esta tesis se fundamenta sobre una investigación cualitativa realizada en el contexto de un trabajo de campo etnográfico que ha incluido entrevistas a una amplia variedad de residentes, así como la recopilación de datos estadísticos, documentales (incluyendo prensa local) y cartográficos. Todo ello muestra un día a día animado por una pluralidad de universos. Los catalizadores geo-históricos de la notoriedad y la adhesión a procesos de globalización del pueblo de Cadaqués, así como los retos actuales de la copresencia heredada, se ven destacados por las migraciones ínter/nacionales. Este estudio de caso extendido interroga por consiguiente de forma distanciada, situada y ordinarizada, una participación de los inmigrantes en la localidad, a menudo considerada desde el medio urbano bajo los ángulos del etnicismo y del integracionismo metodológicos. Frente al aumento del racismo, el corto-plazo político y una democracidad cuestionable en cuanto a los derechos de vivir y de desplazarse en Europa y en Occidente, esta tesis sugiere la necesidad de un pensamiento prospectivo y utópico renovado, basado en una sociabilidad respetuosa y promotora de la alteridad y en una ciudadanía que permita tanto el anclaje como la movilidad. ; Cette thèse, qui vise la formalisation d'une géographie psycho-sociale, aborde le rôle de la psyché et de l'espace dans l'individuation et le rapport à l'autre, à travers l'habiter à Cadaqués, commune semi-rurale touristique de la Costa Brava espagnole, située au sein de la région catalane de l'Empordà, sur la côte méditerranéenne sud-européenne. Participant de la diversité immigrée locale, des non-nationaux extra/européens, souvent réduits au statut de travailleurs étrangers saisonniers et précaires, habitent aussi ce village, pour certains depuis longtemps. Dans cet espace partagé, traversé et riche de lignes de vies complexes, le vivre-ensemble avec autrui connaît pour autant divers compartimentages, liés à des positions sociales différenciées, et au marketing d'une prétendue authenticité autochtone. Une lecture trans-scalaire des évolutions spatiales et une approche biographique des expériences humaines permettent alors d'apprécier les transformations contemporaines du village dans la mondialisation, et les formes du co-habiter qui en résultent. Elles donnent à voir un lieu constitué de l'enchevêtrement séculaire de multiples mouvements matériels et idéels. Mais aussi des écarts, qui sont négociés entre les hommes selon des logiques communautaires mues par des intérêts variés, malgré des infortunes et des aspirations existentielles communes. L'analyse, qui s'appuie sur une enquête qualitative mobilisant un terrain ethnographique avec différents résidents interviewés, des données statistiques, de la presse locale, et l'outil cartographique, montre ainsi un quotidien animé par une pluralité d'univers. Les ferments géo-historiques d'une notoriété et d'une globalité villageoises et les enjeux actuels d'une coprésence héritée, sont mis en exergue par les migrations inter/nationales. Cette étude de cas étendue interroge donc de manière distanciée, située et ordinarisée, une participation des migrants à la localité plus souvent saisie en milieu urbain sous les angles de l'ethnicisme et de l'intégrationnisme méthodologiques. Face à une augmentation du racisme, un court-termisme politique, et une démocraticité discutable des droits à habiter et à se mouvoir en Europe et en Occident, cette thèse suggère la nécessité d'une pensée prospective et utopique renouvelée, sur une socialité respectueuse et promotrice d'altérité, et sur une citoyenneté associant ancrage et mobilité.

Uno de los objetivos fundamentales dentro del ámbito educativo es el establecimiento de ambientes propicios para al desarrollo de una cultura de paz y sana convivencia, que permitan a los niños, niñas y jóvenes desarrollar habilidades y destrezas para fortalecer sus relaciones intra e interpersonales, acorde a sus necesidades y al contexto donde éstos se relacionan. La construcción de una cultura de paz, entendida, como una "serie de valores, actitudes y comportamientos que rechazan la violencia y previenen los conflictos tratando de atacar sus causas para solucionar los problemas mediante el diálogo y la negociación entre las personas, los grupos y las naciones"1, es tarea no solamente de la escuela sino de la ciudadanía en general. En tal sentido, diversas organizaciones internacionales, nacionales y locales, se han comprometido en el desarrollado de estrategias que contribuyan a su fortalecimiento. Quizás una de las que ha tenido mayor impacto en el ámbito educativo es la UNESCO2 cuya preocupación esencial es fomentar el respeto por los derechos humanos, la justicia, la ley y las libertades individuales a través de la educación, la ciencia y la cultura y por supuesto trabajar por la construcción y consolidación de una cultura de paz en el mundo. A largo de los últimos treinta años, esta organización ha fortalecido los programas y proyectos encaminados a asegurar el acceso a la educación básica, dentro del marco de los acuerdos de la Educación para todos (EPT), es así, como en el Foro Mundial sobre la Educación, realizado en el 2015 en Incheon (República de Corea), se ratificaron los compromisos adquiridos por las diferentes naciones del mundo, entre ellas, Colombia, para asegurar que todo niño 1 ORGANIZACIÓN DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS. Resolución A/52/13 DE 1998. 2 UNESCO. Portal de la Organización de las Naciones Unidad para la educación, la ciencia y la cultura. [en línea], citado en Febrero 24 de 2018. Disponible en www.cinu.org.mx 2 y joven pueda adquirir el conocimiento y las habilidades necesarios para vivir dignamente, desarrollar su potencial y contribuir a la sociedad como ciudadanos mundiales responsables, lo mismo que proporcionar oportunidades de aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida, de modo que puedan seguir creciendo y desarrollándose. En este sentido, Delors3, afirma que frente a los numerosos desafíos del porvenir, la educación constituye un instrumento indispensable para que la humanidad pueda progresar hacia los ideales de paz, libertad y justicia social, por lo cual es imperioso trabajar en una educación para la paz y el desarrollo sostenible a nivel mundial. Es importante, resaltar que la educación tiene una función social, en la que se reconoce a los estudiantes como seres humanos y sujetos activos de derechos dentro diferentes contextos, así mismo, se señala la responsabilidad de la educación como un compromiso entre el Estado, la sociedad, la familia y las comunidades educativas, que promueva la formación e interiorización de valores humanos pertinentes a las necesidades del siglo XXI, por lo cual se contempla la educación en y para la paz, la convivencia y la ciudadanía. Por otra parte, la Constitución Política de Colombia, en el artículo 67, contempla que "la educación es un derecho y un servicio público que tiene una función social; con ella se busca el acceso al conocimiento, la ciencia, la técnica y a los demás bienes y valores de la cultura, de tal forma que se forme a los niños y jóvenes en el respeto a los derechos humanos, la paz y la democracia, para el mejoramiento cultural, científico, tecnológico y para la protección del ambiente"4. Así mismo, en el artículo 22 se establece que la paz es un derecho y un deber de obligatorio cumplimiento En este sentido la educación para la convivencia y la paz se convierte en una prioridad para el Ministerio de Educación Nacional, por lo que se han reglamentado 3 DELORS, Jacques. La educación o la utopía necesaria. En la educación encierra un tesoro. Informe a la UNESCO de la comisión Internacional sobre la educación para el siglo XXI. Francia: Santillana, Ediciones Unesco, 1996. p. 7. 4 REPUBLICA DE COLOMBIA. Constitución Política de Colombia 1991. 3 una serie de lineamientos tendientes a su fortalecimiento al interior de las instituciones educativas, cabe mencionar, la Ley 115 de 1994 o Ley General de Educación, Plan Decenal de Educación 2006-2016, la Ley 1620 de 2013 o Ley de Convivencia Escolar y la más reciente, la Ley 1732 de 2014 a través de la cual se establece la Cátedra de la Paz, con el fin de fortalecer una cultura de paz en Colombia a través de la escuela, que permita la reflexión y participación de la comunidad educativa y a su vez mitigar los efectos de las diferentes problemáticas que viven los niños y jóvenes, de tal manera que se mejoren día a día sus relaciones interpersonales dentro y fuera del contexto escolar 5. Así pues, la educación para la convivencia y la paz se convierte en un reto para las instituciones educativas, entre ellas las I.E.D Moralba Suroriental ubicado en la localidad San Cristóbal y Leonardo Posada Pedraza de la localidad de Bosa, de la ciudad de Bogotá. La población que estudia en estas instituciones, presenta varias problemáticas entre las que se pueden destacar: familias desestructuradas, con problemas de drogas o alcohol, conflictos de pareja, desempleo o empleo informal, las precarias condiciones económicas (los estudiantes pertenecen a familias de estrato 1 y 2), bajo nivel educativo, algunos víctimas de desplazamiento, la movilidad entre ciudades o localidades, las presiones e influencias de los pares entre otras (*). Lo anterior lleva a que las relaciones que se establecen entre los niños y niñas en estas instituciones hayan mostrado desconocimiento cotidiano del derecho a la diferencia, manifestando altos niveles de agresividad que se expresan en un número importante de situaciones como: las agresiones físicas tales como empujar o pegarle a alguien, agresiones verbales, entre las cuales cabe destacar insultar, amenazar, tratar mal o meterse con alguien, malos tratos y faltas de respeto, entre otras, que interfieren en el desarrollo de una sana convivencia. En este sentido, para tener un diagnóstico de la situación de los estudiantes que en el 2017 se encentraban en el grado séptimo, se realizó una revisión de diferentes documentos en cada una de estas instituciones, entre los cuales están: El P.E.I, los observadores del estudiante y una encuesta de convivencia realizada por los docentes del área de Ciencias Sociales del colegio Leonardo Posada Pedraza (jornada tarde) en el 2015.

The article is devoted to the present stage of evolution of the national legal system in the context of its ability to perform certain tasks, to recreate the functions necessary in the given spatial-temporal dimensions, to ensure the necessary requirements of effective legal regulation. It is clear that a democratic legal system must effectively protect human rights and freedoms, reproduce and implement the rule of law, and ensure the "quality" of the law in national law. The legal system must implement the provision that a person has the highest social value. The quality of the European legal system is to protect universal values and cultural heritage. In particular, it should be remarkable that under the conditions of a democratic rule of law, the "person-state" relations would undergo significant changes. These relations are not intended to provide for one part of society a greater degree of freedom than for another; in this case, it is necessary to speak about state power, which ensures conditions of freedom for all members of society, all citizens of the state. Freedom is provide to the people only when the people really organize, without any interference, unions, assemblies, legislates; elect at their own will all officials of the state, who are entrust with the implementation of laws and democratic governance based on these laws. Moreover, the sovereignty of the people is form in a democratic legal system, which, in turn, normalizes the functioning of state bodies that ensure the rights and freedoms of people, in particular, their European vector of development. Additionally, today the task of optimizing the legal system, and therefore - adjusting its functions, are of great importance. In particular: the main task of the legal system is to create a well-defined, normative, stable basis for the whole complex of social relations, including for their dynamics.In a democratic, social, legal state, which defined European choice, the sphere of legal regulation is realize, the totality of social relations, which can and must be arrange with the help of law and legal means. The main direction of legal regulation in these conditions is:a) Consolidation and protection of new social relations;b) Provision of favorable conditions and means of existence of individuals;c) Realization and legal protection of vital needs, interests of people and society;d) The prohibition of certain social relations and behavior (the establishment of commercial banks by officials, law enforcement officers by their relatives (activating NABU's activity, NACC, creating the Supreme Anti-corruption Court),e) Stimulating the development of appropriate social relations, etc. ; Представленная статья посвящена современному этапу развития национальной правовой системы в контексте ее способности к выполнению определенных задач, воспроизведение необходимых в данных пространственно-временных измерениях функций, обеспечения необходимых требований эффективного правового регулирования. Понятно, что демократическая правовая система должна действенно защищать права и свободы человека, воспроизводить и внедрять принцип верховенства права, обеспечивать «качество» правового закона в национальном законодательстве. Именно правовая система должна реализовать положение о том, что человек является высшей социальной ценностью. Качество европейской правовой системы заключается в защите общечеловеческих ценностей, культурных достижений, вообще и в частности правокультурних. В частности, следует отметить, что в условиях демократического правового государства отношения «лицо-государство» претерпевают существенные изменения. Эти отношения не имеют целью обеспечить для одной части общества большую степень свободы, чем для другой; в этом случае необходимо говорить о государственной власти, что обеспечивает условия свободы для всех членов общества, всех граждан государства. Свобода народа обеспечена лишь тогда, когда народ действительно организует без какого-либо вмешательства союзы, собрания, издает законы, избирает по собственному волеизъявлению всех должностных лиц государства, которым поручается проведение в жизнь законов и демократическое управление на основе этих законов. Как известно, полновластие народа состоит в условиях демократической правовой системы, в свою очередь, нормализует функционирование органов государства, обеспечивающих права и свободы людей, в частности, их европейский вектор развития. Кроме того, большое значение приобретают сегодня задачи по оптимизации правовой системы, а следовательно - корректировка ее функций. В частности: основная задача правовой системы - создавать четко определенную нормативную, стабильную основу для всего комплексу общественных отношений, в том числе и для их динамики.В условиях демократического, социального, правового государства, которое определило свой европейский выбор, реализуется сфера правового регулирования, совокупность общественных отношений, которую можно и нужно приводить в порядок с помощью права и правовых средств. Основным направлением правового регулирования в этих условиях являются: а) закрепление и охрана новых общественных отношений; б) обеспечение благоприятных условий и средств существования индивидов; в) реализация и правовая защита жизненно важных потребностей, интересов людей и социальных обществ; г) запрет определенных общественных отношений и поведения (учреждение коммерческих банков должностными лицами, работниками правоохранительных органов, их родственниками (активизация деятельности НАБУ, создание Высшего антикоррупционного суда); д) стимулирование развития определенных общественных отношений и т. п. ; Представлена стаття присвячена сучасному етапу розвитку національної правової системи в контексті її здатності до виконання певних завдань, відтворення необхідних у даних просторово-часових вимірах функцій, забезпечення необхідних вимог ефективного правового регулювання. Зрозуміло, що демократична правова система повинна дієво захищати права і свободи людини, відтворювати і впроваджувати принцип верховенства права, забезпечувати «якість» правового закону в національному законодавстві. Саме правова система повинна реалізувати положення про те, що людина є найвищою соціальною цінністю. Якість європейської правової системи полягає у захисті загальнолюдських цінностей, культурних надбань, взагалі і, зокрема, правокультурних. Так, слід зазначити, що в умовах демократичної, правової держави відносини «особа-держава» зазнають суттєвих змін. Ці відносини не мають на меті забезпечити для однієї частини суспільства більший ступінь свободи, ніж для іншої; в цьому випадку необхідно вести мову про державну владу, що забезпечує умови свободи для всіх членів суспільства, всіх громадян держави. Свобода народу забезпечена лише тоді, коли народ дійсно організує без будь-якого втручання союзи, збори, видає закони, обирає за власним волевиявленням всіх посадових осіб держави, яким доручається проведення в життя законів і демократичне управління на основі цих законів. Як відомо, повновладдя народу складається в умовах демократичної, правової системи, яка в свою чергу, нормалізує функціонування органів держави, що забезпечують права і свободи людей, зокрема, їх європейський вектор розвитку. Крім того, великого значення набувають сьогодні завдання по оптимізації правової системи, а отже - коригування її функцій. Зокрема: основне завдання правової системи — створювати чітко визначену, нормативну, стабільну основу для всього комп­лексу суспільних відносин, у тому числі і для їх динаміки.В умовах демократичної, соціальної, правової держави, яка визначила свій європейський вибір, реалізується сфера правового регулювання, сукупність сус­пільних відносин, яку можливо і необхідно упорядковувати за допомогою права і правових засобів. Основним напрямом правового регулювання в цих умовах є: а) закріплення і охорона нових суспільних відносин; б) забезпечення сприят­ливих умов і засобів існування індивідів; в) реалізація і право­вий захист життєво важливих потреб, інтересів людей і соціальних спільностей; г) заборона певних суспільних відно­син і поведінки (заснування комерційних банків посадови­ми особами, працівниками правоохоронних органів, їх родичами (активізація діяльності НАБУ, НАЗК, створення Вищого антикорупційного суду); д) стимулювання розвитку певних суспільних відносин тощо

There is clear recognition by the international community that further work to enhance cooperation between law enforcement authorities is needed in order to coordinate global action against corruption.The causes and effects of corruption, and how to combat corruption, are issues that are increasingly on the national and international agendas of politicians and other policymakers. For example, the World Bank has relatively recently come around to the view that economic development is closely linked to corruption reduction (World Bank 1997) and there have been numerous anti-corruption initiatives in multiple jurisdictions (Heidenheimer and Johnston 2002; Preston and Sampford 2002). Moreover, the very recent Global Financial Crisis has revealed financial corruption, and spurred regulators to consider various anti-corruption measures by way of response.,,Corruption is the abuse of power by a public official for private gain''. No doubt the abuse of public offices for private gain is paradigmatic of corruption. But when a bettor bribes a boxer to ,,throw'' a fight this is corruption for private gain, but it need not involve any public office holder; the roles of boxer and bettor are usually not public offices.Corruption is both a major cause and a result of poverty around the world. It occurs at all levels of society, from local and national governments, civil society, judiciary functions, large and small businesses, military and other services and so on.Corruption affects the poorest the most, in rich or poor nations, though all elements of society are affected in some way as corruption undermines political development, democracy, economic development, the environment, people's health and more.Corruption is a complex social, political and economic phenomenon that affects all countries. Corruption undermines democratic institutions, slows economic development and contributes to governmental instability. Corruption attacks the foundation of democratic institutions by distorting electoral processes, perverting the rule of law and creating bureaucratic quagmires whose only reason for existing is the soliciting of bribes. Economic development is stunted because foreign direct investment is discouraged and small businesses within the country often find it impossible to overcome the ,,start-up cost'' required because of corruption.Corruption is now recognized to be one of the world's greatest challenges. It is a major hindrance to sustainable development, with a disproportionate impact on poor communities and is corrosive on the very fabric of society. The impact on the private sector is also considerable - it impedes economic growth, distorts competition and represents serious legal and reputational risks. Corruption is also very costly for business, with the extra financial burden estimated to add 10% or more to the costs of doing business in many parts of the world. The World Bank has stated that ,,bribery has become a $1 trillion industry''.The rapid development of rules of corporate governance around the world is also prompting companies to focus on anti-corruption measures as part of their mechanisms to protect their reputations and the interests of their shareholders. Their internal controls are increasingly being extended to a range of ethics and integrity issues and a growing number of investment managers are looking to these controls as evidence that the companies undertake good business practice and are well managed.The international legal fight against corruption has gained momentum in more recent times through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and through the entering into force of the first globally agreed instrument, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) in December 2005. The United Nations is helping countries combat corruption as part of our broader, system-wide campaign to help bolster democracy and good governance. The United Nations Convention against Corruption is a powerful tool in the fight.Corruption - is a misuse of power and position and has a disproportionate impact on the poor and disadvantaged. It undermines the integrity of all involved and damages the fabric of the organizations to which they belong. The term corruption means the abuse of a public office for personal gain or other illegal or immoral benefit.Corruption is a serious problem for police, both due to the severity of the crime and the difficulty of prosecuting corrupt officers internally. Also corruption is a disease that destroys a country from within, undermining trust in democratic institutions, weakening the accountability of political leadership and playing into the hands of organised crime groups. Corruption can only be tackled successfully through the will and commitment of leaders and decision-makers at all levels. Corruption afflicts all countries, undermining social progress and breeding inequality and injustice. When desperately needed development funds are stolen by corrupt individuals and institutions, poor and vulnerable people are robbed of the education, health care and other essential services. ; Статтю присвячено дослідженню особливостей міжнародного співробітництва в боротьбі зі злочинністю на універсальному рівні на прикладі боротьби з корупцією. У статті зазначено, що із середини 1970-х рр. ООН почала відігравати дедалі важливішу роль у забезпеченні ефективності співробітництва держав у боротьбі з корупцією. Антикорупційні зусилля органів ООН були спрямовані на формування універсального організаційно-правового механізму міжнародного співробітництва, що є стандартною формою організації співробітництва в боротьбі зі злочинністю. Такий механізм має в основі багатосторонній міжнародний договір, що передбачає створення відповідного органу конвенційного контролю за його дотриманням. Специфіка корупції передбачає залучення до боротьби з нею інших міжнародно-правових інструментів, що спрямовані на боротьбу з організованою злочинністю, відмиванням «брудних грошей» тощо, та створених на їх основі контрольних органів. Також досліджуваний механізм є водночас міжнародно-правовим і політичним. Це означає, що міжнародне співробітництво в боротьбі з корупцією спирається на засоби дипломатичного впливу, які широко використовують міжнародні міжурядові організації. Зокрема, ключове значення на універсальному рівні мають такі прийняті в межах ООН юридичні та політичні документи про боротьбу з корупцією: Міжнародний кодекс поведінки державних посадових осіб 1996 р., Декларація ООН про боротьбу з корупцією та хабарництвом у міжнародних комерційних операціях 1996 р., Конвенція ООН проти транснаціональної організованої злочинності 2000 р., Конвенція ООН проти корупції 2003 р. Сукупність цих актів складає своєрідну нормативно-правову основу універсального організаційно-правового механізму міжнародного співробітництва в боротьбі з корупцією.У статті зазначено, що міжнародне співробітництво в боротьбі з корупцією демонструє зразок сучасної універсальної моделі міжнародного співробітництва в боротьбі зі злочинністю та окремими її видами. Водночас звернено увагу на важливість досягнення принаймні мінімального рівня взаємодії всіх форм міжнародного співробітництва в боротьбі зі злочинністю. Підкреслюється, що належне виконання універсальною моделлю міжнародного співробітництва в боротьбі зі злочинністю й окре- мими її видами координуючої ролі у відносинах із регіональними механізмами боротьби зі злочинністю залишається проблематичним. Це жодним чином не принижує значення універсальної моделі та свідчить, скоріше, про потребу в чіткому визначенні універсальних і регіональних пріоритетів, у межах яких можлива ефективна координація міжнародної та міжнародно-правової співпраці.

La tesi prende in esame, nell'ambito del diritto societario, la disciplina del recesso del socio da società per azioni ed in particolare il tema della efficacia della dichiarazione di recesso e la perdita dello status socii. La riforma delle società di capitali attuata dal d.lgs n. 6/2003 ha modificato in modo rilevante l'istituto del recesso, assegnando alla fattispecie una nuova vitalità. Nel sistema originario del codice civile del 1942 il legislatore aveva delineato la figura del recesso del socio di società di capitali quale strumento eccezionale, preoccupandosi di definirne più i limiti che le potenzialità. A causa dell'efficacia disgregatrice ed esiziale per l'organizzazione d'impresa, la direttrice utilizzata fu quella della marginalizzazione della fattispecie. Solo ad inizio del nuovo millennio il legislatore ha voluto attribuire a questo istituto un ruolo più incisivo, a partire dallo spazio riservato nell'impianto codicistico di sei articoli, in sostituzione dell'unico originario, così da poter parlare di(ri)nascita di una fattispecie lasciata fino ad allora in uno stato embrionale, annientata nelle sue potenzialità di tutela del socio. Alla tradizionale funzione legata all'interesse dell'azionista a sciogliere il vincolo societario per dissenso verso le scelte della maggioranza, se ne è affiancata un'altra che, in linea con l'obiettivo perseguito dalla riforma di rendere le società collettori di capitali più attraenti, consente al socio di disinvestire agilmente la propria partecipazione. Il recesso legittimamente esercitato offre uno strumento utile a fini di negoziazione endosocietaria, non più solo meccanismo di difesa del socio di minoranza avverso le decisioni assunte dalla maggioranza in grado di alterare sensibilmente le condizioni di rischio dell'investimento, ma anche mezzo di rinegoziazione del programma societario.Nonostante i meriti riconosciuti alla riforma di aver fornito all'autonomia privata un istituto del recesso riformato ed ampliato, a più di dieci anni dall'entrata in vigore delle modifiche societarie, permangono ancora punti oscuri che determinano dubbi nell'applicazione di un istituto che ha ormai assunto un ruolo centrale negli equilibri sociali. Incerti continuano ad essere i tempi ed, in particolare, perdura l'interrogativo sul momento di efficacia del recesso in termini di definitiva perdita da parte del recedente della sua qualità di socio ed insieme dei connessi diritti sociali, differenti da quello residuo al rimborso. Tenuto conto dell'articolato (e spesso non breve) iter che separa l'istante della ricezione della dichiarazione di exit del socio da parte della società, da quello dell'effettivo versamento del valore di liquidazione della partecipazione, l'individuazione dell'istante in cui possa dirsi cessato il rapporto sociale ha centrale importanza per la certezza dei rapporti giuridici. È proprio su questo limbo temporale che la tesi concentra l'attenzione, al fine di comprendere se e fino a quando il socio recedente possa considerarsi ancora tale o sia per lui prospettabile un depotenziamento delle prerogative partecipative. Si tratta di un problema di rilievo, in quanto ciascuna differente soluzione ha ricadute diverse sull'agere della società e sulla certezza dei rapporti giuridici. Lo studio condotto analizza lo status socii a partire dai principali diritti, amministrativi e patrimoniali di cui l'azionista dispone, quali il diritto di voto, il potere di impugnare le delibere assembleari, di esercitare l'azione di responsabilità nei confronti degli amministratori, il diritto d'opzione. Ciascuno di essi tutela interessi differenti e, con riguardo al socio uscente, si analizza se essi sopravvivano nelle more del procedimento di recesso o se la dichiarata volontà di non far parte più del sodalizio sociale faccia venir meno la ragione giustificatrice del diritto. La prospettiva adottata è stata quella di ricercare un delicato equilibrio tra posizioni contrapposte, della società e dell'azionista uscente, valorizzando il "multiforme ingegno" del recesso, oggi strumento sia di voice che di exit. ; The origin of the withdrawal right is tied to the move in Corporate Law to majority approval of fundamental corporate changes, and away from a requirement of unanimous shareholder consent. The system of the withdrawal right assures a safe exit for minority shareholders, especially when they are members of a not listed company. Unlike limited liability companies whose stocks are sold in the capital market, in not listed ones the rule "if you do not like the management, sell your stock" is not valid. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out the evolution this right had in recent years: now withdrawal right can also be an instrument to juggle a shareholder's stay in corporation, using the weight of their shares and the loss of liquidity for the company, to achieve a favorable change in majority's policy or to prevent transactions.In this polyfunctional exit procedure it is important to balance protection between the shareholder who has decided to leave the company and, on the other side, the corporation which still continues to exist without the capital of withdrawn shareholder. What happens in withdrawal right is something similar to what economists call "prisoner's dilemma", because every involved subject does not know the reaction to his decision made by the other one, despite the common known goal being the highest individual payoff. Every part, like in the games theory, is obliged to suffer the effects of other's action. The withdrawal right can be a serious threat if the shareholder, using the option of the exit, loses less than the damage inflicted by the company with the majority decision taken. It must be considered that the exit process from the company is not always fast and accepted, but there are phases requiring time (shareholder's decision has to be communicated to the company; company should provide to liquidate the participation or hinder shareholder's proposal). In this length of time, that can last months or years in case of judicial controversy, it fails to grasp if shareholder is still a member or not of organization with their traditional rights and power. In the Italian system of Law the latter company reform (d.lgs. 6/2003) has provided discipline of exit remedy but a certain statement about the moment of the loss of shareholder membership has not been provided. Two different perspectives are possible: if a shareholder is considered as a stakeholder, they should have only a claim of credit from the company, because they are yet considered outside the business corporation; while if they are considered as a shareholder, it should be necessary to identify boundaries of their acting. The risk is that shareholder could abuse their residual position and their rights to hinder or damage the company, due to them being no longer interested in pursuing the best corporate policy, having already an issued, unmodifiable credit claim on the corporation. Nevertheless, it is also true that the withdrawn shareholder is inside the company until the debt is not liquidated, so they could play an active part, although reduced, in corporate governance. The question to solve for withdrawal procedure is the destiny of shareholders who have decided to leave and their surviving role in corporation as shareholders or stakeholders. The thesis try to identify power and rights of members who want to leave company, but are still inside during the withdrawal right procedure. These questions are essential for certain, swift and efficient capital relationships.

The spatial distribution of economic activity is unevenly distributed across regions within countries. Regional development policies and the incidence of crime rates, an important aspect of the quality of the local business environment, may both impact spatial disparities in economic activity. This thesis examines the relationship between regional development policy, the quality of local business environment, that is, security or lack thereof, captured by crime incidence, and regional economic outcomes. The study argues that regional development policy incentives such as labour and tax regulations influence the local cost of doing business and hence are an important part of local business environment. In addition, the incidence of violent crime rates such as robbery and murder are an important dimension of the local business environment. Regional development policies and variations in the quality of the local business environment may drive regional inequality within a country through its effects on factors related to economic activity such as firm entry and labour migration. South Africa provides a good opportunity to study the impact of regional policies and local business environment, given the high levels of spatial inequality due to historical factors and the country had the first experience of regional development polices in Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, the country is characterised by high rates of crime incidence. The first analytical chapter of the thesis examines the relationship between regional development policy incentives and regional disparity in economic activity. Chapters two and three, then examines the impact of crime incidence on various measures of economic activity, captured by firm entry and migration of labour, particularly skilled labour. These three chapters are linked by the focus on the determinants of the spatial distribution of economic activity across local municipalities in South Africa. The first main chapter uses a new dataset on business registrations that spans from 1800 to 2011, to examine the relationship between the creation of Regional Industrial Development Programme zones in 1982 and their removal in 1991, and the spatial distribution of firm entry in South Africa. The creation of these zones marks the introduction of Sub-Saharan Africa's first Special Economic Zones. However, little is known about the effects of such programs. Since incentives in these policies are expected to reduce the costs of registering and doing business to attract industries in targeted regions and create long lasting effects that make the regions economically sustainable, it is expected that the creation of these zones will increase firm entry and the impacts will persist after the removal of policy incentives. Using merged data on the location of Regional Industrial Development Programme zones and the business registration database, empirical results show that the creation of RIDP zones was positively associated with firm entry when the policy incentives were still present, and after the removal of policy incentives, firm entry decreased. However, these results show that in the manufacturing and services sector, the reduction of entry after the removal of RIDP zones did not completely offset the positive effect of the policy on entry. This finding is consistent with the presence of agglomeration economies in the manufacturing sector. Overall, results from this chapter suggests that regional policy incentives were important in encouraging private sector development in marginalised regions of the country, although the policy did not create long-run economic benefits. The second main chapter empirically examines the impact of an important aspect of the local business environment that affect regional economic incentives, that is, crime rates, on entry of firms across local municipalities in South Africa. South Africa's crime rates are high by international standards and surprisingly, little is known about how crime rates affect business activity in the country. Since crime rates increase the fixed costs of entry and the costs of doing business, it is expected that high crime rates in a region will lead to fewer firms entering the market, because only more productive firms will have expected profits high enough to justify paying the entry costs. This chapter merged crime data with the business registration database and found out that crime rates, particularly, property crimes have a deterring effect on firm entry and the effect is large for firms in the wholesale and retail sector. These results are robust to using rainfall shocks as an instrumental variable for crime rates, to control for the fact that crime might be a consequence not a cause of firm activity. The third main chapter empirically examines whether crime rates affect another aspect closely related to firm performance, that is, the availability of labour through migration across local municipalities in South Africa. Since high crime rates increases the costs of living in a region and this will reduce net income and utility associated with living in that region, it is expected that high crime rates will reduce in-migration. The chapter merged crime data used in the previous chapter with migration data created from 2011 population census and showed that contact crime rates reduce migration of labour into municipalities. These results are also robust to using rainfall shocks as an instrumental variable for crime rates, to control for reverse causality. Empirical results also show that the effects of contact crime differ by population group and skill level, with the effects stronger for male, unskilled and black African migrants. Since unskilled and African migrants will have lower expected wages to cover the costs of crime because of lack of high paying work opportunities and labour market discrimination. In addition, it is expected that the effect of crime is high for these population groups compared to skilled and white migrants, who have the income and the mechanisms to mitigate the risks of crime, like picking better neighbourhoods to live in. Estimated results by gender also reveal that the effect of contact crimes is high for male migrants as compared to female migrants suggesting that increases in contact crimes reduces in-migration of male individuals by a higher magnitude as compared to females. This result is consistent with the view that male African workers may be more mobile than females, and most of these migrants are unskilled. Important policy messages from these findings are that any industrial development strategy and economic policy in the country that seeks to create jobs in marginalised municipalities or improve integration of local labour markets should also consider other measures, besides targeting disadvantaged regions with policy incentives. This thesis provides empirical evidence that crime prevention measures are likely to be one of the important tools for industrial policy. This implies that the government should put measures that improve policing and security. In addition, the private sector and international development organisations should continue to engage the government to put in programs and projects that reduce crime rates in the country. These may include, providing support for research that examines the main causes of crime rates in South Africa.

The 1973 and 1975 legislation relating to the protection of employment has failed to bring about all of the expected results. It has failed to reverse unemployment which continued to rise. Having been designed and then refined over 35 years by theorists from the French school of employment law, it has burdened small and medium sized businesses by increasing the financial consequences of breach of open – ended employment contracts. Based on the three guarantees system (procedure, legal base and compensation) and strengthened by threshold considerations, it has curbed both the initiatives and expansion of the said businesses due to the psychological effects thereof on managers as well as to the effects thereof on the businesses' economy. We recall the involvement of almost all of the legal professionals and of the political and union representatives, as well as the inability of the business world to evaluate and challenge a phenomenon despite it being ineffectual as regards reducing unemployment as well as other detrimental effects upon business. We complete our review of the literature in this field by considering various practical examples drawn from our own professional experience which latter relates to the effectiveness of the said three guarantees. We recall that the classic paradigm involves a consideration of the employee's situation and an optimisation of the latter by means of laws which protect insiders (via O.E.E.C, Open – Ended Employment contracts) to the detriment of outsiders on fixed term contracts, temporary employees or job seekers. We are determined to reverse this by starting from the basic equation of a business: an individual, an idea, capital, an acceptance of risk. Thus the employment contract comes second. It depends from a logic of costs in which we intend to include all costs relating to employment in France, whether deferred – revealed after the employee has left, at the end of a case in the Employment Appeals Tribunal – or uncovered. Of course, we have differentiated uncovered costs from the notion of hidden costs, which latter are usually linked to the underperformance of a business. We came to carry out this research via Williamson's transactional costs theory, and we have applied it to French legislation (the complexity of which still remains to be addressed by the Anglo-Saxons). It allows us to go beyond those employment costs which are generally acknowledged, in order to uncover other costs which have not been included in any French legal, fiscal or accounting regulations. Sometimes they are even ignored by managers. By drawing a new approach from our experience as practitioner and researcher and from our use of empirical examples, we have established a classification of uncovered costs. It has enabled us to redefine the reality of employment costs, related to a cause, namely to the presence of the employee in the business. However, the effects of the said presence are represented by various costs which are not accounted for in the immediate costs of work, such as operating and management costs relating to employee representative bodies, costs relating to incentive and participation, costs relating to comfort and especially, deferred costs, with the latter stemming from breach of employment contracts. Whether the said breach occurs in the context of a dismissal or it is another type of contractual breach, whether or not the causes are admitted or rejected by the parties (resulting in proceedings and the related imposition by the court of compensation, wages or supplements to wages) the said costs are not included in employment costs resulting from the provision by the employee of services in the context and at the time of his employment. Thus we are proposing a methodology which will take into account the uncovered costs of employment and which will seek to relocate them in the generally acknowledged immediate costs of the employee's work. ; La législation sur la protection de l'emploi créée par la loi (1973 et 1975) n'a pas produit l'ensemble des effets escomptés. Elle n'a pas contré le chômage qui a continué à progresser. Conçue et accentuée pendant 35 ans par les théoriciens de l'école de française du droit du travail, elle a accablé les T.P.E. et les P.M.E. en accentuant les conséquences financières de la rupture du contrat de travail à durée indéterminée. Fondée sur le système des 3 garanties (procédure, fondement et indemnisation), renforcée par les effets de seuils, elle a bridé l'initiative et le développement de ces entreprises tant par ses effets sur la psychologie des managers que par ceux produits sur l'économie de l'entreprise. Nous rappelons l'implication de la quasi-totalité des professionnels du droit et des responsables politiques et syndicaux, de même que l'incapacité du monde de l'entreprise à analyser et s'opposer à un phénomène en dépit de son inefficacité sur le niveau du chômage et de ses effets néfastes sur l'entreprise. Nous complétons la revue de littérature par différents exemples concrets tirés de notre pratique professionnelle concernant l'efficience des trois garanties. Nous rappelons que le paradigme classique consiste à examiner la situation du salarié et à optimiser sa situation par le biais d'une législation qui protège les insiders (en C.D.I.) au détriment des outsiders en contrats à durée déterminés, en intérim ou demandeurs d'emploi. Nous avons résolu de l'inverser en prenant comme point de départ l'équation de base de l'entreprise : un individu, une idée, un capital, une acceptation du risque. Le contrat de travail apparaît donc second. Il dépend d'une logique de coûts dans laquelle nous allons intégrer l'ensemble des coûts du travail en France, différés – apparaissant après son départ, au terme d'un procès prudhommal – ou occultés. Nous différencions naturellement ces coûts de la notion de coûts cachés, généralement liés à un disfonctionnement de l'entreprise. Nous procédons à cette recherche à travers la théorie des coûts de transaction de Williamson, appliquée à la législation française (dont la complexité n'est pas abordée par les anglo-saxons). Elle permet, au-delà des coûts du travail tels qu'ils sont classiquement reconnus, de révéler des coûts qui ne sont pas intégrés par les règles légales, fiscales ou comptables françaises. Ils sont même parfois ignorés des dirigeants. En dégageant de notre expérience de praticien chercheur et des exemples empiriques développés une approche nouvelle, nous établissons une nomenclature des coûts éludés. Elle nous permet de rétablir la réalité du coût du travail, lié à une cause, la présence du salarié dans l'entreprise. Mais les effets de cette présence se manifestent pas différentes charges qui ne sont pas comptabilisés dans le coût immédiat du travail, telles que le coût de fonctionnement et de gestion des institutions représentatives du personnel, le coût de l'intéressement et de la participation, les coûts de confort et surtout, les coûts différés, résultant de la rupture du contrat de travail. Que cette rupture intervienne dans le cadre d'un licenciement ou d'une rupture conventionnelle, que les causes en soient admises ou récusées par les parties (ce qui conduit au procès et à la fixation des indemnités, salaires ou accessoires de salaire par décision de justice) ces coûts ne sont pas inclus dans le coûts du travail résultant sur l'instant de la prestation du salarié dans l'emploi. Nous proposons une méthodologie pour prendre en considération des coûts occultés et les réintégrer dans le coût du travail immédiat d'un salarié.

Research problem: the paper deals with the following problem questions: In which EU documents and how is the policy of promoting social innovation emphasised? How is the policy of promoting social innovation implemented in the EU? Research subject: EU social innovation promotion policy and its implementation.Research aim: to analyse EU social innovation promoting policy and its implementation.Research methods: Content analysis and generalisation of EU strategic documents, legislation and information materials, case studies of implementation of social innovation.In the European Union, innovation promoting policy is developed through strategic and legal regulation documents adopted in EU institutions. Investments into fundamental research dominate, the importance of application of innovations for the growth of the economy of the country is emphasised, and a broad concept of innovations is applied, encompassing the implementation of innovations in business and public sector. However, innovation promoting policy and its implementation seldom put an emphasis on social innovations as an important part of the general system of innovations; the place and the importance of social innovations for the social environment of the society are given insufficient attention.According to the newest understanding of the European Commission, social innovation is new ideas that meet social needs, create new social relationships and develop new forms of collaboration. These innovations can be products, services or models, which meet unsatisfied social needs in a more efficient way. Social innovation is a means integrating various interested parties for the realisation of social needs. Such understanding of social innovations is closely linked with other concepts, oriented towards meeting social needs, such as social company, social entrepreneurship, social economics, and social policy experimentation.Social innovations are based on the ingenuity of the population, civic society organisations, local communities, institutions and companies. They also offer an opportunity for the public sector and all participants of the market to ensure that products and services correspond not only to the individual but also to collective aspirations. Stimulating innovation, entrepreneurship and knowledge society are the main EU policy directions in "Europe 2020" strategy. Social innovations differ from other innovations in that their main aim is to create social change. In comparison with the general concept of innovation, social innovations have an additional motive, which is social mission and social values.The authors of social innovations can come from all layers of society, from public or private sector or from non-governmental organisations. Most often the most valuable sources of new ideas come from collaboration of different sectors. Various groups can make valuable contributions to social innovations: these are businessmen, experts, politicians, representatives of communities and civic society. They can act on different levels: from new ideas and pilot projects to implement them to the formation of the new policy.Social innovations play a major role in EU cohesion policy. The topics of these innovations are oriented towards thematic targets in the five spheres of investment policy: 1) research and development, 2) employment, 3) education, 4) social policy, 5) strengthening administrative abilities.For the implementation of the model initiative "Innovation Union" of "Europe 2020" strategy, the European Commission has adopted a programme consisting of 10 measures. Group 9 of the mentioned measures emphasises the importance of social innovations. It is pointed out that the public sector has to improve the implementation of innovations in order to meet the expectations of the users of public services in a better way.In Europe, there are various examples of different social innovations: heart diseases prevention programmes meant for the whole society; social services to help lonely old-age people provided through the networks of neighbours; ecologic maps of cities that provide information for the local communities about the progress in decreasing pollution; ethical banks, which provide financial products in order to increase social benefits of innovations, etc. There are a lot of good ideas; however, the impact of social innovations is still insufficient. It is necessary to encourage experimenting. It is necessary to develop and disseminate new innovation creation and implementation methods that are superior to the existing practices. For that we need competent intermediaries, efficient incentives and networks, which would speed up and facilitate learning. There are such infrastructures all over Europe in the sphere of business innovations; however, their correspondent structures in the sphere of social innovations are insufficient. More exact methods of innovation evaluation are necessary, too.A bulletin of the outcomes of EU innovation implementation published by the European Commission in 2017 shows that the outcomes have improved for 15 countries, although there are major differences among these member states. In global terms, the EU is catching up with Canada and the USA, however, South Korea and Japan are ahead of it. Among foreign competitors, the most rapid progress is made by China. Within the EU, the leader of innovations is Sweden, followed by Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, the UK and Germany. Lithuania is ascribed to the average innovators group; nevertheless, Lithuania is the most rapidly developing innovator. Lithuania moved from the 24th place in 2010 up to the 16th place in 2016 among the 28 EU member states. The growth of innovative developments in Lithuania during this period was the most rapid one and made up 21 percent.Since 2012, the European Commission has been announcing an annual contest of European social innovations, the number of applications ranging from 600 to 1,400. 30 applications with the best prospects are selected for the semi-finals, and then to the finals of 10 ideas, the teams of which are invited to develop these ideas in the social innovations centre in one of the member states. The members of the semi-finals get support for teaching and further development of their ideas, while three best ideas get prizes between 20,000 and 50,000 EUR. Besides, other social innovations contests are organised, too, e.g., "RegioStars" nominations and Social Innovations Tournament.The European Commission also performs direct financing of social innovations through EU investment programmes. It creates networks helping organizations all over Europe to join, learn from each other and share their experiences via the Social Innovations Community site. The conditions for social innovations and social companies in Europe are being improved; efforts are made to attract private investors. Information about the use of social innovations and methodologies of evaluating their outcomes is collected and disseminated. Incubatory structures meant for social innovations in Europe are supported and networks of EU incubators are created. Research is carried out, new ideas, programmes or spheres for social innovations are pursued, papers and articles on social innovations are published and stored.This scientific article is funded by the Research Council of Lithuania according to the project "Social innovation in the context of regional development: socioeconomic development of suburban (low urbanization level) territories and improving the quality of life" (2017–2018), registration No. TAP LB-17-012. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjama socialinių inovacijų sampratos traktuotė Europos Komisijos dokumentuose ir šių inovacijų vaidmuo Europos Sąjungos sanglaudos politikoje. Analizuojama, kaip Europos Komisija ir kitos ES institucijos atlieka socialinių inovacijų įgyvendinimo finansavimą per ES investicines programas, kokia tvarka organizuoja socialinių inovacijų konkursus, kaip kuria virtualius tinklus ir siekia pritraukti privačius investuotojus. Pagrindžiama faktais, kad Lietuva yra tarp sparčiausiai augančių novatorių Europos Sąjungoje. Pateikta Europos Komisijos konkursuose premijuotų socialinių inovacijų projektų pavyzdžių.

Background. The rapid development of the industry of chemical, radiation-nuclear technologies and the emergence of the chemical and radiation environment surrounding virtually all spheres of the human activity causes urgent need to solve complex problems of medical supply of chemical and radiation safety in Ukraine. There is an increase in the role of vocational training of toxicologists according to the needs of the health care system of Ukraine in providing toxicological assistance to both the civilian population and individual special medical units providing medical care under conditions of terrorist threats and emergencies and accompanied by the action of chemical, radiation and biological agents. The purpose of the study was to analyze the current system of chemical safety in the country in terms of existing external and internal chemical threats and to develop a modern model of professional training in the field of toxicology. Material and me­thods. The recommendations of international organizations on the formation of an effective system of chemical safety, in particular training of specialists in the field of medical toxicology for the last 20 years (Food and Agriculture Organization, International Labor Organization, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, World Health Organization), were studied. The analysis of the periodical scientific sources of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Europe, the USA, Japan and other countries on these issues was carried out. Results. In Ukraine, the training system of toxicologists in the health care system has not been established. For example, there are no specialized departments in institutions of postgraduate education. In the institutions of higher education, the number of training hours on toxicology has been reduced from 2 weeks to 3–5 hours. The necessity to provide the appropriate level of training of toxicologists for the needs of the health care system in Ukraine determined in 2017 the development and implementation of the educational and scientific training program for masters at the premises of the department of military toxicology, radio­logy and medical protection of the Ukrainian Military Medical Academy was stipulated (master's) level of higher education in the field of toxicology. This program of specialization in toxicology developed according to EUROTOX standards is relevant not only for medical officers and officials of state structures responsible for medical support of special forces for combating chemical (biological) terrorism and specialists in the field of medical devices, but also for emergency care experts, and the heads of health care institutions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The main sections of the programs for postgraduate education of toxicologists at training courses in many countries of the world are: general principles of medical toxicology (types and circumstances of poisoning, basic principles of toxicology, clinical diagnosis, general principles of treatment for poisoning, organizations and groups — participants of poison control programs); toxic effects of chemicals on the human body (systematic monitoring and evaluation of the most widespread and severe cases of poisoning and toxic substances, monitoring and evaluation of toxicants); human toxicology in the aspect of rare-earth chemical research (toxicity prognosis, statistical and epidemiological programs for evaluation of acute and chronic effects of specific substances), etc. The developed master's program is based on the methodological principles of EUROTOX. Conclusions. Ensuring an effective system of chemical and radiation safety in Ukraine is possible under the conditions of creating a unified system of training toxicologists in the health care system of Ukraine according to EUROTOX standards. A practical step in this direction could be the creation at the premises of department of military toxicology, radiology and medical protection of the Ukrainian Military Medical Academy of an interdepartmental educational, methodological and scientific center to train toxicologists for the Armed Forces of Ukraine on the standards of North Atlantic Treaty Organization, for medical and preventive and scientific-practical institutions of Ukraine according to EUROTOX standards and receiving internationally recognized certificate of a toxicologist that will give the automatic right to enter the European register of toxicologists and increase the competitiveness of national experts. ; Актуальность. В Украине в последние годы все больше ощущается необходимость в новом формате профессиональной подготовки врачей-токсикологов для реализации государственных задач в направлении создания эффективной системы химической безопасности и защиты в условиях террористических угроз и риска возникновения чрезвычайных ситуаций, сопровождающихся действием химических агентов. Цель: анализ системы профессиональной подготовки врачей-токсикологов в системе Вооруженных сил Украины и подтверждение актуальности разработки новой модели профессиональной подготовки кадров по специальности «токсикология». Материалы и методы. Изучены рекомендации международных организаций по вопросам подготовки токсикологов. Проведен анализ периодических научных источников стран СНГ, Европы, США и других стран по этим вопросам. Результаты. Авторами рассмотрена возможность создания единой межведомственной системы подготовки врачей-токсикологов в соответствии с международными стандартами. Проведен сравнительный анализ действующих программ последипломной подготовки по направлению «токсикология» в отдельных странах Европейского союза, разработанных по рекомендациям Европейской ассоциации токсикологов. Проанализированы основы профессиональной подготовки врачей-токсикологов в Украине. Определенная роль кафедры военной токсикологии, радиологии и медицинской защиты Украинской военно-медицинской академии в последипломной подготовке врачей-токсикологов в направлении создания кадрового компонента системы химической безопасности. Авторами сформулированы предложения по совершенствованию программ последипломной подготовки врачей-токсикологов в Украине. Выводы. Обеспечение эффективной системы химической безопасности в Украине сегодня возможно при условии создания единой межведомственной системы подготовки врачей-токсикологов, основанной на международных стандартах и объединяющей потребности широкого спектра министерств и государственных служб. ; Актуальність. В Україні останніми роками все більше відчувається необхідність у новому форматі професійної підготовки лікарів-токсикологів для реалізації державних завдань у напрямі створення ефективної системи хімічної безпеки й захисту в умовах терористичних загроз і ризику виникнення надзвичайних ситуацій, що супроводжуються дією хімічних агентів. Мета: аналіз системи професійної підготовки лікарів-токсикологів у системі Збройних сил України й підтвердження актуальності розробки нової моделі професійної підготовки кадрів за спеціальністю «токсикологія». Матеріали та методи. Вивчено рекомендації міжнародних організацій з питань підготовки токсикологів. Проведено аналіз періодичних наукових джерел країн СНД, Європи, США та інших країн із цих питань. Результати. Авторами розглянута можливість створення єдиної міжвідомчої системи підготовки лікарів-токсикологів за міжнародними стандартами. Проведено порівняльний аналіз діючих програм післядипломної підготовки за напрямом «токсикологія» в окремих країнах Європейського Союзу, що розроблені за рекомендаціями Європейської асоціації токсикологів. Проаналізовані основи фахової підготовки лікарів-токсикологів в Україні. Визначена роль кафедри військової токсикології, радіології й медичного захисту Української військово-медичної академії в післядипломній підготовці лікарів-токсикологів у напрямі створення кадрового компонента системи хімічної безпеки держави. Авторами сформульовані пропозиції щодо удосконалення програм післядипломної підготовки лікарів-токсикологів в Україні. Висновки. Забезпечення ефективної системи хімічної й радіаційної безпеки в Україні сьогодні можливе за умов створення єдиної міжвідомчої системи підготовки лікарів-токсикологів, що базується на міжнародних стандартах і об'єднує потреби широкого спектра міністерств і державних служб.

Сегодня в Украине сложилась крайне нестабильная ситуация в сфере химической, ядерной и радиационной безопасности. Авторами проведен анализ системы медицинской защиты военнослужащих в условиях радиационно-ядерных и химических угроз и терроризма. Изучена система мониторинга потенциально опасных ситуаций, который осуществляется передвижными санитарно-эпидемиологическими группами Службы превентивной медицины Министерства обороны Украины в зоне АТО. Проводится оценка и прогнозирование влияния угроз на объекты критической инфраструктуры, экспертиза продовольствия, питьевой воды, источников водоснабжения и других объектов внешней среды на загрязнение радиоактивными, ядовитыми и опасными химическими веществами; осуществляются организация и контроль проведения дезактивации, дегазации. Однако остаются проблемные вопросы: устаревшая материально-техническая база (автомобильная техника, лабораторное оборудование, нехватка приборов для обследования факторов окружающей среды и т.д.); отсутствие производства в Украине отдельных средств медицинской защиты военнослужащих при воздействии опасных радиационных и химических факторов для профилактики поражения и уменьшения вредного воздействия. За предыдущие годы снизилась численность специалистов Службы превентивной медицины Министерства обороны Украины по военной токсикологии, радиологии и медицинской защите. В этих условиях особую актуальность приобретает специальная подготовка военных врачей по вопросам военной токсикологии, радиологии и медицинской защиты. ; Сьогодні в Україні склалася вкрай нестабільна ситуація в сфері хімічної, ядерної та радіаційної безпеки. Авторами проведено аналіз стану справ у системі медичного захисту військово­службовців Збройних сил України в умовах радіаційно-ядерних і хімічних загроз, тероризму. Проведено аналіз системи моніторингу потенційно небезпечних ситуацій, що здійснюється пересувними санітарно-епідеміологічними групами Служби превентивної медицини Міністерства оборони України в зоні АТО. Проводиться оцінка та прогнозування впливу загроз критичної інфраструктури, експертиза продовольства, питної води, джерел водопостачання та інших об'єктів зовнішнього середовища на забруднення радіоактивними, отруйними та небезпечними хімічними речовинами; здійснюються організація та контроль проведення дезактивації, дегазації. Однак залишаються проблемні питання: застаріла матеріально-технічна база (автомобільна техніка, лабораторне обладнання, брак приладів для обстеження факторів навколишнього середовища тощо); відсутність виробництва в Україні окремих засобів медичного захисту військовослужбовців при дії небезпечних радіаційних і хімічних факторів для профілактики ураження та зменшення вражаючої дії. За попередні роки знизилась чисельність фахівців Служби превентивної медицини Міністерства оборони України з військової токсикології, радіології та медичного захисту. В цих умовах особливої актуальності набуває спеціальна підготовка військових лікарів з питань військової токсикології, радіології та медичного захисту. ; Background. Today, situation in the field of chemical, nuclear and radiation safety in Ukraine is an extremely unstable. In such conditions, there in an increase in the role of the Preventive Medicine Service of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine (PMS MDU), which provides medical protection in the conditions of radiation-nuclear and chemical threats. The purpose of the research: analysis of the state of the system of medical protection of service members of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the conditions of radiation, nuclear and chemical threats and terrorism. Materials and methods. The analysis of publications concerning the peculiarities of chemical and radiation safety of the state over the past 20 years has been carried out. Data on the state of nuclear and radiation safety in Ukraine were considered according to the annual reports of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine (SESU). Results. Today, Ukraine lacks nuclear and chemical weapons, however, the existence of terrorist threats and the possible consequences of natural, man-made, military and social emergencies, especially in connection with the marked aggravation of the domestic political situation in the country and the interference of the Russian Federation in the internal affairs of Ukraine, creates extremely a threatening situation in terms of nuclear and chemical threats. According to the SESU, 1004 industrial objects are registered in the territory of Ukraine, in which more than 219.6 thousand tons of hazardous chemical compounds are stored or used in the process of production, about 13 million people live in ­areas of probable pollution. Terrorist sabotage on hazardous sites can lead to anthropogenic and military emergencies, the extent of which can be compared to the consequences of the use of weapons of mass destruction. In these conditions, the role of military experts in toxicology, radiology and medical protection is substantially increasing. Today, the tasks of the PMS MDU are: prevention of harmful effects of environmental factors, control over the observance of hygienic requirements in the work of personnel with sources of ionizing radiation, aggressive liquids, electromagnetic fields and other harmful factors and the provision of their individual protective equipment; control over elimination of causes and conditions of occupational diseases, poisonings, radiation damage, organization and control over decontamination and degassing. Monitoring of potentially dangerous situations is carried out by the mobile sanitary and epidemiological teams (MSET) of the PMS MDU in the ATO zone. The assessment and prognosis of the impact of critical infrastructure threats is constantly assessed. In addition, the mobile units conduct expert examination of food, drinking water, sources of water supply and other objects of the environment for contamination with radioactive, toxic and hazardous che­micals, and organization and control of decontamination and degassing. The MSET of the PMS MDU is deployed with medical mobile laboratory based on ZIL-131 car with a lowdown trailer, which can perform chemo-toxicological studies — 15 per day, radiometric (dosimetry) studies — 90–100 per day. The forces and regular means of constant readiness of MSET of the PMS MDU able to conduct sanitary treatment of man/hour — 144 in the summer, 96 in the winter, chamber disinfection (disinfection), decontamination: 180 man/hours in summer, 120 — in winter. There are topical issues: the outdated material and technical base of the PMS MDU (automotive equipment, laboratory equipment, lack of devices, environmental factors survey, etc.); the absence of production in Ukraine of certain means for medical protection of military personnel under the influence of dangerous radiation and chemical factors in order to prevent damage and to reduce the striking effect. In addition, in previous years, there was a decrease in the number of specialists of the PMS MDU for military toxicology, radiology and medical protection. In these circumstances, the training of military doctors on military toxicology, radiology and medical protection, one of the scientific and practical branches that provides separate components of national security, becomes relevant. The issue of improving the level of postgraduate training of military doctors by updating the basic educational material on military toxicology, radiology and medical protection is very topical, taking into account current knowledge, practical experience and NATO standards. Conclusions. The current state of the system of medical protection of service members of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in conditions of radiation-nuclear, chemical threats and terrorism cannot guarantee the necessary level of safety for personnel and population. Improvement of the situation in the system of medical protection can be accomplished by strengthening the material and technical support of specialized units of the Preventive Medicine Service of the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine; introduction of modern technologies and standards; introduction of new forms of training and improvement of existing curricula in order to meet the needs of a wide range of military and civilian specialists in the areas of military toxicology, radiology, chemical, radiation safety, modern anti-chemical and anti-radiation protection of troops in emergency situations, man-made disasters and in a special period.

Governance of local sports policy: A Swedish case study in the post-NPM era Aim This study is about the distribution of public sport resources in Sweden since 1985 on the local level. A motive is that earlier research has not univocally been able to show if the socioeconomic transformations in society, the change of ideas about how to arrange and govern it, and implemented policy has made any difference for the actual outcome of sport policies. The aim is to analyze the governance of public resource allocation to sport in Stockholm city 1985-2017 and its consequences. The research questions are as follows: - How is the resources distributed? How much resources and what resources are distributed? In what ways are they distributed? To whom are they distributed? - Which principles are the basis for resource allocation? What are the guidelines of the decision makers and what are the underlying norms and values? - How are the guiding decisions taken and how are they implemented? Who and what is involved and effect resource allocation, i.e. which actors participate in the decisions, who implement them and what structures affect them? Theoretical background and literature review The analytical approach starts within historical and political science and research of societal governing. Three forms of political social governing are scrutinized: hierarchic governing, discursive governing and interactive governing. The concept governing is stipulated as a long-term impact that brings on certain specific effects. The changes during the last three to four decades that have influenced sport policies on a national level has been thoroughly described. From the beginning of the 1990s, sport scientists discern a gradual change in the stately view of the sport movement's societal role. They refer among other things to new general principles regarding the governing of aims and results in Swedish administration, and also to more cooperation and trust between governmental actors and to a rapidly growing element of aimed public project funding.[1] At the same time though it is pointed out that "the greater part of sport support today lies within the appropriation of 'common nature' that RF has at its independent disposal", and that "the state /…/ has avoided political pressure regarding regulation and normative development of sport clubs and federations".[2] The centralized attempts to control have, as earlier on in history, mainly been in form of expressed wishes and interests – not regulations and sanctions. The matter of a new basis for negotiations and its penetration in practice can thereby only be settled empirically. Research design, methodology and data analysis The method is a case study of Stockholm city. The empirical data is collected from meeting minutes and decision protocols from the public sports authority, contemporary literature and recorded and transcribed interviews with representatives of politics and public administration. The interviews are qualitative and semi-structured. The data consists of leading decisions, i.e. those decisions that – in retrospect – can be seen as indicative on how the public sport resources should be (and have been) used. It could be long-term policy decisions or more direct, acting decisions. Mainly it is decisions and acting on support for sporting facilities and sport clubs that is being analyzed. The concept of support refers mainly to financial support. Results/findings and discussion The survey about the governing forms and practices indicates, that a lot of different shapes and practices have been used for a long time working parallel as a complement to each other rather than succeeding (replacing) each other. Primary results regarding the accomplished sport politics, i.e. the sport policy and administration-effects and consequences, are in the first place that the allowance of public funds to sports has increased during the period. Secondly that the resources are distributed in mainly the same ways (channels) as before and that there are mainly the same physical activities, organizations and social groups as before that are favoured – while others in comparison are disadvantaged. This is a fact in spite of that the politicians since quite a long time are fully aware of which groups have been neglected when it comes to physical activities, what kind of new desires citizens have today, and that there are many new initiatives from public authorities time and again to bring about a change. Conclusion, contribution and implications The conclusion reads that the structural elements economy, tradition (worked up systems and routine procedures) and culture (normed/standardized behaviours) have influenced the shaping of sports policy after 1985 more than individual actors and their articulated interests and expressed values. A fact is also that politicians and civil servants have a main responsibility regarding the implemented policies, but that they at the same time are forced to take into consideration the investments already done and the economic reality that reigns here and now. Interestingly enough international research often come to similar conclusions, which shows that there is much to gain by comparisons on procedures and outcomes of public sport support. Obviously there is local sports policy with high ambitions all around Europe. At the same time economic ideas, established structures and strong traditions often set more or less distinct limits of what could be done. The contribution this article provides concerns details on how the leading decisions are taken, by whom and why. The article also elaborates on the routines that make the setting for the civil servants in the local public sport administration and the cultures/traditions that influences the representatives in the public sport authority as well as the employees in the administration. References Bramham, P. (2008). "Sports policy". In: Hylton, K. & Bramham, P. (eds.). Sports development: policy, process and practice (2:nd. ed.). Oxon: Routledge. Carlsson, B., Norberg, J. & Persson, H. T. R. (2011). The governance of sport from a Scandinavian perspective. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3:3, 305-309. Fahlén, J. & Stenling, C. (2016). Sport policy in Sweden. International Journal of Sport Policy, 8:3, 515-531. Houlihan, B. (2011). "Introduction: Government and civil society involvement in sports development." In: Houlihan, B. & Green, M. (eds.). Routledge handbook of sports development. London: Routledge. King, N. (2009). Sport Policy and Governance: Local Perspectives. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier. Norberg, J. R. (2011). A contract reconsidered? Changes in the Swedish state's relation to the sports movement. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 3,3, 311-325. [1] Fahlén & Karp, 2010; Fahlén & Stenling, 2016; Norberg, 2011; 2016, p. 205-206; Österlind & Fahlén, 2015. [2] Norberg, 2016, p. 206; Carlsson, Norberg & Persson, 2011, p. 305.

WOS: 000444954200001 ; Properties of the Higgs boson are measured in the two-photon final state using 36.1 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data recorded at root s = 13 TeV by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider. Cross-section measurements for the production of a Higgs boson through gluon-gluon fusion, vector-boson fusion, and in association with a vector boson or a top-quark pair are reported. The signal strength, defined as the ratio of the observed to the expected signal yield, is measured for each of these production processes as well as inclusively. The global signal strength measurement of 0.99 +/- 0.14 improves on the precision of the ATLAS measurement at root s = 7 and 8 TeV by a factor of two. Measurements of gluon-gluon fusion and vector-boson fusion productions yield signal strengths compatible with the Standard Model prediction. Measurements of simplified template cross sections, designed to quantify the different Higgs boson production processes in specific regions of phase space, are reported. The cross section for the production of the Higgs boson decaying to two isolated photons in a fiducial region closely matching the experimental selection of the photons is measured to be 55 +/- 10 fb, which is in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of 64 +/- 2 fb. Furthermore, cross sections in fiducial regions enriched in Higgs boson production in vector-boson fusion or in association with large missing transverse momentum, leptons or top-quark pairs are reported. Differential and double-differential measurements are performed for several variables related to the diphoton kinematics as well as the kinematics and multiplicity of the jets produced in association with a Higgs boson. These differential cross sections are sensitive to higher order QCD corrections and properties of the Higgs boson, such as its spin and CP quantum numbers. No significant deviations from a wide array of Standard Model predictions are observed. Finally, the strength and tensor structure of the Higgs boson interactions are investigated using an effective Lagrangian, which introduces additional CP-even and CP-odd interactions. No significant new physics contributions are observed. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); FP7, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 202, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissement d'Avenir Labex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Investissement Idex, France; ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF,; Thales programme - EU-ESF; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF; Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [155].