Suchergebnisse

This article analyses continuity & change in two areas related to pharmaceutical: industrial policy & control of public expenditure. In both cases, the adoption of a new policy paradigm is preceded by a significant institutional change which transforms the distribution of power of actors involved. But the strategy adopted in both areas to carry out policy change is significantly different. This article argues that policy change is mediated by policy networks, offering a complementary explanation of Hall's model of policy change. The adoption of a new policy paradigm in pharmaceutical industrial policy is the result of a gradual process through which state & business actors define their strategies in order to preserve their interests, while adapting to the new political & economic context. In contrast, cost-containment policy is the result of a politicized debate in which a large number of actors are involved. Tables, References. Adapted from the source document.

Industrial reconversion is required by the major transformations in world capitalism; at the national level, it is essential if products are to be competitive in the world market. The current situation in Mexico is reviewed, examining statistical evidence for the 1980s, & Mexico's policy & strategies for industrial reconversion over the next thirty years are discussed. The background of worldwide trends is examined, including relations between the advanced economies & the debtor countries. As regards Mexico, both private & parastate industries are discussed, reviewing aspects such as the accumulation & disaccumulation of capital, the employment rate, productivity, & the wage/price ratio. Above all, the need for balance is emphasized: between isolation & total openness; between industry & agriculture; & between consumer goods & capital goods. C. Waters

El objetivo del presente análisis es revisar la evolución que tuvo el llamado complejo militar- burocrático-industrial soviético y el desarrollo que ha tenido, en la posguerra fría, el complejo militar-industrial ruso, así como los desafíos que enfrenta este último de cara al siglo xxi. Existen grandes diferencias entre uno y otro. El primero se comportó conforme a consideraciones estratégicas estrechamente relacionadas con el entorno bipolar y la premisa de la suma- cero. El segundo, en cambio, opera sobre todo a partir de criterios estrictamente comerciales, donde la supervivencia hace a un lado los riesgos que entraña la venta indiscriminada de pertrechos militares a países cuya conducta, en las relaciones internacionales, no es del todo predecible. Con todo, Rusia está recuperando rápidamente una posición preponderante en el comercio internacional de armamento, y su principal rival en esta empresa es Estados Unidos, el beneficiario más importante del colapso soviético en términos del abastecimiento de sistemas de armas a los principales consumidores y clientes de la ex URSS.