The structure and origins of attitudes to genetic engineering have so far hardly been systematically investigated in Switzerland. In Switzerland, too, the future of genetic engineering procedures appears to depend on consensus among the population. The vote on the gene protection initiative and the media campaigns that preceded it made it clear that there can be no talk of consensus. Rather, there are deep, almost unbridgeable gulfs between proponents and opponents of this new technology. At the scientific level, the opinion polls carried out so far and the rare qualitative studies on the attitudes on this issue are far from sufficient to understand the motives of the advocates and opponents of genetic engineering and to understand the dynamics of opinion-forming both among politicians and among the population in this area. In addition, longitudinal studies on both the policy process and media coverage of genetic engineering are lacking. For this reason, the IPMZ - Institute for Journalism and Media Research at the University of Zurich initiated a research project in 1996 which, supported by a group of researchers from different disciplines and institutions, tried to shed light on the phenomenon of "genetic engineering in the field of tension between politics, media and the public" from different perspectives and on the basis of four interlinked subprojects. Hypotheses, theoretical perspectives and methodical access should be mutually coordinated. In detail, the subprojects (1) are a policy analysis of genetic engineering policy in Switzerland, (2) a content analysis of media coverage of genetic engineering over the last 25 years, (3) supplemented by a qualitative content analysis of the media response to the "Dolly" case and (4) a representative survey of the Swiss population on genetic engineering in spring 1997 (Eurobarometer 1997). Only the data of the representative survey is archived at FORS. The Swiss project "Genetic engineering in the field of tension between politics, media and the public" is not only transdisciplinary in concept, but also international and comparative, as it is part of the concerted action "Biotechnology and the European Public", in which researchers from 15 countries work on the topic under the direction of a team of researchers from the "Science Museum" and the "London School of Economics". The common basis is the Eurobarometer Survey conducted in these countries as well as the jointly conceived and coordinated policy studies on the regulation of genetic engineering and content analyses of media reporting in the various European countries, but also in the USA and Canada. The goal of the international project can be summarized as follows: "A cross-national comparative analysis will identify why, in different countries and at different times, particular issues and concerns have characterized public debate and public policy making. This will lead to a European comparative perspective on the evaluation and interpretation of the Eurobarometer survey. The practical implications of public perceptions for European biotechnology policy-making will be drawn out for the benefit of the scientific, industrial and policy-making communities."
Einstellungen von Eliten und meinungsbildenden Personen zu wirtschaftspolitischen Fragen.
Themen: Wichtigste Aufgaben von Großunternehmen; vermutete Entwicklung des Dollarkurses bis Ende 1989 und der Wachstumsrate des Bruttosozialprodukts im Jahr 1989; Inflationserwartung für das Jahr 1989; erwartete Arbeitslosenzahl; präferierte Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit; Beurteilung der Wichtigkeit einer europäischen Kooperation in ausgewählten Bereichen; kompetenteste Politiker in ausgewählten Sachgebieten; Print-Mediennutzung; deutsche Produkte im internationalen Wettbewerb; Auswirkungen des EG-Binnenmarktes auf ausgewählte Branchen in der BRD; Prognose für die Bundestagswahl; Auswirkung einer einer rot-grünen Koalition auf die Wirtschaft; Parteipräferenz; präferierte Maßnahmen für eine flexiblere Regelung der Arbeitszeit.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde die Position und das Aufgabengebiet des Befragten.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
Empfundene Restriktionen bei Handels- und Dienstleistungsaktivitäten in der EU. Ansichten zur Beseitigung von Handelsbeschränkungen.
Themen: Position im Unternehmen; Branche; Unternehmensgröße; Umsatz; Alter des Unternehmens; Verbindungen und Beteiligungen an Unternehmen in anderen europäischen Ländern; Exportländer des Unternehmens innerhalb der EU; Entwicklung des Unternehmensgewinns, der Marktanteile in Deutschland, der Exporte in die EU, des Beschäftigungsumfangs, des Investitionsumfangs und der Neueinführung von Erzeugnissen bzw. Dienstleistungen in den letzten Jahren; Einfluß der Einführung des europäischen Binnenmarkts auf die Leistungen des Unternehmens.
Behinderungen im Handelsverkehr mit Unternehmen anderer europäischer Länder: Beurteilung der Behinderungen im innereuropäischen Geschäftsverkehr in den letzten beiden Jahren; Anwendung von Gesetzen bzw. Vorschriften, ungenügende Kenntnis der Binnenmarktregel und ungenügende Kenntnis anderer EU-Märkte als wichtigste Hindernisse im Auslandsverkehr; Behördenablehnung von Erzeugnissen im Ausland; Kostenaufwand durch Normenanpassung; unübliche Anerkennungs- und Zertifikationsverfahren; Schwierigkeiten mit dem Mehrwertsteuersystem; Finanzierungskosten für grenzüberschreitende Geschäfte; Marktzugangsbeschränkungen; Begünstigung der Wettbewerber durch öffentliche Förderung; diskriminierendes Verhalten nationaler Behörden; Zugangsbeschränkungen zu öffentlichen Ausschreibungen; fehlende gesetzliche Garantien für grenzüberschreitende Aufträge; unzureichender Urheberrechtsschutz bzw. Patentschutz und Schutz eingetragener Warenzeichen; wichtigste Gründe für Handelshemmnisse; europäische Länder, in denen Hindernisse praktisch unbedeutend sind, in denen sie überwindbar sind sowie Länder, in denen sie fast unüberwindbar sind; Erfahrungen des Unternehmens mit der Beseitigung derartiger Hindernisse; kontaktierte Berater und Institutionen in diesem Fall; Informationsquelle bzw. Hinweisgeber auf diese Beratungsinstitution; Einschätzung der Nützlichkeit dieser Beratung; präferierte europäische bzw. lokale externe Einrichtungen bei zukünftigen Anfragen; präferierte Kommunikationswege für die Informationsbeschaffung und die Lösung von Schwierigkeiten; Art und Umfang des Informationsbedarfs für den grenzüberschreitenden Geschäftsverkehr, z.B. in Hinblick auf Unternehmensgründung, Ausschreibungsunterlagen, Normen, Urheberschutzrechte, Steuerbestimmungen, Subventionszugang, Umweltbestimmung, Verbraucherschutz, Arbeits- bzw. Sozialgesetzgebung, Verwaltungsverfahren und Mittel für die Geltendmachung eigener Rechte gegenüber Behörden; Einschätzung der Informationsversorgung des Unternehmens und der Informationsbeschaffungssituation für Geschäfte in anderen EU-Staaten (Skala); Ausweitung europäischer Geschäftstätigkeit bei einem verbesserten Zugang zu den notwendigen Informationen; präferierte Institution für diese Informationsversorgung; Institutionen im In- und Ausland, die zur Informationsbeschaffung angesprochen worden sind; Beurteilung des Erfolgs dieser Informationsbeschaffung; empfundene Zunahme oder Abnahme der dem Unternehmen aufgelegten Verwaltungsformalitäten; Beurteilung der nationalen Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung und Vereinfachung von Formalitäten; Wünsche bezüglich der Vereinfachung von Gesetzen bzw. Anweisungen zur Erfüllung der Gesetze und bezüglich der Abschaffung von doppelten Formalitäten; Priorität bei der Verwirklichung der Wünsche; Priorität bei den Vereinfachungen von Verwaltungsaufgaben.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset. CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module. Themes: MICRO-LEVEL DATA: Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire. Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country. Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month. DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district. MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable List The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes:
MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire.
Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country.
Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month.
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district.
MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
The module was administered as a post-election interview. The resulting data are provided along with voting, demographic, district and macro variables in a single dataset.
CSES Variable Table The list of variables is being provided on the CSES Website to help in understanding what content is available from CSES, and to compare the content available in each module.
Themes:
MICRO-LEVEL DATA:
Identification and study administration variables: weighting factors; election type; date of election 1st and 2nd round; study timing (post-election study, pre-election and post-election study, between rounds of majoritarian election); mode of interview; gender of interviewer; date questionnaire administered; primary electoral district of respondent; number of days the interview was conducted after the election; language of questionnaire.
Demography: year and month of birth; gender; education; marital status; union membership; union membership of others in household; business association membership, farmers´ association membership; professional association membership; current employment status; main occupation; socio economic status; employment type - public or private; industrial sector; current employment status, occupation, socio economic status, employment type - public or private, and industrial sector of spouse; household income; number of persons in household; number of children in household under the age of 18; number of children in household under the age of 6; attendance at religious services; religiosity; religious denomination; language usually spoken at home; region of residence; race; ethnicity; rural or urban residence; primary electoral district; country of birth; year arrived in current country.
Survey variables: perception of public expenditure on health, education, unemployment benefits, defense, old-age pensions, business and industry, police and law enforcement, welfare benefits; perception of improving individual standard of living, state of economy, government's action on income inequality; respondent cast a ballot at the current and the previous election; vote choice (presidential, lower house and upper house elections) at the current and the previous election; respondent cast candidate preference vote at the current and the previous election; difference who is in power and who people vote for; sympathy scale for selected parties and political leaders; assessment of parties on the left-right-scale and/or an alternative scale; self-assessment on a left-right-scale and an optional scale; satisfaction with democracy; party identification; intensity of party identification, institutional and personal contact in the electoral campaigning, in person, by mail, phone, text message, email or social networks, institutional contact by whom; political information questions; expected development of household income in the next twelve month; ownership of residence, business or property or farm or livestock, stocks or bonds, savings; likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month; spouse likelihood to find another job within the next twelve month.
DISTRICT-LEVEL DATA: number of seats contested in electoral district; number of candidates; number of party lists; percent vote of different parties; official voter turnout in electoral district.
MACRO-LEVEL DATA: election outcomes by parties in current (lower house/upper house) legislative election; percent of seats in lower house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of seats in upper house received by parties in current lower house/upper house election; percent of votes received by presidential candidate of parties in current elections; electoral turnout; party of the president and the prime minister before and after the election; number of portfolios held by each party in cabinet, prior to and after the most recent election; size of the cabinet after the most recent election; number of parties participating in election; ideological families of parties; left-right position of parties assigned by experts and alternative dimensions; most salient factors in the election; fairness of the election; formal complaints against national level results; election irregularities reported; scheduled and held date of election; irregularities of election date; extent of election violence and post-election violence; geographic concentration of violence; post-election protest; electoral alliances permitted during the election campaign; existing electoral alliances; requirements for joint party lists; possibility of apparentement and types of apparentement agreements; multi-party endorsements on ballot; votes cast; voting procedure; voting rounds; party lists close, open, or flexible; transferable votes; cumulated votes if more than one can be cast; compulsory voting; party threshold; unit for the threshold; freedom house rating; democracy-autocracy polity IV rating; age of the current regime; regime: type of executive; number of months since last lower house and last presidential election; electoral formula for presidential elections; electoral formula in all electoral tiers (majoritarian, proportional or mixed); for lower and upper houses was coded: number of electoral segments; linked electoral segments; dependent formulae in mixed systems; subtypes of mixed electoral systems; district magnitude (number of members elected from each district); number of secondary and tertiary electoral districts; fused vote; size of the lower house; GDP growth (annual percent); GDP per capita; inflation, GDP Deflator (annual percent); Human development index; total population; total unemployment; TI corruption perception index; international migrant stock and net migration rate; general government final consumption expenditure; public spending on education; health expenditure; military expenditure; central government debt; Gini index; internet users per 100 inhabitants; mobile phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; daily newspapers; constitutional federal structure; number of legislative chambers; electoral results data available; effective number of electoral and parliamentary parties.
Erfahrungen von europäischen Geschäftsführern mit Innovationsmaßnahmen in den letzten zwei Jahren. Investitionen und dadurch erzieltes Ergebnis. Treibende Kraft für Innovationen innerhalb der Unternehmen. Entwicklung von neuen innerbetrieblichen Herangehensweisen für Innovationen. Meinung der Manager zu nationalen Regulierungen, Erfahrungen der Unternehmen mit staatlicher Unterstützung.
Das International Social Justice Project (ISJP) ist ein internationales Forschungsprojekt, an dem Sozialwissenschaftler aus zwölf Ländern beteiligt sind. Das Projekt hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, Einstellungen zur sozialen Gerechtigkeit und sozialen Ungleichheit der Bevölkerungen vergleichend zu untersuchen. Der Schwerpunkt der Studie liegt auf den politischen, ökonomischen, sozialen und moralischen Gesichtspunkten und Bedingungen empfundener distributiver Gerechtigkeit, und damit auf der Legitimation sozialer Ungleichheit in den untersuchten Gesellschaften. Die Studie wurde 1991 in dreizehn Ländern, 1996 in sechs Ländern, 2000 nur in Ost- und Westdeutschland und 2006 in sechs Ländern durchgeführt wurden. Der hier beschriebene Datensatz enthält die Daten der Erhebung 2006 in Deutschland.
Themen: Geschätzter Prozentsatz der Armen im Land; erwartete Entwicklung des Prozentsatzes der Armen; Gründe für Armut; geschätzter Prozentsatz der Reichen im Land; erwartete Entwicklung des Prozentsatzes der Reichen; Gründe für Reichtum; Erfahrung von Ungerechtigkeit: Erfahrung von Diskriminierung aufgrund von Religion, Geschlecht, sozialer Herkunft, Alter, Region, politischer Überzeugung, Rasse oder ethnischer Gruppe, zu wenig Geld, Aussehen oder anderen Gründen; Meinung zu unterschiedlichen Aussagen über Einkommensunterschiede; Faktoren, die Einfluss auf die Bestimmung des Lohnniveaus für einen Mitarbeiter haben sollten und Faktoren, die tatsächlich das Gehalt bestimmen (Bildung, Arbeitsbedingungen, Anstrengung, Familiengröße, Verantwortung, Dienstalter und Geschlecht); Rolle der Regierung im Land (sollte Mindestlebensstandards gewährleisten, Verdienstobergrenze, Bereitstellung von Arbeitsplätzen); Zufriedenheit mit dem politischen System im Land und mit verschiedenen Lebensbereichen (Einkommen, Arbeit, Lebensstandard); allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit; Haushaltseinkommen; Arbeitseinkommen; Bewertung des Arbeitseinkommens; geschätztes Einkommen eines Vorstandsvorsitzenden und eines Arbeiters; Bewertung dieses Einkommens; Meinung zu Einkommensunterschieden im Land; politische Beteiligung; politisches Handeln; Wahlabsicht und Parteipräferenz (Sonntagsfrage); Meinung zu verschiedenen Aussagen (Politiker kümmern sich nicht, Wähler haben eine echte Wahl, gleiche Chance auf faires Verfahren, Regierung tut das Richtige, Regierung zum Wohle aller); Links-rechts Selbsteinstufung; Chancengleichheit im Land; Chancengleichheit: Lohn für Mühe, Menschen bekommen, was sie brauchen, Lohn für Intelligenz und Fähigkeiten, Konzept von Fairness (z.B. gleicher Anteil für alle, Chancengleichheit usw.); Konzept von gerecht und ungerecht; Selbsteinschätzung der Klassenzugehörigkeit; Selbsteinschätzung der sozialen Stellung; wichtige Faktoren für hohes gesellschaftliches Ansehen (sozialer Hintergrund, Fähigkeiten und Talente, harte Arbeit, Verbindungen, Geschlecht, Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten Rasse oder ethnischen Gruppe und Glück); Wahlbeteiligung bei der letzten Wahl; Wahlverhalten bei der letzten Wahl; Parteiidentifikation; Art der politischen Partei (liberal-konservative Skala); Berufstätigkeit des Vaters als der Befragte 15 war; Grund für fehlende Berufstätigkeit; Beruf des Vaters: Beschäftigungsstatus; Berufsstellung; Art der ISCO; Zugehörigkeit des Befragten zu einer kirchlichen oder religiösen Konfession; Konfession; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Art der Einkommensquellen; Haupteinkommensquelle; Höhe der bezogenen Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe, gesetzlichen Rente bzw. Studienbeihilfe pro Monat; Bewertung von Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe, gesetzlicher Rente bzw. Studienbeihilfe; ausschließlicher Bezug von Arbeitslosenunterstützung, Sozialhilfe, gesetzlicher Rente bzw. Studienbeihilfe; Sozialstaat: Einstellung zum Sozialfürsorgesystem im Land (Skala); Bewertung verschiedener Bereiche von Staatsausgaben; Zustimmung zu allgemeinen Aussagen (Umverteilung von Einkommen durch die Regierung, wenige Einflussmöglichkeiten zur eigenen Lebensgestaltung (Fatalismus), Menschen fordern Autorität zu oft heraus, Menschen mit Geld sollten dieses genießen können (Individualismus), Gesetzesverstöße, Kontrolle von Privatunternehmen, Ungleichheit, Welt wird besser); Einstellung zur Altersvorsorge (mehr Gleichheit durch das öffentliche Rentensystem, Eigenverantwortung, Geld besser heute ausgeben, höherer Rente für diejenigen, die mehr verdient haben, Abdecken von Grundbedürfnissen, sinnlos, sich auf das Alter vorzubereiten (Fatalismus), Wohlstand für Karrieren, niedrigere Rente für wohlhabende Menschen, ungerecht für die junge Generation, zukünftig niedrigere Renten zu erhalten); Bewertung der Rentenhöhe; Bewertung der Höhe der heutigen Rentenbeiträge; Demographie: Sensibilität für den demografischen Wandel; Mangel an Rentenzahlern; großer Arbeitskräftemangel; erwartete Tyrannei der wachsenden älteren Bevölkerung; geeignete Vorschläge zur Finanzierung der Altersrenten (Senkung der gesetzlichen Renten, Förderung der Einwanderung, Anhebung des Rentenalters, Senkung der Renten, Unterstützung junger Familien, Erhöhung der gesetzlichen Beiträge); Maßnahmen für die eigene Rente: Art der getroffenen Ruhestandsvorsorge; Einstellung zur Unterstützung von Angehörigen (nach Sympathie, entsprechend dem Vorbild der älteren Generationen, Erwartung von Hilfe, bei Verschlechterung des Zustands der Angehörigen, Pflicht zur Gegenleistung, keine Notwendigkeit, Angehörigen zu helfen, die man nicht mag, immer bei Bedürftigkeit von Angehörigen , aufgrund von Respekt); faire Behandlung durch Polizei und Gericht; Begegnungen mit diesen Institutionen in den letzten 12 Monaten (Befragte oder Familienmitglieder) und Gefühl der fairen Behandlung; Meinung zum Rechtssystem (herrschende Gerechtigkeit, Erfolge bei der Schaffung von Gerechtigkeit); Bewertung der Korruption unter Beamten; persönliche Eigenschaften; Gewerkschaftsmitglied im Haushalt; Wahlberechtigung bei der letzten Wahl; Anzahl weiterer Personen im Haushalt (bis zu sieben Personen); Anzahl der Einkommensempfänger; Gerechtigkeitsempfinden: Entscheidung über die Herzoperation von drei Patienten, die alle an einer Herzerkrankung leiden und eine Operation benötigen (Nutzen jedes Patienten für die Gesellschaft, Krankenhausvorschriften, Geld, größte Familie, Entscheidung der Familien, Lotterie); Gerechtigkeitsempfinden: Entscheidung über eine kleine Firmenwohnung, die an drei interessierte Mitarbeiter vermietet werden soll (Nutzen jedes Mitarbeiters für die Firma, Vorschriften, Geld, größte Familie, Entscheidung der Mitarbeiter, Lotterie); Verantwortung von Familien (z. B. alles für Kinder, Eltern zu sich nehmen, etc.); Verantwortlichkeit Staat vs. Familie in verschiedenen Bereichen (Finanzierung der Unterstützung für ältere Menschen, Haushaltsarbeiten, persönliche Pflege, Kinderbetreuung, etc.); Kind in der Grundschule; Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Universitätsabschlusses; Fairness des Bildungssystems.
Demographie: Wohnraum; Haushaltsgröße; Geschlecht des Befragten; Alter, Geburtsmonat und Geburtsjahr des Befragten; Alter weiterer Haushaltsmitglieder (bis zu sechs Personen); Verhältnis dieser Personen zum Befragten; Familienstand; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Art der Beschäftigung des Befragten; aktuelle und letzte Stelle: Art der Organisation; Beschäftigungsstatus; Berufsstellung; Art des ISCO; Branche; Anzahl der Mitarbeiter, Aufsicht; Anzahl der Untergebenen; Beginn der Tätigkeit (Monat, Jahr); Ende der letzten Tätigkeit (Monat, Jahr); Arbeitslosigkeit; Häufigkeit von Arbeitslosigkeit; Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit; jemals frühere Tätigkeit; letzte Tätigkeit: Art der Organisation; Beschäftigungsstatus; Berufsstellung; Art der ISCO; Branche; Anzahl der Mitarbeiter; Weisungsbefugnis; Anzahl der Untergebenen; Beginn und Ende der letzten Tätigkeit (Monat, Jahr); Ausbildung des Befragten (CASMIN); Schuljahre; Dauer der Berufsausbildung (Monate); Anzahl der Kinder; Anzahl der Enkelkinder; lebende Eltern; lebende Großeltern; aktuelle Berufsausbildung; Art der Berufsausbildung; Parteisympathie. Partnerinformationen: Anstellung; Art der Organisation; Beschäftigungsstatus; Berufsstellung; Beruf (Art der ISCO); Ende der letzten Anstellung (Monat, Jahr); Ausbildung des Ehepartners / Partners (CASMIN); aktuelle Berufsausbildung; Art der Berufsausbildung.
Zusätzlich verkodet wurde: Fallnummer; Erhebungsjahr und Land (2006: Ostdeutschland, 2006: Westdeutschland); Erhebungsjahr; Interviewdatum; Interviewdauer; Wohnsitz im Sommer 1989 (in der alten Bundesrepublik, in der ehemaligen DDR); Bundesland; Ortsgröße (BIK); Unterscheidung Stadt-Land; Interviewer-ID; Anwesenheit weiterer Personen während des Interviews; Interviewunterbrechung; Antwortbereitschaft des Befragten; Zuverlässigkeit der Angaben; Geschlecht, Alter und Bildung des Interviewers; Befragter hat den Vignettenfragebogen ausgefüllt; Gewichtungsfaktoren.
Abgeleitete Indizes: Berufscode nach ISCO (International Standard Classification of Occupations) 1968 und 1988, SIOPS (Standard International Occupational Prestige Scale) nach Treiman, MPS (Magnitude-Prestige-Scale) nach Wegener, EGP (Erikson-Goldthorpe-Portocarero-Class Categories), ISEI (International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status) nach Ganzeboom, CASMIN Classification (Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations).