Income inequality in Indonesia remains a controversial issue in the context of Indonesian macroeconomic condition that is evolving in output and government spending, and its increase in consumption accompanied by inflation and slowing of bank credit. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among macroeconomics, monetary and income inequality through a broad theoretical model by adopting a panel Structural Vector Auto-regression (SVAR) model to get more sample size during the period 2005-2018 at 33 provinces in Indonesia. The main results indicate that the variables of output and inflation have positive relationships. The relationship between output and income inequality is also significantly correlated, and those results supported by Kuznets's theory reveal that the relationship between economic growth and income inequality is positive in the short term. The relationship between inflation and income inequality is positive as well in Indonesia. This result is by the fact that low-income families are considered more vulnerable to inflation. The impact of non-food consumption shocks increases income inequality, while Indonesian government spending and bank credit shocks reduce income inequality. Then the response of savings and bank credit to the shock of income inequality is positive.
Gender inequality not only shows up in the legal, social or purely political, but also gender discrimination in the field of human language which can automatically give birth to living systems which tend to marginalization of women. Gender inequality is in the field of linguistics partly contained in, the assumption of women's language, mastery of the language gap between men and women, texts and language learning systems, and poor language skills and logic.
The Constitution and the implementing regulations of the Constitution in the folosifis Indonesiai emphasis on equality and justice between men and women (equality and equity) through the development of the law with a cored Legal policy making and reform of the legal materials to suit your needs. But the normative contraction occurs when the Affirmative Policy in order to speed up justice and equality between men and women laiki has been canceled by the Constitutional Court's decision to cancel the fifth paragraph of Article 205 of Law No. 10 In 2008 the elected legislators decide the candidate by a majority vote. This clearly constitutes a waiver of gender inequality in the political sphere.
The global financial crisis catalyzed a major re-evaluation of the relation: ship between society and the financial sector. Besides the immediate economi impacts from the crisis, it led to a breakdown of trust in institutions, includin financial institutions that have been slow to rebuild. Many within the financiaf sector, including those who have joined the Principles for Responsible lnvestmen ('PRJ') (United Nations Global Compact 2015), recognize the challenges that confront shared humanity especially around climare change and inequality and] are trying to find a solution by focusing on environmental, social and governance_ ('ESG') data. The rising share of asset managers and asset owners using ESG, in their investment decision-making has contributed to a growth in responsiblel investment. Beyond the societal demand for alternatives, prolonged quantitative easing, low or negative interest rates and the thirst for higher yields have floodedr investments into technology start-ups including Fintech companies to drive a new'. paradigm in financial services globally. With a greater faith in technology to dis- ,: rupt old ways of working, Fintech is seen as more capable ofdelivering customer- : centric solutions that democratize the incumbents' domination of how wealth is generated and ultimately invested.
This study discusses the political model of development of Islamic community organizations namely Muhammadiyah and Al-Washliyah in Medan City. Specifically, this study describes the politics of development of Islamic community organizations (Muhammadiyah and Al-Washliyah) in maintaining and developing their existence in development activities in Medan City. The context of the research carried out mainly concerns the orientation of the two Islamic community organizations which are known to have different schools of thought from each other, Muhammadiyah represents modern thought while Al-Washliyah represents traditional circles in the context of their development activities in Medan City. This study examines the form or model and strategy of development, as well as the direction or orientation that forms the basis of Muhammadiyah and Al-Washliyah's political development policies in Medan City, which of course will have differences because of the different schools of thought. In addition, of course, the development of directions or orientations that shape the political model of development will also have a system or a different way from what has been developed by the government which tends to develop with a secular approach that is felt to have a community side on one side poverty, inequality and moral degradation.
This research aims to analyze women's participation in tourism activities in the Outer Baduy tribe, according to the tourism components consisting of attraction, amenity, accessibility, and ancillary (supporting factors). This research uses a qualitative research method, in which data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. This research involved 18 informants from several stakeholders, such as the tourism awareness group, handicraft producers, homestay and restaurant owners, government officers, and tourists who have visited the destination. Informants' selection uses a purposive sampling technique. According to the tourism components, the research results show women's participation in tourism activities in the Outer Baduy tribe, only two of four tourism components: attraction and amenity. In the attraction component, women possess more or less the same level of participation as men. However, in the amenity component, women may have a higher level of participation than men may. In the accessibility and ancillary (supporting factors) components, only men participation existed. The limited level of women's participation is rooted deep and taken for granted in their culture. The women themselves do not dispute inequality and disparity because they consider their role as women in the domestic sector and not in the public sector. ; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji partisipasi perempuan dalam aktivitas pariwisata di Suku Baduy Luar, menurut komponen pariwisata yang terdiri dari atraksi, amenitas, aksesibilitas, dan penunjang (faktor pendukung). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, dimana data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian ini melibatkan 18 informan dari beberapa stakeholders, seperti kelompok kesadaran pariwisata (Pokdarwis), pembuat kerajinan tangan, pemilik homestay dan restoran, aparat pemerintah, dan wisatawan yang pernah mengunjungi destinasi tersebut. Pemilihan informan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Berdasarkan komponen pariwisata, hasil penelitian menunjukkan partisipasi perempuan dalam aktivitas pariwisata di Suku Baduy Luar hanya dua dari empat komponen pariwisata yaitu atraksi dan amenitas. Dalam komponen atraksi, perempuan memiliki tingkat partisipasi yang kurang lebih sama dengan laki-laki. Namun, dalam komponen amenitas, perempuan mungkin memiliki tingkat partisipasi yang lebih tinggi daripada laki-laki. Dalam komponen aksesibilitas dan penunjang (faktor pendukung), hanya ada partisipasi laki-laki. Tingkat partisipasi perempuan yang terbatas telah mengakar dalam dan diterima begitu saja dalam budaya mereka. Perempuan sendiri tidak mempermasalahkan ketimpangan dan disparitas karena menganggap peran mereka sebagai perempuan di sektor domestik dan bukan di sektor publik.
In the 1970s,Indonesiais one of thepoorest countries inAsia. In 1976, 54million people in Indonesia(40% of the population) belong to the categoryof poor. In1980-1990anperiodis a period ofhigh economic growth. High economicgrowthis closely linkedwithpoverty reductiondrasticallywhere the numberof poor peoplefell by almost50% from40millionto 22million peoplein 1981s/d1996.In the year2010 the numberof poor peopleamounted to31.02 million people, or about 13:33% andthe poverty ratein March2009 amounted to32.53million, or about 14:15% (BPS). LastBPS dataperSeptember 2013shows that there are28.59millionor11.66% ofthe totalpopulationinIndonesia.PovertyinIndonesia hasdecreasedsignificantlysincethe reformera. Acceleration ofpoverty reductionprogramsinIndonesiais donewithgoodsynergywork programsatnational and local levels. Poverty reduction programscurrently dividedinseveralclusters: Cluster(1) Direct AidSociety(BLM). Thisclusterincludes theSchool Operational Assistance(BOS), Community Health Insurance(Assurance), Ricefor the Poor(Raskin), Family Hope Program(PKH). Cluster1goalistoreducepovertyandimprove thequality ofhuman resources, especiallythe poor.Cluster (2) is the national community empowerment Program (PNPM) independently. The purpose of PNPM Mandiri is to increase prosperity and employment opportunities of the poor independently. Cluster (3) people's business credit (KUR) is a people's business credit is given to the poor without collateral to the community a certain amount. Purpose to provide and strengthening economic access for businessmen of small and micro-scale. An important aspect in strengthening is giving them freely to access of the poor to be able to try and improve the quality of life.In 2011 the Government carry out a Cluster of clusters of four. This Cluster includes: (1) the provision of the House very cheap, (2) a cheap public transport Vehicles, (3) clean water to the people, (4) enhancement of Life for fishermen, (5) improvement of Urban Edge Community Life. The 4 Cluster in the framework of poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), so the expected goal of the Millennium Development Goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 is reached. As it known that the millennium development goals (the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is an attempt to meet the basic needs of the rights of man through a joint commitment between the 189 UN Member States to implement the 8 (eight) Millennium development goals, namely (1) tackling poverty and hunger, (2) achieve primary education for all, (3) encourage gender equality and the empowerment of women, (4) reduce child mortality, (5) improve maternal health, (6) fight against spread of HIVAIDS, malaria and other contagious diseases, (7) Living and Sustainability (8) global partnership in development. Eight of these targets as measurable goals for a single package of development and poverty reduction.In September 2000, the United Nations Millennium Summit, where world leaders agreed on eight development goals that are specific and measurable global called the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The first seven goals focus on eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women, reducing child mortality; In September 2000, the United Nations improve maternal health, combat HIV-AIDS, malaria and other diseases, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Whereas the eighth goal calls for the establishment of a global partnership for development, with targets for aid, trade and debt relief.However approach the year 2015, global world will experience the transformation of the global development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) into Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The shifting of the MDGs to the SDGs doesn't mean the goal contained in the MDGs fail is reached. Quite the contrary, many world records that reveal the success in various countries, there is a remarkable improvement experienced by the poor countries in the ranking of HDI (human development index) the lowest. In the last 40 years, the State- countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report in the 2013 Global Monitoring Report also explain the positive trend in the achievement of the MDGs. reduction of half of the world's poor population, reduction of half of the population without access to clean water, the Elimination of gender inequality in primary education in 2015, and the improvement of life in a hundred million slums by 2020 was reached more quickly, i.e. in 2010. ADB, a number of countries in Asia also experienced progress in achieving the millennium development goals. The number of poor population has decreased significantly in Malaysia, Viet Nam and China. In Thailand and Malaysia, long-term policies to overcome poverty coupled with their concern for the environment has made the countries that are in the lowest rank of 25 percent experienced improved HDI to 82. The IMF report, these countries are on a sustainable growth path. But not so the case with Indonesia, a country with a diversity of biodiversity in forests is raining but the risorsis contained therein are not managed sustainably and fairly.Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will be forwarded to Suistanable Development Goals (SDGs). The MDGs will expire in 2015, but until now there has been no final draft which will forward the MDGs program. to that end, scientists and many quarters trying to deepen the concept of SDGs as successor to the MDGs. Keywords: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primary education, maternal health, clean water.
