Suchergebnisse

A lo largo de la historia en la Cuenca del Río Verde, ha habido diferentes regímenes jurídicos para definir las formas de aprovechamiento y usos del agua. Cada una de ellas marca una etapa en la relación hombre-naturaleza y en la estabilidad ambiental. 1) En la época prehispánica hubo una relación de equilibrio con las tribus de cazadores- recolectores del norte (chichimecas) y con los grupos sedentarios provenientes de Mesoamérica dedicados a una agricultura incipiente. No existía la noción de propiedad privada y el uso del agua se hacia libremente desde los manantiales y ríos (Verde y Calabazas). 2) La primera forma de aprovechamiento inició con la llegada de los españoles que conquistaron y poblaron este territorio por diferentes vías: 1o La militar, por la sumisión de los indios y el control de las tierras fértiles y del agua. 2o. La espiritual, con las fundaciones de las misiones franciscanas y pueblos de Santa Catarina Mártir del Río Verde (1617) y Divina Pastora (1756) que para poder regar los sembradíos y huertos construyeron acequias. 3o A partir de 1600 se otorgaron las primeras mercedes de tierra a los ganaderos procedentes de Querétaro. 4o. Estos estancieros y sus descendientes ampliaron sus propiedades y el control sobre el agua a partir de 1645 por el sistema de composición de tierras, lo que permitió el cercado de agostaderos, roturación de pastizales, desecamiento de humedales, y la construcción de acequias para el riego de cultivos. Dichos estancieros, iniciaron la inestabilidad ambiental al incrementar el número de cabezas de ganado y las áreas bajo cultivo. Asimismo introdujeron ganados y cultivos ajenos a la zona. 3) Dichas perturbaciones ambientales fueron continuadas por las haciendas (agrícolas- ganaderas) que intensificaron la irrigación, logrando el aumento de la producción. Dos fueron los grandes aprovechamientos del agua, para riego y fuerza motriz; esta última empleada en los trapiches (molinos de caña). Hubo un notable aumento de la producción (a mayor escala y en menor tiempo), pero se alteraron las condiciones inherentes al sistema natural, al introducirse nuevos cultivos y secarse el pantano.

A lo largo de la historia en la Cuenca del Río Verde, ha habido diferentes regímenes jurídicos para definir las formas de aprovechamiento y usos del agua. Cada una de ellas marca una etapa en la relación hombre-naturaleza y en la estabilidad ambiental. 1) En la época prehispánica hubo una relación de equilibrio con las tribus de cazadores- recolectores del norte (chichimecas) y con los grupos sedentarios provenientes de Mesoamérica dedicados a una agricultura incipiente. No existía la noción de propiedad privada y el uso del agua se hacia libremente desde los manantiales y ríos (Verde y Calabazas). 2) La primera forma de aprovechamiento inició con la llegada de los españoles que conquistaron y poblaron este territorio por diferentes vías: 1o La militar, por la sumisión de los indios y el control de las tierras fértiles y del agua. 2o. La espiritual, con las fundaciones de las misiones franciscanas y pueblos de Santa Catarina Mártir del Río Verde (1617) y Divina Pastora (1756) que para poder regar los sembradíos y huertos construyeron acequias. 3o A partir de 1600 se otorgaron las primeras mercedes de tierra a los ganaderos procedentes de Querétaro. 4o. Estos estancieros y sus descendientes ampliaron sus propiedades y el control sobre el agua a partir de 1645 por el sistema de composición de tierras, lo que permitió el cercado de agostaderos, roturación de pastizales, desecamiento de humedales, y la construcción de acequias para el riego de cultivos. Dichos estancieros, iniciaron la inestabilidad ambiental al incrementar el número de cabezas de ganado y las áreas bajo cultivo. Asimismo introdujeron ganados y cultivos ajenos a la zona. 3) Dichas perturbaciones ambientales fueron continuadas por las haciendas (agrícolas- ganaderas) que intensificaron la irrigación, logrando el aumento de la producción. Dos fueron los grandes aprovechamientos del agua, para riego y fuerza motriz; esta última empleada en los trapiches (molinos de caña). Hubo un notable aumento de la producción (a mayor escala y en menor tiempo), pero se alteraron las condiciones inherentes al sistema natural, al introducirse nuevos cultivos y secarse el pantano.

El volumen de la revista Tópicos que se presenta en esta edición cuenta con una serie de artículos resultado de la larga investigación que precedió al Primer Encuentro Internacional de Filosofía Novohispana en la facultad de filosofía de la Universidad Panamericana. No es este volumen ni una memoria ni la compilación de los artículos que se presentaron en aquella ocasión en la que más de treinta especialistas participaron indagando la noción novohispana de "instrumento", sino que estamos frente a una selección penetrante y cuidadosa de investigaciones rigurosas que son pertinentes al público especializado. Nuestro objetivo fue esclarecer cómo es que dicho concepto fue heredado y asimilado por diversos autores de la época. El lector tiene ante sí un modo nuevo de rastrear los problemas filosóficos y culturales de las ideas madres en América. El motivo, no es un deseo de originalidad, sino la firme convicción de que la democracia en México anuncia nuevos modos de desentrañar viejos problemas; valores como la tolerancia y el pluralismo anticipan un modo de reflexión desprejuiciado, apartidista , sin ideologías, que permite releer fuentes directas que quizás se habían interpretado antes de modo unilateral."--Pág. [9]. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana

I. Regulación del aborto a nivel federal. II. Regulación del aborto en el Distrito Federal. III. Un antecedente importante . La "Ley Robles" IV. Contenido de la iniciativa presentada ante la Asamblea legislativa del Distrito Federal. V. Análisis del proyecto de reforma la luz de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y de las leyes que de ella emanan. Una respuesta jurídico-constitucional a la despenalización del aborto. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana

En este trabajo respondo una objeción a la tesis de que la teoría de Rawls debe atender problemas relacionados a la injusticia histórica. Esta objeción sostiene que dicha teoría está justificada en no considerar problemas de injusticia histórica debido a su supuesto carácter exclusivamente prospectivo. La objeción tiene dos presentaciones diferentes. Primero, como la idea de que hay razones internas a la propia teoría de Rawls que justifican dicho carácter exclusivamente prospectivo —tales como el problema de elección modelado en la posición original y el hecho de que la justicia-como-equidad debe ser una concepción de justicia no-comprehensiva. Segundo, como la idea de que hay razones externas a la teoría de Rawls —en concreto, la supuesta existencia del así llamado problema de la no-identidad, que justifican el carácter exclusivamente prospectivo no sólo de los principios de justicia rawlsianos sino de cualquier otra concepción de justicia distributiva. Trataré de mostrar que esta objeción, tanto en su presentación interna como externa, es equivocada. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana

I. Régimen corporativo. II. Características de la SAPI. III. Conversión de la SAPI. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana

I. Una noción sobre el derecho. II. El derecho y la democracia vacía III. El derecho y su fundamento: el realismo jurídico clásico. IV. Sobre el derecho natural, la democracia y el relativismo. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana

At present, energy and energy efficiency (EE) related topics are becoming increasingly important due to a growing energy demand and decreasing resource availability. Especially in relation to industrial activities and development, EE measures are arousing interest among decision-makers. Given this background, tools such as energy management systems (EnMS), frequent energy audits and international certifications can contribute to the achievement of continuous energy savings and improve an organization's overall energy performance. In this context, the following study seeks the elaboration of the planning phase of an EnMS according to the international standard ISO 50001 for the Robert Bosch Automotive Systems plant in San Luis Potosi, Mexico (Bosch SLP). In order to do this, different activities were performed such as interviews with management directives and operational staff members, revision and documentation of already existing energy data as well as the acquisition of new energy data through multi-channel power meter measurements. Some aspects were solely performed on process level while others were established on plant level. According to the objectives proposed in the study the first part focuses on all important concepts related to energy management. Models such as the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle related to ISO 50001 are presented. Additionally an overview of the Mexican as well as the European Union's legal frameworks regarding energy audits and EnMS is given. Throughout the thesis, general guidelines for the implementation of an EnMS are described, displaying the planning phase of the PDCA cycle. After presenting the Robert Bosch GmbH as a whole and the Bosch SLP plant in greater detail, the guidelines proposed by the ISO 50001 norm are applied to the study case. In this context, energy policies for Bosch SLP are elaborated and a potential distribution of responsibilities is assigned to the different department managements. Subsequently a detailed energy audit has been completed on process level and data was used to identify opportunity areas and establish an energy baseline, energy management objectives and targets. Already existing energy data from utility bills was reorganized and analyzed in order to realize an energy review on plant level. As a final step of the planning phase an action plan was proposed, however, solely on plant level, since the overall goal for the future should be to duplicate the detailed energy audit throughout the plant. As part of the action plan, a variety of recommendations regarding suitable energy savings measures and activities, needed for the implementation of an EnMS, were suggested.

Waste generation and management are closed linked to population, urbanization and affluence. The waste production per capita rises as a result of many factors such as migration to urban centers, population growth, change in the habits of consume, etc. The energetic potential contained in the Urban Solid Waste has gained importance in the last years; mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism try to provide the right tools to encourage the inversion in projects that mean Greenhouse Gasses emissions reduction, and also to become valuable tools for the sustainable development of developing countries in cooperation with developed countries. The energetic security also, is becoming one of the main challenges of Chile. The country imports almost three quarters of its energetic consume, which places the country in a vulnerable situation due to the volatility of the energy prices and interruptions in the supply chains. In order to promote the diversification of the energetic matrix and achieving a higher autonomy grade Chilean government has promoted the Non Conventional Renewable Energy. The main purpose of the investigation was to set a base to understand the actual conditions of the landfills located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, as sources of landfill gas as a fuel. It also explored the different use possibilities for the gas, and the Clean Development Mechanism as auxiliary financing tool. The study attempted to become a useful tool which promotes the renewable energy sources and the improvement of the waste management conditions in Latin America.

Small island states, such as in the Caribbean, contribute only a small share to the global greenhouse effect, but they are the main victims of rising sea levels, change of seasonal climates and increase of tropical storms. In addition, they are heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Almost all Caribbean islands are aware of those negative effects and do consider to strive for use of renewable energy sources. Unfortunately, barriers like inadequate policies and strategies; lack of awareness, knowledge and confidence; inadequate capacity and lack of finance are still big hindrances. However, the potential for solar energy implementations in the Caribbean region is very high and it is possible to overcome the barriers. The case studies of Barbados, Grenada and St. Lucia show that local companies were able to establish a solar water heater and photovoltaic market. Through their strong commitment and governmental support, as well as a close cooperation with the utility, remarkable results have been achieved already. This master thesis shows under which conditions a solar water heater or photovoltaic market can be established and what is required for successful market penetration. Investigating and analyzing the drivers and obstacles, the generated frameworks shall help other islands to adopt the systems and help to extent the solar energy market. Governments, utilities and financial institutions will see how they can support the private sector and hence the consumer. Investors will learn what has to be considered when planning to enter the market, and donor agencies will get an idea how to further increase market growth. Finally, this master thesis discussed how to reach viability in terms of social, environmental and economic sustainability.

Small island states, such as in the Caribbean, contribute only a small share to the global greenhouse effect, but they are the main victims of rising sea levels, change of seasonal climates and increase of tropical storms. In addition, they are heavily dependent on fossil fuels. Almost all Caribbean islands are aware of those negative effects and do consider to strive for use of renewable energy sources. Unfortunately, barriers like inadequate policies and strategies; lack of awareness, knowledge and confidence; inadequate capacity and lack of finance are still big hindrances. However, the potential for solar energy implementations in the Caribbean region is very high and it is possible to overcome the barriers. The case studies of Barbados, Grenada and St. Lucia show that local companies were able to establish a solar water heater and photovoltaic market. Through their strong commitment and governmental support, as well as a close cooperation with the utility, remarkable results have been achieved already. This master thesis shows under which conditions a solar water heater or photovoltaic market can be established and what is required for successful market penetration. Investigating and analyzing the drivers and obstacles, the generated frameworks shall help other islands to adopt the systems and help to extent the solar energy market. Governments, utilities and financial institutions will see how they can support the private sector and hence the consumer. Investors will learn what has to be considered when planning to enter the market, and donor agencies will get an idea how to further increase market growth. Finally, this master thesis discussed how to reach viability in terms of social, environmental and economic sustainability.

Environmental management systems in organizations in general and in universities in special are normally analyzed based on technical or ecological considerations. Legal compliance of the applicable environmental legislation is another common concern. In the context of implementation and setup of environmental management systems organizational aspects are normally not fully developed. In our analysis we will apply system theoretic considerations on the environmental management standards EMAS and ISO 14000 (in representation to the different approaches that can be chosen in for environmental management systems) in order to introduce them into organizational complexity. With the help of organizational theory we will develop a simple model that we will apply on the environmental management system of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi.

Waste generation and management are closed linked to population, urbanization and affluence. The waste production per capita rises as a result of many factors such as migration to urban centers, population growth, change in the habits of consume, etc. The energetic potential contained in the Urban Solid Waste has gained importance in the last years; mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism try to provide the right tools to encourage the inversion in projects that mean Greenhouse Gasses emissions reduction, and also to become valuable tools for the sustainable development of developing countries in cooperation with developed countries. The energetic security also, is becoming one of the main challenges of Chile. The country imports almost three quarters of its energetic consume, which places the country in a vulnerable situation due to the volatility of the energy prices and interruptions in the supply chains. In order to promote the diversification of the energetic matrix and achieving a higher autonomy grade Chilean government has promoted the Non Conventional Renewable Energy. The main purpose of the investigation was to set a base to understand the actual conditions of the landfills located in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, as sources of landfill gas as a fuel. It also explored the different use possibilities for the gas, and the Clean Development Mechanism as auxiliary financing tool. The study attempted to become a useful tool which promotes the renewable energy sources and the improvement of the waste management conditions in Latin America.

Environmental management systems in organizations in general and in universities in special are normally analyzed based on technical or ecological considerations. Legal compliance of the applicable environmental legislation is another common concern. In the context of implementation and setup of environmental management systems organizational aspects are normally not fully developed. In our analysis we will apply system theoretic considerations on the environmental management standards EMAS and ISO 14000 (in representation to the different approaches that can be chosen in for environmental management systems) in order to introduce them into organizational complexity. With the help of organizational theory we will develop a simple model that we will apply on the environmental management system of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi.

As Sison (2015, p. 232) remarks, 'politics' in Aristotle could mean at least three different things: (1) a kind of life; (2) a qualifier for the virtues of justice and prudence; or (3) a body of knowledge. As a body of knowledge, its object is happiness (eudaimonia), which is the supreme human good. Happiness 'is not a mere object of knowledge (gnosis) but action (praxis); in particular it consists in "living or doing well" (NE 1095a), in accordance with the proper function of human beings, which is rational activity (NE 1098a)' (ibid., p. 233). Aristotle puts particular emphasis on the injunctions of practical wisdom: [H]is ideal of a good man must unite two different kind of virtues: practical wisdom (phronēsis), the intellectual virtue necessary for conceiving of the right decisions of the means and ways to carry them out, and (ii) the moral or character virtues (ēthikē aretē), the habitually acquired, appropriate emotional attitudes towards acting and being affected. (Frede, 2013, pp. 126–7). In order to conceptualize prudence – phronēsis – one must distinguish it from other forms of excellence that reason might acquire according to its different activities. Aristotle identifies three kinds of human activity (energeia) (NE, 1178b): contemplation (theõria), action (praxis) and production (poiēsis), each governed by a different kind of rational excellence (aretē). Thus contemplation is governed by theoretical reason (sophia), action by moral – practical – reason (phronēsis) and production by technical reason (technē) (Murphy, 1993, p. 87). Aristotle does not contrast thought (knowledge) with activity (action), recognizing that all complex human activity is marked by a unity between conception and execution and that, in relation to it, there are three kinds of thought (dianoia) (Metaphysics, II 2 y VII 1): theoretical thought, which speculates on something; practical thought, which works; and productive thought, which makes. ©2016, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. ; Versión del editor ; Producción Científica de la Universidad de Panamericana