Suchergebnisse

Very few women in Lithuania are involved in politics or top-level administration. The main aim of the study was to reveal relation between changes of attitudes of Lithuanians towards political participation of women and voting results in the elections. The study is based on comparative analysis of the results of three national representative surveys in Lithuania conducted in 1994, 2000 and 2009, some results are also compared with data of national representative survey in Belarus, conducted in 2009. The analysis of the results of the surveys and dynamics of women's political participation showed that people of Lithuania are indifferent about women's participation in politics and government, and, their opinion did not change substantially since 1994. During this period numbers of elected women to Parliament or municipal boards remained low. Attitudes of Lithuanian people determined low numbers of elected women, but had no influence on women's success or failure in the particular elections held within this period. No radical means to increase the number of women in politics and government would be accepted by the population of Lithuania. Comparison of attitudes of Lithuanian and Belarusian people towards women's political participation, showed that all they remain patriarchal, but progress of Lithuanian's attitudes towards more democratic is greater.

Very few women in Lithuania are involved in politics or top-level administration. The main aim of the study was to reveal relation between changes of attitudes of Lithuanians towards political participation of women and voting results in the elections. The study is based on comparative analysis of the results of three national representative surveys in Lithuania conducted in 1994, 2000 and 2009, some results are also compared with data of national representative survey in Belarus, conducted in 2009. The analysis of the results of the surveys and dynamics of women's political participation showed that people of Lithuania are indifferent about women's participation in politics and government, and, their opinion did not change substantially since 1994. During this period numbers of elected women to Parliament or municipal boards remained low. Attitudes of Lithuanian people determined low numbers of elected women, but had no influence on women's success or failure in the particular elections held within this period. No radical means to increase the number of women in politics and government would be accepted by the population of Lithuania. Comparison of attitudes of Lithuanian and Belarusian people towards women's political participation, showed that all they remain patriarchal, but progress of Lithuanian's attitudes towards more democratic is greater.

Very few women in Lithuania are involved in politics or top-level administration. The main aim of the study was to reveal relation between changes of attitudes of Lithuanians towards political participation of women and voting results in the elections. The study is based on comparative analysis of the results of three national representative surveys in Lithuania conducted in 1994, 2000 and 2009, some results are also compared with data of national representative survey in Belarus, conducted in 2009. The analysis of the results of the surveys and dynamics of women's political participation showed that people of Lithuania are indifferent about women's participation in politics and government, and, their opinion did not change substantially since 1994. During this period numbers of elected women to Parliament or municipal boards remained low. Attitudes of Lithuanian people determined low numbers of elected women, but had no influence on women's success or failure in the particular elections held within this period. No radical means to increase the number of women in politics and government would be accepted by the population of Lithuania. Comparison of attitudes of Lithuanian and Belarusian people towards women's political participation, showed that all they remain patriarchal, but progress of Lithuanian's attitudes towards more democratic is greater.

Very few women in Lithuania are involved in politics or top-level administration. The main aim of the study was to reveal relation between changes of attitudes of Lithuanians towards political participation of women and voting results in the elections. The study is based on comparative analysis of the results of three national representative surveys in Lithuania conducted in 1994, 2000 and 2009, some results are also compared with data of national representative survey in Belarus, conducted in 2009. The analysis of the results of the surveys and dynamics of women's political participation showed that people of Lithuania are indifferent about women's participation in politics and government, and, their opinion did not change substantially since 1994. During this period numbers of elected women to Parliament or municipal boards remained low. Attitudes of Lithuanian people determined low numbers of elected women, but had no influence on women's success or failure in the particular elections held within this period. No radical means to increase the number of women in politics and government would be accepted by the population of Lithuania. Comparison of attitudes of Lithuanian and Belarusian people towards women's political participation, showed that all they remain patriarchal, but progress of Lithuanian's attitudes towards more democratic is greater.

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

This research seeks to define the role of Women in German organizations in Lithuania in the 3rd and 4"1 decades of the 20* century. The main tasks of the research are to detect the relations of women organizations with German) and to analyse the different position of women in German organizations. The subject of the research is the analysis of the achievements of German women in social, cultural and political fields. The author uses methods of analysis of primary sources and literature. The activity of women in German organizations in Lithuania was under the influence of Nazi ideology and the activities of women organizations in Germany. Thus it is necessary to dwell upon the political situation and position of women in Germany. During the 3t(i decade of 20th century German women took part in various national, cultural and religious organizations. The highest rate of activity of German women was observed after World War I, until 1933. In 1933 as A. Hitler came into power, women were eliminated from social and political life. The Nazi party removed women from their positions in state, science, health care and educational institutions. Despite A. Hitler's official speeches in which he often marked that 'Woman-mother is the most important citizen in his state' this declaration was valid only for healthy and politically loyal women. [.]

This research seeks to define the role of Women in German organizations in Lithuania in the 3rd and 4"1 decades of the 20* century. The main tasks of the research are to detect the relations of women organizations with German) and to analyse the different position of women in German organizations. The subject of the research is the analysis of the achievements of German women in social, cultural and political fields. The author uses methods of analysis of primary sources and literature. The activity of women in German organizations in Lithuania was under the influence of Nazi ideology and the activities of women organizations in Germany. Thus it is necessary to dwell upon the political situation and position of women in Germany. During the 3t(i decade of 20th century German women took part in various national, cultural and religious organizations. The highest rate of activity of German women was observed after World War I, until 1933. In 1933 as A. Hitler came into power, women were eliminated from social and political life. The Nazi party removed women from their positions in state, science, health care and educational institutions. Despite A. Hitler's official speeches in which he often marked that 'Woman-mother is the most important citizen in his state' this declaration was valid only for healthy and politically loyal women. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

Most academic systems and structures, as they exist today, are based on models which were designed centuries ago, at a time when men exclusively predominated in universities. There is certain scepticism towards what can be achieved, though. A continuing evident gap is apparent between principles, rhetoric and reality. In 2010, women were pursuing upper secondary and higher education more actively than men, but, evidently, women remain more strongly underrepresented among researchers than among highly qualified professionals in traditionally maledominated scientific and professional fields. This could point towards a situation where the organisational culture mounts resistance against the integration of women. Briefly, they require but often lack conceptual frameworks. The purpose of this study was to examine how institutional culture promoted or impeded the implementation of one of the EU flagship initiatives 'Implementing structural change in research organizations/universities' in Lithuania, which should be designed to improve the institutional culture for women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a conceptual framework and methodology was developed for designing institutional transformational change at STEM faculties of University to sustain the practice of gender equality. In the second stage, the design of the Model Institutional Transformational Change was attempted to be conceptualized in order to achieve change on institutional, departmental and individual levels.

But women necessity to seek for a deeper intellectual education and professional self-realization by this current was not recognised. During studied period catholic intelligentsia after realizing of the changes in social structure, economical and public life, supported attitudes of Lithuanian liberals towards importance of deeper intellectual education of women. In the joint of XlXth and XXth centuries catholics and liberals applied the same model. The grounds of national consciousness was rooted at home, later it was a free choice. In opinion of Lithuanian social democrats, woman-worker also should to realize her economical situation and together with men had to pursue common goals. Therefore they hadn't questionized the importance of women intellectual training. But deeper intellectual training was equated to the elementary professional education.

But women necessity to seek for a deeper intellectual education and professional self-realization by this current was not recognised. During studied period catholic intelligentsia after realizing of the changes in social structure, economical and public life, supported attitudes of Lithuanian liberals towards importance of deeper intellectual education of women. In the joint of XlXth and XXth centuries catholics and liberals applied the same model. The grounds of national consciousness was rooted at home, later it was a free choice. In opinion of Lithuanian social democrats, woman-worker also should to realize her economical situation and together with men had to pursue common goals. Therefore they hadn't questionized the importance of women intellectual training. But deeper intellectual training was equated to the elementary professional education.

But women necessity to seek for a deeper intellectual education and professional self-realization by this current was not recognised. During studied period catholic intelligentsia after realizing of the changes in social structure, economical and public life, supported attitudes of Lithuanian liberals towards importance of deeper intellectual education of women. In the joint of XlXth and XXth centuries catholics and liberals applied the same model. The grounds of national consciousness was rooted at home, later it was a free choice. In opinion of Lithuanian social democrats, woman-worker also should to realize her economical situation and together with men had to pursue common goals. Therefore they hadn't questionized the importance of women intellectual training. But deeper intellectual training was equated to the elementary professional education.

But women necessity to seek for a deeper intellectual education and professional self-realization by this current was not recognised. During studied period catholic intelligentsia after realizing of the changes in social structure, economical and public life, supported attitudes of Lithuanian liberals towards importance of deeper intellectual education of women. In the joint of XlXth and XXth centuries catholics and liberals applied the same model. The grounds of national consciousness was rooted at home, later it was a free choice. In opinion of Lithuanian social democrats, woman-worker also should to realize her economical situation and together with men had to pursue common goals. Therefore they hadn't questionized the importance of women intellectual training. But deeper intellectual training was equated to the elementary professional education.