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By using two-level game theory this paper analyses factors that caused Japan's ambitious position in the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Analysis is done by finding local and international lobby groups that are concerned with Japan's international obligations, examining their inter-relations, and comparing their positions with official Japan's aims. The results of the paper showed that the biggest influence on Japan's position was Democratic Party which won the election at the end of summer 2009. It was seeking to get support of the society and to use country's technological potential to accomplish projects mitigating causes of climate change. By fulfilling their plans, the democrats did not meet strong opposing powers at home, because they had support from the citizens, did not have close relationship with business lobby, and were following previously approved strategic documents. In international area Japan was not bind by bilateral or multilateral agreements, and had support from EU and other influential international actors.

By using two-level game theory this paper analyses factors that caused Japan's ambitious position in the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Analysis is done by finding local and international lobby groups that are concerned with Japan's international obligations, examining their inter-relations, and comparing their positions with official Japan's aims. The results of the paper showed that the biggest influence on Japan's position was Democratic Party which won the election at the end of summer 2009. It was seeking to get support of the society and to use country's technological potential to accomplish projects mitigating causes of climate change. By fulfilling their plans, the democrats did not meet strong opposing powers at home, because they had support from the citizens, did not have close relationship with business lobby, and were following previously approved strategic documents. In international area Japan was not bind by bilateral or multilateral agreements, and had support from EU and other influential international actors.

By using two-level game theory this paper analyses factors that caused Japan's ambitious position in the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Analysis is done by finding local and international lobby groups that are concerned with Japan's international obligations, examining their inter-relations, and comparing their positions with official Japan's aims. The results of the paper showed that the biggest influence on Japan's position was Democratic Party which won the election at the end of summer 2009. It was seeking to get support of the society and to use country's technological potential to accomplish projects mitigating causes of climate change. By fulfilling their plans, the democrats did not meet strong opposing powers at home, because they had support from the citizens, did not have close relationship with business lobby, and were following previously approved strategic documents. In international area Japan was not bind by bilateral or multilateral agreements, and had support from EU and other influential international actors.

In the theoretical literature on tolerance a distinction is proposed between coexistence and respect tolerance. In three studies with four national samples of Dutch majority members, we demonstrate that these two forms of tolerance can be distinguished empirically in relation to different immigrant target groups. The findings of all studies further show that the more principled respect tolerance was negatively associated with prejudice towards immigrants, and positively associated with the acceptance of concrete minority practices, above and beyond prejudice. However, the positive association between respect tolerance and acceptance of practices was weaker for people who were more strongly concerned about the continuity of their national cultural identity. Overall, the more pragmatic coexistence tolerance was found to have no independent association with prejudicial feelings and with the acceptance of minority practices. The findings indicate that stimulating respect tolerance might be particularly helpful for improving intergroup relations in culturally diverse societies.

Along with a number of other countries, particularly those in southern Europe, Italy has only been a receiving country for international immigration for about 25 years. Italy itself has a long tradition of emigration and it is estimated that there are currently about 60 million Italian emigrants all over the world. In Italian Law, the concept of "immigrant" first appeared as recently as 1986. Previously there was only the general juridical type of the "foreigner", whose residence within the national boundaries was governed by public security law. In the Italian public discourse, up to the end of the 1980s, "immigrants" were internal migrants from less developed southern regions ("Mezzogiorno") who moved towards the more dynamic areas of Northern Italy, a huge phenomenon throughout the twentieth century, and particularly intense in the "golden period" of the industrial development (from the 1950s and the first half of the 1970s): initially migration was mainly towards the so called "industrial triangle" (Milan-Turin-Genoa), afterwards it was also towards the central and north-eastern regions, characterized by the growth of small companies and industrial districts. Based on a historical analysis, we know that today's aversions and oppositions towards foreign immigrants were directed to migrants from the south of Italy in the past. However, in those times immigration was not a central issue in the political debate, essentially because the internal migrants were citizens and voters and they might be employed as civil servants. The phenomenon of international migration has therefore developed in a national context characterized by certain aspects that should be taken into account throughout the analysis.