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The aim of this paper is to provide an insight into the influencing factors of international police information exchange conducted by the Single Points of Contact (SPOC) and the Police and Customs Cooperation Centre (PCCC) within the EU. The author achieves this goal by introducing the relevant scientific theories and the results of the conducted quantitative research. The research identifies the influencing environments of cross-border information exchange and through this, finds supporting and hindering factors such as organisational structure, culture, leadership, legislation, and ICT environment. Findings can help decision makers and end users to overcome everyday obstacles. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie czynników wpływających na międzynarodową wymianę informacji policyjnych prowadzoną przez unijne Pojedyncze Punkty Kontaktowe (SPOC) oraz Centrum Współpracy Policyjno-Celnej (PCCC). Autor stara się osiągnąć ten cel przedstawiając wybrane teorie naukowe i wyniki przeprowadzonych badań ilościowych. Artykuł identyfikuje środowisko transgranicznej wymiany informacji, a dzięki temu wskazuje czynniki wspierające i utrudniające, takie jak struktura organizacyjna, kultura, przywództwo, prawodawstwo i środowisko ICT. Wyniki badań mogą pomóc decydentom i użytkownikom pokonywać codzienne przeszkody w tej dziedzinie.

Cross-border information exchange became more relevant a few decades ago, when organised crime, moving "in the rhythm of time"4, identified globalisation and the facilitated movement of persons as an opportunity for new criminal markets. It was especially perceived in the EU and the Schengen zone with the establishment of the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services, the abolition of internal borders and the introduction of a single currency in the majority of the Member States. Notwithstanding, these negative side effects have not been led automatically by their antidote – the free movement of investigation and prosecution. Actions of law enforcement, prosecution and judicial authorities remained limited to state territory; this meant a high probability of impunity in the case of transnational crimes. ; Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Derecho ; Presidente: Víctor Moreno Catena; Secretario: Sabela Oubiña Barbolla; Vocal: Luis Valles Causada

If we were to draw up a list of ingredients that a country would need to develop a sustainable future for itself, that list would begin with things like permanent peace, security, political will, technology and, of course, adequate financial resources. However, not very far down that list would be access to the information needed to plan and manage for sustainable development. In fact over 170 governments strongly voiced this need at the 1992 UNCED World Summit when they added to the action plan, the famous Agenda 21, Chapter 40 calling upon government and international organizations to improve the global availability of information needed for sustainable development planning. research and management.

This paper analyzes the choice of taxes and international information exchange by governments in a capital tax competition model. We explain situations where countries can choose tax rates on tax savings income and exchange information about the domestic savings of foreigners, implying that the decentralized equilibrium is efficient. However, we also identify situations with adverse welfare properties in which information exchange is compatible with zero taxes on capital income. The model helps to identify the linkage between voluntary information exchange and the choice of tax rates. It is shown that the recent development in information exchange treaties may not be useful to overcome the inefficiencies caused by decentralized tax setting.

The federal government allocated nearly $30 billion to spur the development of information technology infrastructure capable of supporting the exchange of interoperable clinical data, leading to growth in hospital participation in health information exchange (HIE) networks. HIEs have the potential to improve care coordination across healthcare providers, leading ultimately to increased productivity of health services for hospitals. However, the impact of HIE participation on hospital efficiency remains unclear. This dynamic prompts the question asked by this study: does HIE participation improve hospital efficiency. This study estimates the effect of HIE participation on efficiency using a national sample of 1017 hospitals from 2009 to 2012. Using a two-stage analytic design, efficiency indices were determined using the Malmquist algorithm and then regressed on a set of hospital characteristics. Results suggest that any participation in HIE can improve both technical efficiency change and total factor productivity (TFP). A second model examining total years of HIE participation shows a benefit of one and three years of participation on TFP. These results suggest that hospital investment in HIE participation may be a useful strategy to improve hospital operational performance, and that policy should continue to support increased participation and use of HIE. More research is needed to identify the exact mechanisms through which HIE participation can improve hospital efficiency.

Governmental agencies, companies and other organisations benefit from sharing data effectively using a harmonised data specification. In asset management, data standards exist from the construction phase through to the operation of the building. A gap exists within transport agencies in Australia and New Zealand for the road asset information exchange. The expectation is that by transferring road asset data from one system to another using a commonly accepted data standard, annual cost savings are predicted to be achieved within these countries of between $65 and $130 million. Current developments are investigating standardising road asset data. This research provides a critical review of data standards for vertical and horizontal infrastructure, namely buildings and roads, and reviews current approaches that deal with the challenge of information exchange for the road network.

Governmental agencies, companies and other organisations benefit from sharing data effectively using a harmonised data specification. In asset management, data standards exist from the construction phase through to the operation of the building. A gap exists within transport agencies in Australia and New Zealand for the road asset information exchange. The expectation is that by transferring road asset data from one system to another using a commonly accepted data standard, annual cost savings are predicted to be achieved within these countries of between $65 and $130 million. Current developments are investigating standardising road asset data. This research provides a critical review of data standards for vertical and horizontal infrastructure, namely buildings and roads, and reviews current approaches that deal with the challenge of information exchange for the road network.

Despite international calls for data and information sharing in transboundary waters and basin-specific evidence of its importance to cooperative management, no systematic research has been undertaken to answer questions of where, how frequently, and which water resources data and information are exchanged. This paper examines all available transboundary water agreements signed between 1900 and 2007 to determine the degree to which water resources data and information is exchanged in the world's regions, how the level of exchange has developed over time, and the different ways in which data and information sharing has been codified in practice. In doing so, we reveal important trends regarding the mechanisms, types, and frequencies of water resources data and information sharing?as well as differences across temporal and spatial scales, by treaty type and function, and regime type. The results indicate that data and information exchange as already practiced is more nuanced and, in some senses, widespread than may commonly be recognized. Further, the results reveal key linkages between democracy and data and information exchange and provide a basis to test analogous linkages related to data sharing and other variables in transboundary water settings.

BACKGROUND: Notwithstanding two decades of health information exchange (HIE) failures across the country, the US government has incorporated HIE into Meaningful Use Stage 2, which, in turn, has sparked renewed physicians' interest in HIE. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to conduct a literature review to understand how physician leadership might have assisted in supporting organisations in achieving HIE collaboration. METHOD: The authors conducted a review of the literature about HIE and physician challenges from 2009 to present to identify peer-reviewed publications which might apply. Reviewers abstracted each publication for predetermined issues related to physician leadership. Themes were identified based on the literature findings. RESULTS: The literature review demonstrated four important themes (physician leader characteristics) that can assist in bridging the gap and creating collaboration in an HIE. The themes found in this study were: trust among physicians, promote involvement and buy-in, infuse value proposition and competition. CONCLUSION: This paper contributes to the healthcare literature by conducting a literature review of the existing literature of surrounding HIE implementation and physician leaders. Specifically, we sought to gain insight into the change process and how physician leaders have demonstrated an impact on the process. This research is the first of its kind to synthesise leadership issues related to HIE and specifically explore the role of physician leader impact on HIE.

Information Technology (IT) has been applied by various industries with significant improvement in the practice and strategic standing of the industries. Its successful application is evident in manufacturing, petroleum, banking, aerospace and military industries. However, despite this evidential benefit as a result of IT adoption, delayed receipt of project information and/or loss of the project data/information are still prevalent in the Nigerian construction industry. To reduce these inefficiencies in the data management of the industry, this study investigates the medium of project information exchange and examine the order of IT adoption in the Nigerian Construction industry. A quantitative approach using questionnaire survey was employed. Structured questionnaires were distributed among quantity surveyors in contracting, consulting and public sector. The resultant data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tool. The results revealed the dominance of the paper-based medium over the use of IT tools in information acquisition and dissemination in the construction industry. About three-quarter of drawings, specifications and schedules were acquired through printed copy (paper based), and only about one-tenth of these information were acquired through email and disk/flash. While about four-fifth of the bills of quantities, claims and final account documents/information were being disseminated through the traditional paper-based printed copy, and less than one-tenth of these information are being disseminated through email and disk/flash. The order of IT adoption and use in information acquisition in the Nigerian Construction industry was found to be paper based medium, then followed by online medium, email and others (mobile) came third and fourth respectively, while disk/flash and came fifth and sixth in ranking. Furthermore, in contrast to the order of IT adoption and use in information acquisition in the Nigerian Construction industry, paper-based and disk/flash medium came first and second in order of information dissemination. Emails and online medium came 3rd and 4th in place, while fax and others (such as mobile phone), came 5th and 6th in adoption and use. Thus, for construction professionals in developing countries to reap the benefit of IT, it must go beyond the use of paper based medium to the use of IT tools for the acquisition and dissemination of information in the industry.

Public health relies on data reported by health care partners, and information technology makes such reporting easier than ever. However, data are often structured according to a variety of different terminologies and formats, making data interfaces complex and costly.

This article presents a study of the retroactive application of tax information exchange agreements (TIEAs) in Brazil, Colombia, South Africa and Uruguay, with a view to articulating policy recommendations for similar emerging economies. Contracting states should adopt clear rules in their TIEAs as regards their temporal application. In the absence of such rules, contracting states should abstain from applying a TIEA retroactively. The authors further recommend that legislatures adopt clear rules in domestic law governing whether a TIEA should apply to pending proceedings at the time of signature of the TIEA. Countries wishing to provide for retroactive effect in respect of information that is still open for review under statute of limitations rules may include provisions to reflect this both in domestic law and in the TIEA itself. It is recommended that countries carefully review and agree whether exchanges of information should be restricted for cases that already have been subject to a reassessment proceeding and, thus, are closed, even when the statute of limitations period has not lapsed. Legislatures in emerging countries should also take a position in domestic law on the issue of whether taxpayer rights may be limited as the result of a retroactive TIEA application. © 2018 Kluwer Law International BV, The Netherlands.

Information Technology (IT) has been applied by various industries with significant improvement in the practice and strategic standing of the industries. Its successful application is evident in manufacturing, petroleum, banking, aerospace and military industries. However, despite this evidential benefit as a result of IT adoption, delayed receipt of project information and/or loss of the project data/information are still prevalent in the Nigerian construction industry. To reduce these inefficiencies in the data management of the industry, this study investigates the medium of project information exchange and examine the order of IT adoption in the Nigerian Construction industry. A quantitative approach using questionnaire survey was employed. Structured questionnaires were distributed among quantity surveyors in contracting, consulting and public sector. The resultant data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tool. The results revealed the dominance of the paper-based medium over the use of IT tools in information acquisition and dissemination in the construction industry. About three-quarter of drawings, specifications and schedules were acquired through printed copy (paper based), and only about one-tenth of these information were acquired through email and disk/flash. While about four-fifth of the bills of quantities, claims and final account documents/information were being disseminated through the traditional paper-based printed copy, and less than one-tenth of these information are being disseminated through email and disk/flash. The order of IT adoption and use in information acquisition in the Nigerian Construction industry was found to be paper based medium, then followed by online medium, email and others (mobile) came third and fourth respectively, while disk/flash and came fifth and sixth in ranking. Furthermore, in contrast to the order of IT adoption and use in information acquisition in the Nigerian Construction industry, paper-based and disk/flash medium came first and second in order of information dissemination. Emails and online medium came 3rd and 4th in place, while fax and others (such as mobile phone), came 5th and 6th in adoption and use. Thus, for construction professionals in developing countries to reap the benefit of IT, it must go beyond the use of paper based medium to the use of IT tools for the acquisition and dissemination of information in the industry.

Among the different paradigms suggested to increase effectiveness in the access to external systems we ought to consider mobile agents. Their self-management allows them to perceive the environment and select the best course of actions to take in order to complete their work independently and efficiently. ; Entre els diferents paradigmes suggerits per augmentar l'eficàcia en l'accés a sistemes externs hem de tenir en compte els agents mòbils. La seva auto gestió els permet percebre l'entorn i seleccionar el millor curs de les accions per tal de completar el seu treball de forma independent i eficient. ; Entre los diferentes paradigmas sugeridos para aumentar la eficacia en el acceso a sistemas externos debemos tener en cuenta los agentes móviles. Su auto gestión les permite percibir el entorno y seleccionar el mejor curso de las acciones con el fin de completar su trabajo de forma independiente y eficiente.

International audience ; Virtual Asset Service Providers (VASPs) have recently been faced with increased compliance costs as both national and international bodies bring their due diligence compliance requirements inline with those of traditional financial entities. The 'travel rule', as defined by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is prominent amongst these and has created a need for efficient compliance solutions for VASPs. In this paper we improve upon current travel rule compliance solutions by utilising a mixed centralised and decentralised approach to provide trust and reduce the compliance burden on VASPs. Moreover, we provide a generic system capable of ensuring compliance with FATF recommendations as well other sanctions and embargoes that impact VASP trading relationships.