Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Zur Einführung -- Verzeichnis der Tagungsteilnehmer -- Die Bedeutung der Glocken in byzantinischen und slavischen Klöstern und Städten -- Individual and Community in the Liturgy of the Liberation of Christian Jerusalem -- Die Bedeutung der Glocke im Licht des mittelalterlichen Ritus der Glockenweihe -- Gerichtsöffentlichkeit im hoch- und spätmittelalterlichen Deutschland -- Campane, trombe e carrocci nelle cittä del regno d'ltalia durante il medioevo -- Toskanische Türme: Repräsentation und Konkurrenz -- Flämische Belfriede und südniederländische städtische Bauwerke im Mittelalter: Symbol und Mythos -- Zwischen Kirche und Stadtgemeinde -- Der stier von Ure treib ein grob gesang -- Zeit, Arbeit und Muße im Wandel spätmittelalterlicher Kommunikationsformen -- Orts- und Personenregister.

Issued on 1966, the Freedom of information act is certainly the most famous law regarding the right of access to public information. Often mentioned with the Privacy act, this text could be very important also for services to users for public, research or other kind of libraries. Importance connected with the necessity of giving to a user who is looking for a subject all the possible kind of information, traditional or not. So the opportunity to give the access to the documents produced by the United States public administration could be very useful for a library user.After a brief talk about the problem of the sources that can be useful for a panoramic view on the Freedom of Information Act, the law is examined more detailed.Using the FOIA. it's possible to ask government agencies to disclose certain types of records.FOIA defines an agency in that way: the agencies, offices and departments of the Executive branch of the federal government; independent federal regulatory agencies; federal government-controlled corporations. But FOIA does not apply to the federal entities, like the Congress, the Federal Courts or executive office staff such as the White House Chief of Staff, State and local government agencies or private organizations.There are also three exclusions and nine exemptions. If a record falls within any of these, an agency may refuse to disclose it, or denies the existence of the record itself if it falls within the three exclusions.It is important to remember that these exemptions are not mandatory, but discretionary. That means an agency can choose to release records to you even after it has determined the records fall within one or more of the above exemptions. The agency can also choose to give access to a record after the portions which are exempt have been deleted from it. There must be other two circumstances to access the record required. The agency record must already exists, because FOIA does not require an agency to create a record just to satisfy your request. The record must be within both the possession and the control of the federal agency at the time you make your FOIA request.The law establishes also times and costs for the answer of the agency and the eventual administrative appeal.It's a good practice to make a request under both Freedom of information act and privacy Act.The Privacy act, issued in 1974, give the right to U.S. citizens or permanent residents to ask government agencies about records regarding themselves. The Privacy act provides low costs and less exemptions.In 1996 the Freedom of information act was amended to be confirmed to the electronic documents.At last a brief comparison between FOIA. and the Italian situation gives the evidence that the Italian law n. 241 of 1990, Nuove norme in materia di procedimento amministrativo e di diritto di accesso ai documenti amministrativi, is better comparable with the Privacy act that with the Freedom of information act ; Issued on 1966, the Freedom of information act is certainly the most famous law regarding the right of access to public information. Often mentioned with the Privacy act, this text could be very important also for services to users for public, research or other kind of libraries. Importance connected with the necessity of giving to a user who is looking for a subject all the possible kind of information, traditional or not. So the opportunity to give the access to the documents produced by the United States public administration could be very useful for a library user.After a brief talk about the problem of the sources that can be useful for a panoramic view on the Freedom of Information Act, the law is examined more detailed.Using the FOIA. it's possible to ask government agencies to disclose certain types of records.FOIA defines an agency in that way: the agencies, offices and departments of the Executive branch of the federal government; independent federal regulatory agencies; federal government-controlled corporations. But FOIA does not apply to the federal entities, like the Congress, the Federal Courts or executive office staff such as the White House Chief of Staff, State and local government agencies or private organizations.There are also three exclusions and nine exemptions. If a record falls within any of these, an agency may refuse to disclose it, or denies the existence of the record itself if it falls within the three exclusions.It is important to remember that these exemptions are not mandatory, but discretionary. That means an agency can choose to release records to you even after it has determined the records fall within one or more of the above exemptions. The agency can also choose to give access to a record after the portions which are exempt have been deleted from it. There must be other two circumstances to access the record required. The agency record must already exists, because FOIA does not require an agency to create a record just to satisfy your request. The record must be within both the possession and the control of the federal agency at the time you make your FOIA request.The law establishes also times and costs for the answer of the agency and the eventual administrative appeal.It's a good practice to make a request under both Freedom of information act and privacy Act.The Privacy act, issued in 1974, give the right to U.S. citizens or permanent residents to ask government agencies about records regarding themselves. The Privacy act provides low costs and less exemptions.In 1996 the Freedom of information act was amended to be confirmed to the electronic documents.At last a brief comparison between FOIA. and the Italian situation gives the evidence that the Italian law n. 241 of 1990, Nuove norme in materia di procedimento amministrativo e di diritto di accesso ai documenti amministrativi, is better comparable with the Privacy act that with the Freedom of information act

La biblioteca deve dimostrare la propria utilità per poter continuare a crescere e trovare i fondi per esistere, funzionare e svilupparsi. Perciò la biblioteca ha bisogno di conoscere bene il territorio nel quale si trova ad operare, cercando di adeguare continuamente i propri servizi alle sue caratteristiche, e di diventare punto di riferimento per ogni bisogno conoscitivo ed informativo di tutta la popolazione. La tecnologia GIS (Geographic Information System) può essere d'aiuto alla biblioteca nel raggiungimento di questi due obiettivi, sia come strumento di analisi e gestione a supporto delle attività di marketing, sia come ampliamento del tradizionale servizio di reference. Un GIS consente di mettere in relazione dati testuali e descrittivi con informazioni geografiche, di manipolare e analizzare questi dati, di ottenere dei risultati da questa relazione e di visualizzarli sul territorio per mezzo di mappe digitali; queste mappe sono costituite da "strati" informativi sovrapponibili, che, attraverso simboli grafici definiti, rappresentano sul territorio gli eventi, le condizioni o gli oggetti le cui caratteristiche sono espresse dai dati descrittivi utilizzati. Perché ogni strato sia sovrapponibile all'altro, è necessario che sia georeferenziato e quindi assimilato allo stesso sistema di riferimento (i.e. coordinate) usato per gli altri strati, che rappresenti la stessa porzione di superficie terrestre e che usi la stessa scala. Innumerevoli sono le applicazioni della tecnologia GIS che da anni sono utilizzate nei più disparati settori, ad esempio nella gestione delle Reti tecnologiche e delle flotte di mezzi mobili, o in attuazione delle politiche di e-government avviate dalla Pubblica Amministrazione. La biblioteca può trarre vantaggio da questa tecnologia applicandola in due macro aree: gli in-house projects e i public services. Nel primo caso, in un'ottica di pianificazione strategica dei servizi, la biblioteca può utilizzare il GIS per definire e programmare il proprio assetto rispetto al territorio, con la misurazione e definizione dell'area di competenza (market area), e rispetto alla popolazione, disegnando un vero e proprio profilo delle caratteristiche e dei bisogni degli utenti reali e potenziali (market profile). Nel secondo caso la biblioteca creerà un GIS Reference Service, come enhancement dei servizi tradizionali, a supporto di una attività di community information e come accesso alle infinite applicazioni GIS a disposizione dei lettori. Diversi sono i livelli di Reference Service che possono essere attivati sulla base della disponibilità di risorse, umane e finanziarie, e a seconda del bisogno informativo dei lettori. Numerosi sono i software disponibili per realizzare un servizio GIS sia locale che remoto, molti sono commercializzati da aziende, mentre altri sono invece disponibili come freeware o con GPL license. Negli USA è disponibile anche un servizio online dedicato alle biblioteche, LibraryDecision, accessibile previa sottoscrizione, che fornisce dati e strumenti di analisi geografica a supporto delle attività di marketing. ; The library has to show its own advantage to be able to go on growing and raising funds to exist, to work and to develop. Therefore the library needs to know in depth the area on which it operates, constantly striving to adapt its services to its features, and becoming a point of reference for the community information and knowledge needs. GIS (Geographic Information System) technology can help the library reach these two objectives, both as analysis and management tool to support the marketing activities, and as enhancement of the traditional Reference Service. A GIS application enables to relate textual and descriptive data to geographic information, to manipulate and analyse these data, to obtain results from this relationship and to display them on the territory through digital maps; these maps are constituted by superimposing information layers, which, through defined graphical symbols, represent on the region events, conditions and objects whose features are expressed by the descriptive data used. So that every layer is superimposing the others, it has to be georeferenced and therefore it has to use the same frame of reference (i.e. coordinates) used for the other layers, it has to represent the same area of Earth's surface and to use the same scale. Many are the application of GIS technology, which for years have been used in the most diverse fields, for instance in the management of technological networks and of vehicle fleets, or in carrying out the e-government policy. The library can take advantage from this technology applying it to two macro areas: in-house projects and public services. In the first case, in the perspective of the strategic planning of services, the library can use GIS to define and plan its own set-up in relation to the territory, by measuring and defining its market area, and in relation to the community by tracing the actual profile of feature and needs for its actual and potential users (market profile). In the second case, the library creates a GIS Reference Service, as an enhancement of the traditional services, to support the activity of community information and to give access to the manifold GIS application available for the users. There are several level of Reference Services, which can be activated depending on the availability of human and financial resources, and depending on the information needs of the community. Many are the software available to create a GIS service, either local or remote; many are traded by companies, while others are freely available through GPL license. In U.S. an online service devoted to libraries, LibraryDecision, is available through subscription; this service supplies data and geographic analysis tools to support marketing activities.