Suchergebnisse

An editorial introduction to this collection of papers traces the development of policies regarding the information society. "First-wave" policies in the 1980s involved the introduction of new information & communications technologies (ICTs); specific policies in different countries are reviewed, & their politicization in the UK & US to adhere to a market-led approach is noted. "Second-wave" policies are traced to US Senator Al Gore during the 1991/92 presidential campaign, & emphasized private-sector initiatives in the development of ICTs & the global information infrastructure; parallel developments in Europe are outlined, noting the introduction of the concept of an "information society." Cross-national differences in how action plans for launching the information society were introduced & implemented are explored, along with commonalities in their outcomes. The development of the information society at the national level has often been characterized by policies that support national values. In addition, conflict has arisen between the goals of technological progress & its accompanying social & economic outcomes. A call is made for reanalyzing past experiences with the introduction of new ICTs so as to keep the "social" in the nascent information society; policy implications are discussed. K. Hyatt Stewart

Der Beitrag bestimmt den Standort der politischen Psychologie zwischen den beiden Disziplinen Politikwissenschaft und Psychologie. Die Beschreibung der "Infrastruktur" dieser Subdisziplin befasst sich mit den nationalen und internationalen Ressourcen der Forschung, den institutionellen Verflechtungen mit der pädagogischen Psychologie und den institutionalisierten Berufsinteressen der beiden Herkunftsdisziplinen. Eingegangen wird weiterhin auf Ausbildungsbedingungen, Curriculumentwicklung und Graduiertenförderung im Feld der politischen Psychologie. Thematisiert werden auch die Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten durch private und wirtschaftliche Geldgeber, die Entstehung einiger Stiftungen und der expandierende Markt für Beratung und Training durch die politische Psychologie. Die fruchtbarsten Perspektiven sieht die Autorin in einer Synthese zwischen politischen Rational-Choice-Ansätzen und dem verhaltens- und lerntheoretischen Ansatz zur Analyse von politischen Entscheidungsprozessen. (ICA). Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1920 bis 2000.

Limiting the anthropogenic environmental impact as part of the 'great transformation' is one of the central challenges of our time. However, ambitions to broaden sustainable ways of living are at odds with the consumeristic self-image of Western societies. In order to initiate a transformation, practices of sufficiency, which can already be found in nascent forms, can be used as exemplars for shaping social innovation processes. Based on alternative concepts of housing and living, resourcesaving lifestyles which diverge from established ways of living can be identified. These can lead to mental infrastructures that motivate alternative lifestyles, as well as the need for infrastructures that enable sufficiency.

This report describes the relation between the core network corridor Orient/East-Med and the elimination of one serious bottleneck with the example of the planned new railway line Dresden-Prague. In cooperation between the Free State of Saxony and the Czech Republic first preplanning studies were elaborated for a new cross border track, which will bring the regions closer together and has positive effects for a modal shift to rail as well as for the regional economy and development. The basis of this report are results of the study for the new line from 2015. An incorporation of interim new proposals for a route guidance has not been made due to the lack of depth of investigation of these alternatives at the moment.

This article uses research in relation to the provision of public services and infrastructures to support the thesis that primarily one particular perspective on space - namely a material or quantifying perspective - is reflected in current empirical research. The article thus proposes the use of the concept of relational space by Martina Löw (2001) in empirical research to improve our empirical understanding of the space relevant for local people. To conclude, potential insights gained are outlined on the basis of the conceptualisation of a study of private colleges in rural areas in Germany.

The institutional context of federalism in Mexico & the institutional configuration of fiscal federalism are examined with reference to relevant Constitutional articles. The relative importance of the federal institutional framework vs. the party system on funding allocation for education & social infrastructure are studied using regression analysis. Prior to the mid-1990s, the bargaining power of governors & senators in the allocation of federal funds to the states was strictly limited because the upper chamber of Congress has become a space for party & not regional representation. The processes of decentralization within the health sector are contrasted with the politicized environment in education. With the loss of the Institutional Revolutionary Party's majority in the lower chamber & the presidential seat in 1997, the funding situation is changing even without institutional change. 5 Tables, 30 References. M. Pflum

Hacker uses data derived from the US White House's computer-mediated communication (WHCMC) system to clarify theories about digital democracy. History of the WHCMC system is given from 1993 & includes specifics of the system's set-up, components, procedures, links to other government agencies, & organization. Details of the Clinton administration's implementation of a National Information Infrastructure are given. Ongoing White House claims for its CMC mechanism are listed along with data on numbers of Internet users, registered voters, & use of the Net for political information gathering, 1994-1998. Figures on the composition of WHCMC users, contents of documents, user attitudes, & descriptive student user quotes precede a table assessing the relation of White House claims to the accomplishment of its goals. A model of basic political interactivity is included. Davis & Owen's opinions on computer-mediated political communication's four main functions preface contemplation of enhanced political interactions. 3 Tables, 1 Figure, 56 References. M. C. Leary

"This chapter addresses the analysis of the phenomenon of modern technique by Martin Heidegger, especially regarding the issue of information societies and the role of the virtual network with respect to providing information about the political behavior of states, which accordingly affects the international security environment. We propose a debate on international relations theory, specifically from the perspective adopted by the Copenhagen School of International Security Studies. We conduct a study from the perception that cyberspace, as a multiverse, is not uniform, and therefore, the various actors emerge with different capacities for political action depending on the dependency of the states and societies to use new information and communication technologies (NICTs) as well as the interconnections with critical infrastructures (i.e., Critical Information Infrastructure)." (author's abstract)

The paper provides an overview of the most important technical requirements for railway infrastructure as regulated by the standards proposed by the European Union. More precisely, the paper gives an insight into the following Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) requirements: track gauge, axle load, train length, electrification and speed. In addition, each parameter is illustrated by a practical case where appropriate.

Investigates ways in which the new information society might contribute to economic development at the regional level & help to lessen the gap between central & peripheral regions. Reports & policy statements by the Commission of the European Communities are optimistic that combining information-based goods & services with diffuse electronic networks can help offset the "tyranny of geography" that has relegated certain areas to the nether regions of social & economic participation. Here, the development of a telecommunications infrastructure in various European regions is outlined, exploring how the adoption of new information & communications technologies gives peripheral regions enhanced work mobility by (1) industrializing the service sector, (2) creating a spatial separation of production & consumption, & (3) allowing firms to manage at a distance. Barriers to such development are identified, & the concept of "learning region" is introduced to describe the prerequisites necessary to successful adoption of information & communication technologies at both the individual & organizational levels. 2 Tables, 1 Figure. K. Hyatt Stewart

The COVID-19 pandemic exposed crucial tensions related to urban public infrastructure. Among those, questions regarding urban mobility, and public transport (PT) in particular, have received widespread attention in media and political debates. Stigmatisation, ridership slumps, funding problems and system closures have placed public transport systems in the centre of public debate about urban infrastructure. In this paper, we discuss three dimensions in which PT, as a site of urban armature, linking service provisions with individual needs, has been affected by COVID-19. First, we look at the user experience. Considering PT as public space shaped by encounters and emotions, we bring to the fore its contentious and complicated nature, affected by increasing or emerging anxieties and disturbances due to COVID-19. We further underline the inequity of transport provision and access: while some users have easily switched to alternative mobility options, others have remained dependent on PT, and had to navigate new and unevenly distributed challenges. Secondly, we refer to government responses, particularly in terms of funding arrangements, fare systems and controls, and labour organisation. Around the world, PT operators have faced unprecedented financial challenges, pressed to adapt their system to a, "new normality" while observing passenger flows decline drastically. As these problems have been particularly dire in transport networks that depend on a high share of fare-box revenue, a growing number of municipalities is considering a shift to fare-free PT. Thirdly, we discuss possible futures: While some commentators argue that PT faces an imminent decline due to mid-pandemic mobility needs and requirements, we argue that the role of urban public infrastructure is more vital than ever before, especially for underprivileged but recently acknowledged workers in the social and service sector. The paper brings together findings from an online study on mobility behaviour during COVID-19, interviews and policy analysis conducted by the research team from May to August 2020. In-depth investigations on Tallinn, Brussels, Stockholm and Berlin are brought into discussion with global scholarly and practitioners' reflections.