Suchergebnisse

The general aim of the paper is a systenatization of concepts and also an analysis of some aspects of the process of forming institutional infrastructure in Europe after the collapse of centrally managed economic system. Characteristic feature of such transformations is that they concern mainly the sphere of non-material components of economic subjects' surrouding. This involves difficulties in monitoring them and in interpreting them in a strict way. Europe needs a transformation of all the elements of its institutional infrastructure. In teh case of such institutions-organizations as European Union or NATO - an evolution is expected towards their more universal character. Within the institutions of codified principles the developing of European political infrastructure (i.e. agreements serving increased co-operation of all States of the region) is more particularly desirable. The element that unites transformations of institutions-organizations and institutions-formali zed principles is the fact that both of them are undertaken fully consciously. Also changes within institutions-non-formalized principles are of much importance for the process of European integration. The changes are the result of very complex and time consuming economic and social developments. The need for such changes involves more particularly the societies of former Eastern Europe which, under specific conditions of centrally planned economy, have developped institutional system quite difficult to adept it to the market economy. ; Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/2016

The article considers the main indicators of demographic development of the Russian Federation in recent years in connection with the level of development of social infrastructure. It is shown that the demographic situation in the country is deteriorating, that is due to both subjective and objective reasons. Among the objective reasons, the main one is the change in the age structure of the population, which is expressed in a sharp decrease in the number of women in fertile age. This is due to the acute demographic crisis of the 1990s, «demographic waves» generated by the Great Patriotic War, and other factors. Among the subjective causes of the decline in birth rate, the article highlights the general patterns of reduction in the number of children in families as the level of socio-economic development increases, which are characteristic of all countries of European culture. In particular, the reduction in the number of children is facilitated by such factors as reduction in the share of officially registered families, increase in child support costs, and the financial difficultiesfaced by families with children during economic crises and stagnation. All these cases are typical for regions of the Russian Federation in recent years. Development of social infrastructure — education, healthcare, culture, sports, and other similar systems — could improve the demographic situation in Russia. Unfortunately, in recent years, such systems have been degrading rather than developing in Russia. This is facilitated by the system of statistical reporting that does not reflect the actual situation. The article proposes approaches that could overcome this shortcoming of the present statistical reporting system, thereby contributing to the demographic development of the modern Russian Federation.

Scientiic collaboration continues to increase in frequency and importance. It has the potential to solve complex scientiic problems. The relevance of the research is caused by the role of scientiic collaboration in scientiic and technological sphere. Scientiic collaboration can be deined as a science infrastructure and as a process of intellectual cooperation. The aim of the research is to construct the model of scientiic collaboration in Russian science and technology. This has been gained by solving the following research objectives: deinition of the term «scientiic collaboration», types of collaborations consideration, analysis of intellectual and research infrastructure cooperation methods which take place in Russian scientiic organizations. The main feature of this research is the particular methodology which is based on scientometrics, comparative analysis and scientiic modeling. Scientometrics was used for deining productive scientiic collaboration in Russia. Open sources of information about international and Russian scientiic collaboration, oficial websites of Russian Ministry of Education and Science and Russian Academy of Science, such databases as Russian Statistics Committee and Web of Science can be mentioned as main information resources of the research. Main results of theoretical and practical part of the research are the original authors` vision of the base of scientiic collaborations in formation Russia which meansan effective cooperation of three components: intellectual resources (scientists and research teams), infrastructure (which can provide scientists with regular access to research equipment) and government (as a main regulator). Moreover, it should be mentioned that the main productive development option for Russian scientiic collaboration is territory integration of intellectual resources and research infrastructure.

An article about the transformation of the theory and practice of marketing in terms of e-commerce and network economy. The author considers Internet Marketing as an independent marketing communication in a virtual environment. The main thesis of the article: virtual environment determines the transformation of marketing, changing methods, priorities and structure not only practice, but also the theory of marketing.

The round table discussion was devoted to the development problems facing such scientiic infrastructure facilities of the Russian Federation as the Centers of Shared Multi-Access to Research Equipment (hereinafter CKP) and Unique Research Facilities (hereinafter UNU). The round table participants included representatives of CKP, UNU and the relevant back-up organizations with a long history of successful management of their Centers and Facilities. The Keynote report sought to frame the major problems of CKP and UNU development, indicated the causes of these problems, identiied guidelines to their solution through the strengthening of governmental support to scientiic infrastructure. According to the author of the report, the most challenging issues of CKP and UNU development include: – inadequate capacity building rates and modest performance of the core centers and facilities due to low research activity of potential R&D customers; – conlict of interest between CKP/UNU and their back-up organizations, which are primarily interested to use their centers and facilities for internal research with whatever resources remain to meet orders of external users;76 Круглый стол – reluctance of CKP and UNU staff to provide services, which may not include a research component; – unreasonable indicators of CKP/UNU capacity and performance, which relect performance of back-up organizations instead. To remedy the speciied problems, the speaker suggests: – to speed up the process of legal recognition for CKP and UNU status criteria and to perform conformance inspection of these items of scientiic infrastructure and eliminate those CKP and UNU, which were established just to get access to public funds; – to expand CKP status beyond the scope of research institutions for independent legal units with competitive research equipment and highly skilled research staff; – to include CKP/UNU performance indicators into the list of performance indicators of back-up organizations in an attempt to promote CKP and UNU activities ...

Innovation infrastructure is one of the key elements of the technology transfer process. In Russia, at the government level, great attention is paid to the construction of new infrastructure, but an appropriate framework for its efectiveness evaluation has not been suiciently developed. In recent years the government has tried out various forms of support for innovation through infrastructure developments, many of which have demonstrated lack of viability in the absence of government subsidies. In the course of the inspection of large-scale projects Supervisory bodies have also discovered the fragmentation and inconsistency of the state policy aimed at construction of regional research infrastructure complexes. The eiciency of local innovation systems is a subject of interest for academic economists. Many rankings are intended to explicitly indicate the comparative advantages of some subjects of the Russian Federation over the others in many diferent aspects. Another line of research relevant to the problem is Regression Modeling. Based on the knowledge production function, Russian researchers studied the dependence of the innovative output in the Russian regions on a large number of factors, including human capital, research funding, productivity of applied research, etc. Despite the impressive number of such works, signiicance of the innovative infrastructure has remained outside the focus of attention. This paper presents the estimates for panel data regression model, which has shown a positive relationship between the presence of innovative territorial cluster and the growth of innovative products. However, under this approach no evidence has been obtained for a positive impact of special economic zones and regional development corporations on regional innovation complexes.

Researches of influence of infrastructure on the economic growth and development of the countries gained currency. However the majority of authors drop the problem of definition of accurate concept of studied object and its criteria out. In the given article various approaches in the definition of «infrastructure» concept, criterion and the characteristics of infrastructure distinguishing it from other capital assets are presented. Such types of infrastructure, as personal, institutional, material, production, social, etc. are considered. Author's definition of infrastructure is given. ; Исследования влияния инфраструктуры на экономический рост и развитие стран получили широкое распространение. Однако большинство авторов проблему определения четкого понятия исследуемого объекта и его критериев опускают. В статье представлены различные подходы в определении понятия «инфраструктура», критерии и характеристики инфраструктуры, отличающие ее от других капитальных активов, рассмотрены такие виды инфраструктуры, как личная, институциональная, материальная, производственная, социальная и др. Дано авторское определение инфраструктуры.

Tourism is becoming one of the perspective/ priority guideline of development of the cross-border regions of Russia. The aim of the study is to determine the general trends and features of tourism infrastructure development as one of the major structural components of a tourist destination, a key factor in the development of regional tourism. The study used the analysis of the conceptual and terminological system, comparison method, analog approach, the method of analysis of time series. Influence of cross-border location on the development of tourism infrastructure is proved on analyzing of indexes of 37 cross-border regions. The condition and level of tourism infrastructure development depend of the nature of cooperation between Russia and neighboring countries in historical aspect. The received practical results allow us to present a comprehensive picture of the state of tourist infrastructure. Besides, they can be used in the study of development of tourist infrastructure and tourist business at the regional level. The practical application of the proposed approach gives an opportunity to expand possible options for management decisions, acting as a tool of regional economic policy in the sphere of tourism.

In recent years, the countries of the Caspian region have sought to expand regional cooperation in energy and transport spheres. For a long time, these areas of cooperation were not being developed, which negatively affected the regional economy. The revision of the existing approaches of regional countries to cooperation is dictated by the growth of problems of economic development of each country. Non-regional states have a continuing interest in the Caspian region. First of all, they are interested in projects aimed at diversifying the supply of hydrocarbon resources from the region to foreign markets. In turn, the construction of new export pipelines is considered by the countries of the Caspian region as a way of strengthening their geopolitical positions and realising socio-economic projects. New pipelines not only can create additional opportunities for the delivery of oil and gas from the region to foreign markets, but also can radically change the balance of power. This explains the increased attention to the issues of production and export of hydrocarbon resources.At the same time, the revision of the energy policy of the regional countries, which began in the 1990s, did not reduce their dependence on non-regional states that act as final consumers or transit countries for oil and gas. The construction of new pipelines broke Russia's monopoly over the export of hydrocarbon resources from the regional countries to foreign markets. However, the decline of Russian influence was compensated by Iran and China, which got the opportunity to influence the regional countries through pricing mechanisms and volumes of purchased hydrocarbon raw materials. For this reason, the regional countries are in favor of a further increase in the number of new pipelines, believing that their construction will expand opportunities for oil and gas exports and will reduce dependence on neighboring states. ; В последние годы страны Каспийского региона стремятся расширить региональное сотрудничество в энергетической и транспортной сферах. Длительное время эти направления сотрудничества не получали своего развития, что в целом негативно сказывалось на региональной экономике. Пересмотр стран региона сложившихся подходов к сотрудничеству продиктован ростом проблем в экономике каждого из государств. Сохраняется интерес к Каспийскому региону со стороны внерегиональных государств. Прежде всего, их привлекают проекты, направленные на диверсификацию поставок углеводородных ресурсов из региона на внешний рынок. В свою очередь, строительство новых экспортных трубопроводов рассматривается странами Каспийского региона в качестве укрепления своих геополитических позиций и решения социально-экономических проектов. Новые трубопроводы могут не только создать дополнительные возможности для доставки нефти и газа из региона на внешние рынки, но и кардинально изменить расстановку сил. Этим объясняется повышенное внимание к вопросам добычи и экспорта углеводородных ресурсов.В тоже время, пересмотр энергетической политики стран региона, который начался в 1990-х годах, не снизил их зависимость от внерегиональных стран, которые выступают в качестве конечного потребителя или транзитеров нефти и газа. Строительство новых трубопроводов разрушило монополию России на экспорт углеводородных ресурсов из стран региона на внешние рынки. Однако снижение российского влияния компенсировали Иран и Китай, которые через механизмы ценообразования и объемы закупаемого углеводородного сырья получили возможности влиять на государства региона. По этой причине, страны региона выступают за дальнейшее увеличение числа новых трубопроводов, считая, что их строительство расширит возможности для экспорта нефти и газа и снизит зависимость от соседних государств.

The article analyzes the doctrinal foundations of technological connection as an institution of energy legislation, as well as its main features and problems of law enforcement. At the same time, the multidimensional nature of this institution is emphasized, in particular, including technological, economic and legal aspects. The expediency of legislative consolidation of the right of access to energy infrastructure for consumers of energy and energy resources, which must be distinguished from factual (technological) actions aimed at its implementation, is shown. The possible cases of denial of access to technological infrastructure and their consequences are analyzed, the need for regulation of such consequences for network and resource transportation organizations is shown. From the doctrinal and law enforcement positions, the question of the legal nature of the technological connection agreement is investigated, while the impossibility of its legal qualification as a sui generis contract is shown. The legal qualification of the contract for technological connection is related to the issue of the customer's right to unilaterally refuse to execute the contract for technological connection, which is an important element of its legal status. When studying the issue of alienation of the right to the connected capacity, it is concluded that its alienation is permissible, provided that mechanisms are created to prevent abuse of the right in this area.

Sustainable development of the state takes on special significance in conditions of instable global market, increased budget spending and sluggish economic growth. Providing financial resources in order to reach the most important social and economic goals and to implement road transport infrastructure projects is of highest priority for economic recovery of the Russian Federation. The issues of financial support of infrastructure projects as well as interaction between government and business in creating effective financial mechanisms and ways of cooperation are highly relevant while fulfilling the government tasks. The paper considers the road transport facilities, namely, the need to develop a network of highways as a key factor affecting the economic performance of entities and the state as a whole. The existing shortage of funds is considered as a problem that deters the sustainable economic development of the state and implementation of road transport infrastructure projects. The article reflects the author's view on such issues as development of the road facilities in the Russian Federation; public-private partnership as a promising form in developing interaction between the state and business in implementation of infrastructure projects. The article suggests recommendations on how to attract alternative sources of financing for road transport infrastructure projects and create favorable investment environment in the Russian Federation. ; Устойчивое развитие государства приобретает особую значимость в условиях нестабильности конъюнктуры международных рынков, нарастания бюджетных расходов и падения экономического роста. Обеспечение финансовыми ресурсами выполнения важнейших социально-экономических задач и реализации инфраструктурных проектов играет ключевую роль для экономического подъема Российской Федерации. Актуальными являются вопросы финансового обеспечения инфраструктурных проектов и взаимодействия государства и бизнеса, заключающиеся в наличии эффективных механизмов финансирования и сотрудничества для решения государственных задач. В их основе рассматривается дорожное хозяйство, а именно - необходимость развития сети автодорог как ключевого фактора, влияющего на экономические показатели субъектов и государства в целом. Проблема существующего дефицита средств рассматривается как сдерживающий фактор устойчивого экономического развития государства и реализации проектов дорожно-транспортной инфраструктуры. В статье отражены: авторский взгляд на проблемы развития дорожного хозяйства Российской Федерации; представление о государственно-частном партнерстве как перспективном направлении развития взаимодействия государства и бизнеса в решении вопросов реализации инфраструктурных проектов; рекомендации по внедрению альтернативных источников финансирования инфраструктурных проектов дорожного хозяйства и формирования благоприятной инвестиционной среды на территории Российской Федерации.