AbstractWe present details of the design and implementation of the 2020–2021 JobKeeper program and review the literature on its impacts. JobKeeper stimulated the macroeconomy and restrained job loss in the downturn. But because the program was not narrowly targeted, the cost per job saved was high and the impact most likely regressive. However, it would not have been possible to devise and implement a more targeted program in the available time, and as it was, JobKeeper was arguably implemented later than needed for maximum effectiveness. We therefore recommend that Australia consider establishing a short‐time work program for use in future recessions.
Even though the opinion polling before the British referendum on membership of the European Union showed a narrow gap between the two sides, the actual result-a vote to leave-on the morning of 24 June 2016 came as a surprise to many. Yet in truth both the referendum and its outcome had deep roots in British politics. In this article we cast an eye over the history of Britain's relationship with the EU, which has long been marked by a mixture of awkwardness and successful influence. We trace the origins of the referendum in long-run tensions between, and within, the political parties, and in the lukewarm public support for European integration. We also examine more contingent, short-term factors relating to the referendum campaign itself. We conclude by commenting on the divisions exposed by the vote along lines of geography, education, class and wealth, and suggest that reconciling these with the continuing tensions in the party landscape make a clean and speedy exit from the EU unlikely. (International Affairs (Oxford) / SWP)
lnitial vocational education in Spain was created within the formal education system in 1970. During the reform process, in 1990, it has been acquired modern architecture. During the period from 1990 to 2002, a series of reforms took place in the country, the most important of which was the adoption in 2002 of the national law on education, the main provisions of which were agreed upon with all stakeholders - the main political parties, social agents, employers and trade unions. The law introduced the following key features of the vocational education system in Spain: a mandatory curriculum module for all students of vocational s implemented directly at the workplace; the same requirements for entry into higher education institutions for all searchers; active involvement of employers, representatives of trade unions, administrations in the process of developing of professional qualifi and vocational education curricula. The article provides a general overview of Spain's vocational education system in social and historical contexts. The institutional and legislative mechanisms, which ensure functioning of the corresponding system (functions of which are, in particular, the legislation of the management of the system of vocational education and training) are described. A general overview of the major reforms in the VET system in Spain is presented, which gives the reader a certain idea of the trends that have taken place over the years and indicate an increase in the prestige of vocational education and training. The current state of VET sphere development and some negative tendencies of recent years that are likely to endanger the consensus achieved over the past decades are described. The peculiarities of the training of teachers of vocational training in Spain and the institutional features of professional standards training and accreditation of professional qualifications have been identified.
Current international and national treatment guidelines such as EACS, BHIVA, DHHS or IAS update regularly recommendations on the choice of initial combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) regimens. Preferred cART regimens include a backbone with two nucleoside (nucleotide) reverse transcriptase inhibitors combined either with one non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or one ritonavir boosted protease inhibitor or more recently one integrase inhibitor. Response rates according to viral load measurements increased in recent years, in particular due to better tolerability. The choice of initial therapy is flexible and influenced by several factors such as height of viral load, genotypic resistance testing, CD4 cell count, co‐morbidities, interactions, potential adverse events, (potential for) pregnancy, convenience, adherence, costs as well as physician's and patient's preferences. Diverse highly potent initial cART regimens exist. Following the many possibilities, the choice of a regimen is based on a mixture of evidence‐informed data and individualized concepts, some of the latter only partly supported by strong evidence. For example, different perceptions and personal experiences exist about boosted protease inhibitors compared to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or integrase inhibitors and vice versa which may influence the initial choice. This lecture will discuss choices of initial cART in view of international guidelines and the evidence for individualization of initial HIV therapy.
L'introduction du genre dans la formation initiale des enseignants à Genève : un combat emblématique fait de convictions militantes et de volonté politique, bien utile au vu de ce qu'expriment les jeunes entrants dans le métier.
This e-book provides the reader with a set of papers that comprehensively cover various issues surrounding IPOs. Authors discuss matters ranging from the predictability of IPOs performance to whether or not ownership matters. Professionals and academics operating in this area of finance and the markets will find the material here invaluable
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