Suchergebnisse

Informative leaflet against Initiative 192, sponsored by the Bellingham Sportsman's Club.

The aim of this study is to determine the role of popular initiative in the political system of Switzerland. The term 'popular', or 'citizens' initiatives' refers to the procedures that allow citizens to bring new issues to the political agenda through collective action, that is, through collecting a certain number of signatures in support of a policy proposal. Citizens' initiative in Switzerland allows for any group outside parliament to put a proposal on the table. The proposal has to suggest a constitutional amendment. Changes to laws or any other government regulations cannot be the subject of a popular initiative at national level in Switzerland.Of the 174 initiatives that have made it to the polls, only 18 (10 per cent) had been approved prior to 2010, all the others were rejected. Initiatives are launched for numerous reasons. The agenda-setting effect is relevant for all initiatives. Parties and interest groups also launch initiatives for more strategic reasons. In Switzerland the institutions of direct democracy, including the popular initiative on constitutional amendments, play a most prominent role, both in terms of frequency and in terms of impact, in a political system shaped by consensus politics and a rather stable party system. ; Celem niniejszego artykułu było ustalenie roli, jaką pełni inicjatywa ludowa w systemie politycznym Szwajcarii. Inicjatywę ludową (obywatelską) możemy zdefiniować jako procedurę, która umożliwia obywatelom przedstawienie swoich propozycji ustawodawczych (konstytucyjnych) poprzez zgromadzenie wymaganej liczby podpisów pod wnioskiem. Inicjatywa ludowa w Szwajcarii pozwala grupom obywateli złożyć propozycje w zakresie zmiany konstytucji. Należy podkreślić, iż na poziomie federacji nie funkcjonuje inicjatywa w zakresie ustawodawstwa zwykłego.Spośród 174 inicjatyw ludowych, które zostały poddane pod głosowanie w referendum, do roku 2010 jedynie 18 (10%) zyskało aprobatę większości. Pozostałe wnioski odrzucono. Inicjatywy są zgłaszane z różnorodnych powodów. Elementem wspólnym jest efekt tworzenia programu politycznego. Partie polityczne oraz grupy interesu podejmują inicjatywy także z powodów strategicznych. W Szwajcarii instytucje demokracji bezpośredniej (w tym inicjatywa ludowa) odgrywają istotną rolę, zarówno w zakresie częstotliwości stosowania, jak i pod względem wywieranego wpływu, w systemie politycznym ukształtowanym przez politykę porozumienia i dość stabilny system partyjny.

Report covers fiscal year. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Information incorporated into: United States. Office of Management and Budget. Budget of the United States Government.

"H.A.S.C. no. 110-92." ; "Hearing held September 26, 2007." ; Shipping list no.: 2009-0423-P. ; Mode of access: Internet.

On cover: Ohio State Library. Legislative Reference Department. ; Bibliography: p. 64-79. ; Mode of access: Internet.

The European Arctic Initiatives compendium presents flagship initiatives undertaken by the European Union in Arctic regions, as well as initiatives undertaken by member states and actors operating within states belonging to the European Union (EU). Furthermore, it includes initiatives by European states such as Norway and Iceland, as well as territories such as Greenland, which are highly relevant in the context of the European Arctic, and in many cases strongly linked to the EU, for example, the European Research Area (ERA). The compendium has been compiled as part of the Preparatory Action for a Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment of the Arctic. The compendium's aim is three-fold: to assist in an Arctic Information Centre feasibility study; to provide a window onto Arctic initiatives that may inform the European Arctic Impact Assessment (EUAIA) which forms part of the Preparatory Action; and to inform the European Commission on European Arctic Initiatives.

Every year thousands of military veterans were discharged honorably in Malaysia. The government has been helping those veterans to get their feet back into civilian economy. A number of relocation programmes are introduced as part of the efforts. Previous studies show that franchising system is a successful route to start a new life changing experience for many people. Veterans, geared with discipline and broad military training experiences, are a good fit for franchising system. This paper presents findings from a content analysis of United States' top 50 franchisors voted as the best companies for their veteran initiatives. Based on the findings, a franchising framework for veteran initiatives is based on three core components: financial incentives, corporate support and training. This study contributes a practical implication by providing a fundamental direction for the franchise industry in Malaysia to model their own veterans initiatives frameworks.

Argument Against Initiative #192 as created and presented by the Puget Sound Reef Net Fishermen, Bellingham, Wash. Initiative 192 wanted to prohibit gill net fishing inside the Initiative 77 line (demarcating inner Puget Sound waters) and abolish reef net fishing altogether.

Argument FOR Initiative 192. Proponents for Initiative 192 saw the measure as protecting spawning salmon while stopping over-commercial fishing on inner Puget Sound waters.

Richard R LoveThe Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USAAbstract: Cancer is an increasing problem for low- and middle-income countries undergoing an epidemiologic transition from dominantly acute communicable disease to more frequent chronic disease with increased public health successes in the former domain. Progress against cancer in high-income countries has been modest and has come at enormous expense. There are several well-conceived global policy and planning initiatives which, with adequate political will, can favorably impact the growing global cancer challenges. Most financial resources for cancer, however, are spent on diagnosis and management of patients with disease in circumstances where specific knowledge about effective approaches is significantly limited, and the majority of interventions, other than surgery, are not cost-effective in resource-limited countries by global standards. In summary, how to intervene effectively on a global scale for the majority of citizens who develop cancer is poorly defined. In contrast to technology-transfer approaches, markedly increased clinical research activities are more likely to benefit cancer sufferers. In these contexts, a global cancer research initiative is proposed, and mechanisms for realizing such an effort are suggested.Keywords: breast cancer, research, global, international, low-income, middle-income

[The first series of Reith Lectures, delivered weekly on the BBC by Bertrand Russell in the winter of 1948–49, were a resounding success. They were soon published in book form as Authority and the Individual. However, Russell started late in the year to write them, and manuscripts for the lectures show that he encountered difficulty. Among the difficulties and surviving in his archives is a false start on the concluding lecture, "How to Promote Initiative" (filed at RA1 210.006779). Lecture V had been called "Control and Initiative: Their Respective Spheres". Lecture VI was finally titled "Individual and Social Ethics", but an early outline had it as "Principles of Reform". In the false start Russell described how devolution of authority and individual initiative could be embodied in practice. He provided recipes on how to accomplish this in specific spheres of society: local government, industry, newspapers, books, and education. In replacing the nine leaves of manuscript, he had not come to disagree with them. Instead, as readers of what follows and the final lecture of the book will allow, he now engaged the topic at a higher level. Russell at this time was a friendly critic of the British Labour Party, and his devolutionary reformism is to be seen in that light. Yet his final text transcended politics and engaged his audience at an ethical level, treating of the freedom and duty of conscience, the justifiability of revolution, and life lived as an end. He decided to paint the ideals and let the recipes suggest themselves.—K.B.]