Suchergebnisse

In an age when innovation is the primary engine for accelerating national competitiveness and strength, the United States needs to make significant and sustained investments to raise its game

In this report the Estonian national innovation system (NIS) and especially the effectiveness of technology policy and the functioning of policy organisations is evaluated. The national innovation system is a set of institutions, which jointly and individually contribute to the development and diffusion of new technologies and provide the framework for the technology policy of a nation. Estonian research and technology development (RTD) investments are very low in international comparison. RTD expenditure is only 0.5 percent of GDP. This is one quarter of that of the European Union and OECD countries. In particular, there is a lack of private technology development investments. Primary focus of the public investment is on basic research and on those fields of science that are not connected to industries. Anyhow Estonia has managed to attract a remarkable amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) per capita. FDIs have been important channels for technology transfer. The evaluator agrees with the National Development Plan, suggesting that RTD intensity has to rise to 1.2 per cent of GDP in the year 2002. This means around EEK 1 bill, mostly financed by state. Later RTD financing should rise to 2.2 per cent of GDP (average intensity in the OECD and EU countries in 1995) until the year 2010, with increasing private financing. The status of technology policy has to be raised, because technology development is the key factor for growth in the Estonian economy in the future. The evaluator suggests that parliament has to approve a master plan for developing and utilising new technology in Estonia. The Evaluator also proposes that a new Technology Agency with sufficient personnel, good premises and a developed network should replace the Innovation Foundation.

The report looks at Nokia in the Finnish innovation system. Nokia serves both as a user and as a producer in the innovation system. Nokia has had a remarkably positive impact on Finland's very high ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP. Moreover, at least partly due to Nokia, Finnish exports of high-tech products are notably greater than high-tech imports. Nokia co-operates with companies, universities and research institutes. Our interviews suggest that, due to co-operation, knowledge has flowed from one party to another. In addition to R&D co-operation, recruitment from universities to companies and vice versa has served as another important knowledge transfer channel. Although R&D co-operation has functioned well in most cases, in some cases problems have emerged. According to some of our interviewees, the allocation of intellectual property rights (IPR) has been troublesome. Another concern was related to the retaining of universities' high knowledge level in the future. – Nokia ; innovation system ; Finland ; R&D ; research and development ; education ; Knowledge ; technology ; Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Nokiaa osana Suomen innovaatiojärjestelmää. Nokia toimii sekä innovaatioresurssien käyttäjänä että uusien resurssien tuottajana. Nokialla on suuri vaikutus siihen, että Suomen tutkimus- ja tuotekehityspanostukset suhteessa BKT:hen on maailman kärkiluokkaa. Yhtiö on myös keskeisesti vaikuttanut siihen, että Suomen korkean teknologian tuotteiden ulkomaankauppa on tuntuvasti ylijäämäinen. Nokia tekee yhteistyötä niin yritysten kuin korkeakoulujen ja tutkimuslaitostenkin kanssa. Tämän tutkimuksen aikana tehdyt haastattelut viittaavat siihen, että yhteistyön seurauksena tietotaitoa on levinnyt eri osapuolille. Tutkimusyhteistyön lisäksi rekrytointi korkeakouluista yrityksiin ja joissain tapauksissa yrityksistä korkeakouluihin on toiminut tärkeänä osaamisen siirtokanavana. Vaikka tutkimus ja tuotekehitysyhteistyö on toiminut pääasiassa hyvin, joissain tapauksissa siitä on myös aiheutunut ongelmia. Osa haastatelluista koki erityisen ongelmalliseksi aineettomien oikeuksien (IPR) jakautumisen. Toinen huolenaihe koski korkeakoulujen osaamistason säilyttämistä tulevaisuudessa. – Nokia ; innovaatiojärjestelmä ; Suomi ; T&K ; tutkimus- ja tuotekehitys ; koulutus ; Osaaminen ; teknologia

Research and innovation are key drivers for economic growth and competitiveness of countries. Of recent research and innovation-related initiatives have arisen in Uganda pointing to an evolving innovation system in the country and to the need to deepen understanding of the transformations taking place therein. This thesis provides evidence of this evolving innovation system in the country and makes recommendations to foster growth in it. A participatory research approach was employed using a combination of both qualitative and quantitative tools including key informant interviews and review of key policy documents, organizational reports and publications. Findings show that the role of research and innovation in driving economic growth and development was recognised in Uganda as early as the 1950s and 60s. But practical measures on how to integrate them into the national development planning process were lacking. It was not until the 1990s and 2000s that a realistic number of research and innovation initiatives started to emerge. These initiatives ranged from increased support to research, science policy development to supporting innovative business clusters. Arguably gains from these and other efforts would be enhanced, if government adopts a dual funding strategy for research and innovation, which on the one hand involves annual competitive grants and on the other hand increased core support to universities and research institutes. The public organizations create within them enabling conditions for creativity and enterprise development. The quality of education is improved at all levels to maintain a constant supply of a skilled scientific workforce. Ultimately, these efforts require inclusive innovation policies, which promote linkages and interactions between actors engaged in innovation processes both in country and abroad. ; In the printed versions of the thesis, the ISBN and URN numbers on fourth page of the fly leaves are incorrect.

The article analyzes modern theory that explains the specificity of relationships among government, science and business in innovation systems - the "triple helix" concept. Factors that determine the appearance of new theory are systematized. The peculiarities of formation of "triple helix" in Russia are described, including the development of science, business and the system of government regulation in innovation sphere. The conclusion is made that currently in Russia only double linkages are formed.

This article focuses on the regional innovation system (RIS) and its elements. There are some base elements (participants): technological platforms, innovation networks, clusters, joint ventures. The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on innovation-based economy. The article analyses main characteristics and form`s conditions of each element. The article reviews how each element operate with regional innovation system. The article also describes the most important characteristics of clusters, innovation network, and platform. In article announce that cluster is the most widespread form of cooperation. According to the article it is important to respect the interests of business, university and government. ; Эта статья посвящена региональной инновационной системе ( РИС) и ее элементам. Существуют основные элементы: технологические платформы, инновационные сети, кластеры, совместные предприятия. Цель данной статьи - дать читателю некоторую информацию об инновационной экономике В статье анализируются основные характеристики и условия образования каждого элемента. Статья рассматривает как каждый элемент действует в рамках инновационной региональной системы. В статье также описываются наиболее важные характеристики кластеров, инновационной сети, и платформы. В статье сообщается, что кластер является наиболее распространенной формой сотрудничества. Согласно статье важно учитывать интересы бизнеса, университетов и власти.