Suchergebnisse

Die Autoren skizzieren den Aufbau der neuen kommunalen Verwaltungsstrukturen in Ostdeutschland. Sie schildern strukturelle und organisatorische Probleme, die Situation des beteiligten Personals, das oft keine Erfahrung mit kommunaler Selbstverwaltung hatte. Der Zuschnitt der Ämter, die Abgrenzung der Kompetenzen etc. hätten sich subjektiv als schwierige und zeitraubende Probleme erwiesen. Die neuen Dezernenten und Amtsleiter hätten die ernüchternde Erfahrung gemacht, daß kommunale Selbstverwaltung vielfältige Qualifikationen abverlange und sie sich oft in der Rolle des "Schülers" wiederfanden, der ohne die belehrenden Interpretationshilfen der Berater aus Westdeutschland nicht auskommt.

In the first part of his bipartite article, the author outlines the history of the institutionalization of Contemporary History in Austria. He tries to figure out how the developement of Contemporary History is on one band connected with the social proceedings and on the other with the historical consciousness of the intellectual and political elite and the common people. In the 1950ies, the time of 'rebuilding' Austria, the Contemporary History was mainly propagating a new awareness of Austria. The institutionalization of research started in the Sixties. At that time and for the next decade, many Contemporary Historians were mainly writing "Koalitionsgeschichte", still aiming to create national identity. Leaving out the participation of Austrians in the Nazi regime, the few acts of resistance against the Nazis were studied intensivly. The methods of research were still dominated by the "Historismus" and the history of events. Due to the officially authorized "Wissenschaftliche Kommission zur Erforschung der Geschichte Österreichs in den Jahren 1927-1938" several historians began to work on the Austrian First Republic, the Civil War (1934) and the "Anschluss". The foundation of new university institutes, the establishment of new professorships and research institutes apart from the university also widened the range of Contemporary History as well as the gradual integration of methods and issues taken from Social History and other social sciences. In the second part of the article (ÖZG 1990/2) the author will reflect on the actual trends in Contemporary History and its future questions and responsibilities. ; In the first part of his bipartite article, the author outlines the history of the institutionalization of Contemporary History in Austria. He tries to figure out how the developement of Contemporary History is on one band connected with the social proceedings and on the other with the historical consciousness of the intellectual and political elite and the common people. In the 1950ies, the time of 'rebuilding' Austria, the Contemporary History was mainly propagating a new awareness of Austria. The institutionalization of research started in the Sixties. At that time and for the next decade, many Contemporary Historians were mainly writing "Koalitionsgeschichte", still aiming to create national identity. Leaving out the participation of Austrians in the Nazi regime, the few acts of resistance against the Nazis were studied intensivly. The methods of research were still dominated by the "Historismus" and the history of events. Due to the officially authorized "Wissenschaftliche Kommission zur Erforschung der Geschichte Österreichs in den Jahren 1927-1938" several historians began to work on the Austrian First Republic, the Civil War (1934) and the "Anschluss". The foundation of new university institutes, the establishment of new professorships and research institutes apart from the university also widened the range of Contemporary History as well as the gradual integration of methods and issues taken from Social History and other social sciences. In the second part of the article (ÖZG 1990/2) the author will reflect on the actual trends in Contemporary History and its future questions and responsibilities.

#deutsch#Forschungsmethode: beschreibend. "Der Artikel geht aus von der europaeischen Bildungstradition und skizziert dann einige zentrale bildungspolitische Absichten und moegliche Folgen der europaeischen Integration, die mit der Formel 'EG '92' bezeichnet wird. Einen Schwerpunkt stellt die Schilderung der absehbaren Konflikte und Kompetenzstreitigkeiten dar. Angesichts der schon jetzt betraechtlichen bildungspolitischen Aktivitaeten der Gemeinschaft kommt der Artikel aber zu einem positiven Schluss. Er plaediert fuer eine beschraenkte Bildungskompetenz der EG und fuer deren Nutzung und Profilierung auch ueber den EG-Bereich hinaus. Als leitendes Ziel der Entwicklung wird die 'neue Bildungsgemeinschaft in Europa' genannt, die ohne die EG nicht moeglich waere, zugleich aber nicht allein von ihr geschaffen werden kann." (Autorenreferat).

At the beginning of the 1890ies the industrialized countries of Western and Central Europe were hit by extensive strike waves. Spontaneous, eruptive and unpredictable as they were they took on the form of veritable rebellions against the new industrial order. This is best illustrated by violent outbreaks in the Bohemian, Moravian and Silesian collieries where a labor force mostly of rural origin protested against accumulated humiliation as weil as they defended their traditional notions of "honour" and "self-respect". Here, the process of industrialization is assessed first and foremost as a regional phenomenon, decisivly effecting constitution, differentiation, structure and capacity for conflict of the respective employers and employees. The formation of organisational structures and the institutionalization of industrial conflict constituted decisive changes in industrial societies. Extended lock-outs and "national strikes" adopted mass-character and gained concrete political dimensions threatening the maintainance of the social production as a whole. ; At the beginning of the 1890ies the industrialized countries of Western and Central Europe were hit by extensive strike waves. Spontaneous, eruptive and unpredictable as they were they took on the form of veritable rebellions against the new industrial order. This is best illustrated by violent outbreaks in the Bohemian, Moravian and Silesian collieries where a labor force mostly of rural origin protested against accumulated humiliation as weil as they defended their traditional notions of "honour" and "self-respect". Here, the process of industrialization is assessed first and foremost as a regional phenomenon, decisivly effecting constitution, differentiation, structure and capacity for conflict of the respective employers and employees. The formation of organisational structures and the institutionalization of industrial conflict constituted decisive changes in industrial societies. Extended lock-outs and "national strikes" adopted mass-character and gained concrete political dimensions threatening the maintainance of the social production as a whole.

As modernity is usually called disenchanted, new religious movements, New Age and occultism
are taken to mark a u-turn in the social development of religion. They are regarded as indicators of a "postmodern" religion. It is suggested that these movements follow the pattern
of the invisible religion observed by Thomas Luckmann in the 1960s. They are syncretistic and individualistic as an "esoteric culture"; their structure, the "cultic milieu", can be characterized
by a low degree of institutionalization and by commercialization of a magical market. From the
point of view of the consumer, the esoteric culture offers a 'holistic' understanding of reality.
The attraction of esoteric culture lies in a comprehensive integration of knowledge which in its
legitimate versions, in specialized institutional spheres, has become structurally invisible or
'occult' in modern societies.

Aus polnischer Sicht

In the last decades ,Social History' has become one of the most successful and expanding disciplines. Nevertheless there is still a remarkable Jack of reflection on the logical and conceptual framework of ,society', the ,social' and ,social change', terms which fundamentally determine the discourse of ,Social History'. The author gives a rough survey of the gradual institutionalization of ,Social History' and of the different meanings of the ,social' from the beginnings of ,Social History' in the 1880's till today. He stresses three main stages as being important for the development of the discipline: the period of the ,political reductionism', discriminating the ,social' (about 1880-1920); the period of the gradual emancipation of the ,social', rejecting the hegemony of the ,political' (up from the 1920's), mainly influenced by the French group of the ,Annales' and their concept of the social relational structures and long-term changes in macro structures; the new attempt of a more precise re-definition of the ,social', including analyzation of ,structures' as weil as of ,action', ,behavior' and ,experience'. Denying priorities, the author proclaims the absolute necessity of both ,qualifying' and ,quantifying' methods for a future ,Social History' as weil as the importance of close connections with other social sciences. In addition he postulates that the social historians should place more emphasis on the strict and empiristic reconstruction of the meaning of the sources instead of still referring to an idealistic way of Verstehen. Only on these promises can ,Social History' be termed ,Historical Social Science' (Historische Sozialwissenschaft). ; In the last decades ,Social History' has become one of the most successful and expanding disciplines. Nevertheless there is still a remarkable Jack of reflection on the logical and conceptual framework of ,society', the ,social' and ,social change', terms which fundamentally determine the discourse of ,Social History'. The author gives a rough survey of the gradual institutionalization of ,Social History' and of the different meanings of the ,social' from the beginnings of ,Social History' in the 1880's till today. He stresses three main stages as being important for the development of the discipline: the period of the ,political reductionism', discriminating the ,social' (about 1880-1920); the period of the gradual emancipation of the ,social', rejecting the hegemony of the ,political' (up from the 1920's), mainly influenced by the French group of the ,Annales' and their concept of the social relational structures and long-term changes in macro structures; the new attempt of a more precise re-definition of the ,social', including analyzation of ,structures' as weil as of ,action', ,behavior' and ,experience'. Denying priorities, the author proclaims the absolute necessity of both ,qualifying' and ,quantifying' methods for a future ,Social History' as weil as the importance of close connections with other social sciences. In addition he postulates that the social historians should place more emphasis on the strict and empiristic reconstruction of the meaning of the sources instead of still referring to an idealistic way of Verstehen. Only on these promises can ,Social History' be termed ,Historical Social Science' (Historische Sozialwissenschaft).

Die Autorin spiegelt die Professionalisierungsdiskussion und –forschung wider und geht dabei auf den Forschungsstand, Theorien zur Professionalisierung, die Ergebnisse empirischer Forschungsarbeiten sowie auf Aspekte der Haupt- und Nebenberuflichkeit ein. (DIPF/paul)