Suchergebnisse

Koo Wai-sze. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves [163-172]). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Contents --- p.i ; Abstract --- p.v ; Acknowledgement --- p.vii ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Current Situation of Preschool Education and Services in Hong Kong --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Historical Review of Preschool Education and Services in Hong Kong --- p.5 ; Table 1.1: Percentage of children aged 3 to 5 attending schools (1971-1996) --- p.10 ; Table 1.2: Gross enrolment ratios of Pre-Primaty Education in Selected Countries (1995-1997) --- p.10 ; Chapter 1.3 --- Research Inquiries --- p.12 ; Chapter 1.4 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.19 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.20 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Functional School of Thought --- p.21 ; Chapter 2.1.1 --- Functional Perspectives on Preschool Education and Servicesin Hong Kong --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Conflict School of Thought --- p.29 ; Chapter 2.2.1 --- Conflict Perspectives on Preschool Education and Services in Hong Kong --- p.37 ; Chapter 2.3 --- Institutionalist Perspectives and Organizational Analysis --- p.39 ; Chapter 2.3.1 --- Organizational Perspectives --- p.39 ; Chapter 2.3.2 --- Institution and Institutionalization --- p.42 ; Chapter 2.3.3 --- The Problem of Isomorphism --- p.48 ; Chapter 2.3.4 --- Institutionalist Perspectives on Preschool --- p.50 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Theoretical Framework --- p.51 ; Chapter 2.4.1 --- New Institutionalist Perspective on Institutionalization of Preschool Education and Services in Hong Kong --- p.51 ; Chapter 2.4.2 --- New Institutionalist Perspectives on Preschool Education and Services --- p.52 ; Chapter 2.4.3 --- The Child as Scientized Individual - Child-Centered Ideology --- p.56 ; Chapter 2.4.4 --- The Form of Education Institution Embodied by Preschool Education --- p.61 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.64 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Government and Other Documents --- p.64 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Content ...

In this text, the state of political theory in Serbia is looked into with regard to the achieved level of self-reflection & professionalisation. Political theory is developing as a special way of research into politics which, in addition to refusing to fit to any discipline-related definitions, has its own professional standards of argumentation, approaches, theories & heroes; however, it has no well-balanced methodological instruction & no professional training. It is a pluralized field of research which tends to reject the delegitimizing & self-positioning practices, the aim of which is to pass judgment, exclude or label, & develops standards of justification & criticism. The second part of the text puts forward the assertion that political theory in Serbia is far from achieving these standards. This is not due to lack of relevant works, but to lack of self-reflection on what has been accomplished so far. There are two reasons for such a state of affairs. First, a rather unfortunate history of the discipline: it developed initially within the ideological surroundings of Marxism, which did not leave much room for theory, & then through political disorder & conflicts of the 1990s, which encouraged delegitimizing practices & self-positioning rather than criticism & self-reflection. The second reason has to do with inadequate institutionalization of political science & social sciences in general, which apparently leaves enough room for political theory, but not for professional self-identification. Adapted from the source document.

The author deals with the background & the types of human rights in the era of globalization & looks into the proposals of their global institutionalization. His assumption is that the increased legal normatization of global legal regimes on the basis of human rights is in the rational interest of the actors of global law. There are five main ideas: the democratization of all states, the global institutionalization of the direct global civil law, the global federal republic, the international legal solutions &, the global law. The global institutionalization of human rights has been beset by various problems & it requires different approaches which should be seen as mutually corrective. The globally oriented weak publics are a kind of a forum in which individual solutions' relevance must be argued. They affect the globally operating strong publics. The author concludes that the demand for global justice remains a normative measure towards which public education & the public will must be oriented for the sake of the legal formulation of human rights. 45 References. Adapted from the source document.

U radu je prikazan odnos prema djeci s teškoćama u razvoju od početka ljudske zajednice do danas. Odnosi društvene zajednice prema djeci s teškoćama u razvoju ograničavani su i obilježavani različitim karakteristikama društva u određenim povijesnim događanjima. Ekonomska i politička zbivanja snažno su utjecale na segregaciju djece s teškoćama u razvoju. Segregirajući odnos i predrasude prema osobama s invaliditetom, a posebno prema djeci s teškoćama u razvoju trajala su tisućama godina. Povijesne činjenice pokazuju da se nuđenjem većih mjera socijalne zaštite i nametanjem pasivizacije osobama s invaliditetom i djeci s teškoćama u razvoju smanjuju mogućnost društvene rehabilitacije. U nekim drugim razdobljima, posebno nakon različitih pošasti i ratnih razaranja, odnos društva prema marginaliziranim članovima mijenjao se, otvarajući im prostor uključivanja u rad i obrazovanje. U radu je prikazano kako su spomenute politike i filozofski pravci utjecali su na stvaranje vrijednosti i uvjerenja šire društvene zajednice prema djeci s teškoćama u razvoju. Danas, za ostvarivanje odgoja i obrazovanja u inkluzivnom društvu, samo zakonodavstvo koje je izrazito važno i jasno, ipak je nedovoljno bez principa prilagođenih odgoju i obrazovanju svake zajednice. ; The paper describes the attitude towards children with disabilities from the beginning of human society to this day. Terms of community relations towards children with disabilities are constrained and marked with different social circumstances and historical events. Economic and political developments have strongly influenced for segregation children with disabilities. Segregated attitude and prejudice against people with disabilities, especially towards children with disabilities have lasted thousands of years. Historical facts show that by offering greater social protection measures and the imposition of passivity people with disabilities and children with disabilities reduces the possibility of their social rehabilitation. In other periods, especially after the scourge of war, disease and natural disasters, social attitudes towards marginalized changed by opening their premises involvement in work and education. Mentioned politics and philosophical lines influenced on the creation of values and beliefs towards children with disabilities in different historical periods. Today, for the realization of education in an inclusive society except the legislation, who is extremely important and clearly, still is not enough without the principle of customized education of each community.

Zhang Yong. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-130). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Abstract --- p.i ; Acknowledgements --- p.iii ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction: The Problem of Ideational Change --- p.1 ; The Articulation of Ideas and Practices --- p.2 ; Thesis Organization --- p.9 ; Methodology --- p.10 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Audience and Masses: Articulating with Different Media Institutions and Practices --- p.13 ; Social Construction of Audience --- p.14 ; The Reification of Masses and the Birth of Media Ideology --- p.22 ; The Institutionalization of Masses --- p.30 ; Legitimacy Crisis --- p.40 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- "The Introduction of ""Audience"": Localization and Transformation.……" --- p.42 ; Localization --- p.43 ; Transformation --- p.57 ; Hybridization: Mixing of Masses and Audience --- p.65 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Audience Survey: The Legitimation of Audience --- p.69 ; Capitalist Democracy: Three Types of Surveys in the US --- p.71 ; Rescuing the Political Authority: Three Types of Surveys in China --- p.76 ; Appropriation --- p.80 ; Incorporation --- p.88 ; Institutionalization --- p.98 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion and Discussion --- p.109 ; Appendix --- p.117 ; References --- p.121

自1989 年以来,中国独立电影在国家电影体制的管控之下,已经发展二十余年。随着数字摄影、非线性编辑、互联网应用等技术的不断提升,今天的独立电影与以往相比,拍摄成本更低、制作方式更便捷、影像质量更高、传播手段多样化;但其创作力和艺术水准并没有大幅提升,反而呈现停滞,甚至下降趋势。究其原因,当然包括官方压制、国内电影市场冲击、海外影展关注度降低等多方面外界因素的影响,但中国独立电影内部环境和中国独立电影人自身所存在的问题则往往被人们忽略掉了。本研究正是通过对中国独立电影二十余年历史的梳理,力图描述其内部生态环境的变化,提出中国独立电影在原有国家电影体制之外建构了一个新的体制--"亚体制",并分析"亚体制"对于当前独立电影创作和独立电影评论的影响。 ; 国家电影体制对中国独立电影的管控由来已久,尤其表现在对其传播、发行、放映的控制上。在此情况下,"前DV 时代(1989-2000 年)的独立电影人经历了从体制中逃离、与体制合作、回归体制的路线。而同时,一些民间电影放映社团逐渐搭建起了自己的独立电影放映管道,并培养了一批帮助独立作者进行影片推广的"中间人"。在"后DV 时代"(2000 至今),各地放映社团发展壮大,开始举办独立电影节,"中间人"也由此获得了更多的权力和威信,变为具有较强话语权的"关键人。就这样,以民间放映社团为单位,独立电影节为支柱,"关键人"为核心,独立电影基金、学校、资料馆、公司为分支的独立电影"亚体制"框架基本形成。本研究主要通过人物采访、田野考察、影像文本分析等方法,结合布迪厄(Pierre Bourdieu)"场域"的相关理论分析这一"亚体制"的结构关系、经济链条和体制化表象。 ; 经过论证,本研究认为在独立电影"亚体制"的场域中,"关键人"通过积累文化资本、经济资本和社会资本的方式来获得权力,并在此基础之上建立其评价体系,形成"非主流"中的主流标准。如果这种状况得不到改善,"阶级"、"霸权"、"垄断"等问题将会愈演愈烈,独立电影界也会重蹈原有体制的覆辙,其内部会逐渐丧失"独立性",最终导致抑制独立电影多元化发展的结果。 ; Since 1989, the independent film in China, under the control of national cinema institution, has already had a history of more than 20-year development. With the continuous improvement of technology in the fields of photography, editing and internet application, today's Chinese independent film has lower producing cost, quicker production methods, higher image quality, and more diversified transmission methods. However, instead of a substantial improvement, the creativity and theartistic criteria of the films tend to stagnate and even have a tendency to decline, for which the main reasons might be government control, the impact of the domestic film market, the reduced attention of abroad film festivals and other external factors, but we cannot ignore the internal problems in the ecosystems of the independent film and the filmmaker themselves. This study, through sorting the over-20-year development history of independent films in China, strives to describe the changes of the internal ecological environment and put forward institutionalization of the independent film outside the national institution. ; The national cinema institution has a ...

In the past two decades, cyber-space became the new, 'fifth battlefield' in the field of international relations. Decision-makers and scholars agree that the major threat to national security of every state today is cyber-war, cyber-terror and cyber-crime. This is due to the lack of inter-state institutional and legal framework for cyber-space. Thus, the inter-state relations in cyber-space is one of classical Hobbesian anarchy. This article examines: 1. the essence and nature of cyber-space and its relation to international society, in the context of world technological domination that makes anarchy possible; 2. the main aspects of anarchy in cyber-space during the past two decades; 3. the possibility of institutionalization of international legal system (through multilateral treaty) in cyber-space, from the perspective of three distinct IR theoretical traditions: Hobbesian, rationalist and Kantian/moral. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author suggests that in recent years climate change is gravely affecting the stability of the international order. The reason is not only the recklessness of the industrial sector as a source polluter, but also the lack of political will in drafting a global blueprint for creating a unique international climate regime. Even though the effects of climate change are getting worse each year, the selfish interests of states, the realpolitik in foreign policy and anarchy dominate international relations, thus representing an obstacle to creating an international climate regime. The author examines ways to overcome these obstacles to international institutionalization of climate issues by introducing three IR theory perspectives: realist, rationalist and idealist. The synthesis of these three perspectives is that the international climate regime should be decentralized; its legal acts should be drafted from inter-state agreements on specific issues, while its principles should be incorporated to the already existing international legal acts. Adapted from the source document.

In this article, the author suggests that in recent years climate change is gravely affecting the stability of the international order. The reason is not only the recklessness of the industrial sector as a source polluter, but also the lack of political will in drafting a global blueprint for creating a unique international climate regime. Even though the effects of climate change are getting worse each year, the selfish interests of states, the realpolitik in foreign policy and anarchy dominate international relations, thus representing an obstacle to creating an international climate regime. The author examines ways to overcome these obstacles to international institutionalization of climate issues by introducing three IR theory perspectives: realist, rationalist and idealist. The synthesis of these three perspectives is that the international climate regime should be decentralized; its legal acts should be drafted from inter-state agreements on specific issues, while its principles should be incorporated to the already existing international legal acts. Adapted from the source document.

The formulation of the new political parties' programs & statutes in Croatia is considered to be a less important normative aspect of political activity. Yet a comparative analysis of the content of the statutes articulated by the political parties in Croatia at the time when they were formed reveals the prevailing tendencies of political practice in that period as well as the level concomitant of experience in political organizing. Some of the findings point to significant differences among the emerging political parties in matters such as the treatment of members' rights & duties, attitudes toward internal party discipline, the procedure related to affiliation, the authority pertaining to the parties' presidents, the inclusion of youth in making party policy, models of decision making, & attitudes toward earlier parties in Croatian political history. The author stresses that his analysis does not refer to the time of writing but to the situation at the very beginning of the institutionalization of party pluralism. He believes that his results may offer important insights for some future classification of the Croatian party system. Adapted from the source document.

The author looks at the development & significance of the modern constitution. According to him, except for institutionalization of politics, the modern constitution affirms the goals of the political order. Constitutional concerns dwell mostly on the valorization of human rights, a commitment to democracy, & the legal & social state. The modern constitution remains the object of constitutional studies, & precedes the establishment of other forms of law. At its foundations, the modern constitution represents a political union, demarcating a political regime, & citizens remain free to pursue their own interests in social, economic, & political spheres. The two underlying conceptions of the constitution are distinct: on one hand, Thomas Paine established the philosophical underpinnings of the American-European constitutional order (rational & voluntary); on the other hand, the English model licenses constitutional rights in the institutions. Relativized are the differences between the two visions: the instrumental & symbolic functions of the constitution. The former is the outcome of political processes that specify laws & establish limits to political power. The latter is a symbolic function of a good & just society. It is concluded that the constitution requires responsible citizens, & that its symbolic functions emerge over time. A. Siegel

Addresses some institutional & structural elements of the emerging European post-Cold War security environment. In the early 1990s, at the level of institutionalization of European security, a plethora of institutions came into being whose purpose has been to gradually incorporate the former communist states into an integral security structure. Also, international security was formalized in international organizations covering Europe. Thus, one of the key challenges to the European security system has been the need for melding its central components into a consistent system. The author also describes some current processes & developments within the European security setting that will shape the European security structure in the future as well. This setting has been, & will undoubtedly continue to be, affected by various international (regional & global) & national factors in the European economic, political, & security space as well as by the joint efforts of European states (their leaders) & international security organizations to provide common security in Europe. The author concludes that the European international system today includes many organizations & institutions that, with an appropriate division of labor & cooperation, may help set up a common & integral European security system that would efficiently ensure the security of individual states as well as of Europe as a whole. 1 Figure. Adapted from the source document.

by Chau Ho Wai. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-140). ; Abstract also in Chinese. ; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.iv ; LIST OF TABLES --- p.v ; ABBREVIATIONS --- p.vi ; CHAPTER ; Chapter ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.1 --- The Question: How the civil-military relations evolved during the post-Deng era? ; Chapter 1.2 --- The Case of the 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis ; Chapter 1.3 --- Framework: Allison's Model of Decision-Making ; Chapter 1.4 --- Data and Organization ; Chapter TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.11 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Non-Communist Regimes ; Chapter 2.2 --- Communist Regimes ; Chapter 2.3 --- Post-Communist World ; Chapter 2.4 --- Military Politics in China ; Chapter THREE --- INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF PLA: FROM DENG TO POST-DENG ERA --- p.34 ; Chapter 3.1 --- PLA in the Deng Era ; Chapter 3.2 --- PLA in the Post-Deng Era ; Chapter 3.3 --- "Professionalization, Differentiation and Institutionalization" ; Chapter FOUR --- ORGANIZATIONAL INTERESTS OF PLA IN THE TAIWAN STRAITS CRISIS --- p.64 ; Chapter 4.1 --- The War Games and the Policy Handle ; Chapter 4.2 --- Employing the Organizational Process Model ; Chapter 4.3 --- Organizational Interests and Demands of the PLA ; Chapter 4.4 --- Information Processing of the PLA ; Chapter 4.5 --- Resource Acquisitions of the PLA ; Chapter FIVE --- BRINGING THE PLA INTERESTS INTO GOVERNMENTAL POLITICS --- p.100 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Employing the Governmental Politics Model ; Chapter 5.2 --- Perspectives of Jiang Zemin and PLA on the Taiwan Question ; Chapter 5.3 --- Political Pulls and Hauls in the Taiwan Straits Crisis ; Chapter 5.4 --- Legitimacy and Leadership Succession ; Chapter SIX --- CONCLUSION --- p.126 ; Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of Findings ; Chapter 6.2 --- Prospects of Future Research ; BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.134

The enactment of the FCPA and the formation of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention created two historical events for theoretical analysis: because the FCPA unprecedentedly criminalized transnational bribery in 1977, its wisdom was initially questioned. Then, since the Convention endorsed the FCPA approach in 1997, academic focus was shifted to the practical effect of the Convention in controlling transnational bribery-—which is also the topic of this study. ; This study develops argument based on an awareness of the limitation of a popular methodology in current literature-—the problem-solving paradigm. This paradigm is grounded in the rational-choice tradition, assumes signatories' enforcement of the Convention as resulting from their self-serving purposes, labels the current level of Convention enforcement as "ineffective-enforcement", and borrows solutions from conventional collective action theories to prescribe. This paradigm well explains why most signatories have brought few enforcement actions. Yet its excessive commitment to orthodoxies prevents scholars from grasping the uniqueness of the collaboration and prescribing successful solutions. Besides, it avoids explaining why some signatories have indeed enforced the Convention. A historical approach that draws causality from a process's historicity is thus proposed as a supplementary methodology. ; This study analyzes signatories' compliance with the Convention by four steps: First, it explains a seemingly outdated but unexplained question—the dynamic of the institutionalization of the OECD anti-bribery collaboration, and finds that the central institutions did not result from signatories' trading off conflicting values and interests, but from their attempts to coordinate demands of different stakeholders within given institutional contexts. ; Second, this study explains why most signatories tend to defect rather than faithfully enforce the Convention, following the logic of the problem-solving paradigm: destabilizing factors in the indigenous collaboration ...

Fung, Ka Wo. ; Thesis submitted in: December 2008. ; Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 174-181). ; Abstracts in English and Chinese. ; Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1-13 ; Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 ; Chapter 1.2 --- Defining the Research Objects and Scope --- p.3 ; Chapter 1.3 --- The Sociological Perspective --- p.10 ; Chapter 1.4 --- The Organization of Thesis --- p.11 ; Chapter Chapter 2 --- Theoretical Framework and Research Questions --- p.14-42 ; Chapter 2.1 --- Current Theories and Research Studies --- p.14 ; Chapter 2.2 --- Limitations of the Current Theories --- p.24 ; Chapter 2.3 --- The Alternative Model: Sociological Institutionalism --- p.27 ; Chapter 2.4 --- Research Questions --- p.39 ; Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodological Approach --- p.43-59 ; Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.43 ; Chapter 3.2 --- Sources of Data --- p.44 ; Chapter 3.3 --- Temporal Dimension --- p.48 ; Chapter 3.4 --- Method of Analysis --- p.50 ; Chapter 3.5 --- Reliability --- p.58 ; Chapter Chapter 4 --- Exploring the Institutional Origin of ECA in the Development of Hong Kong Mass Education --- p.60-91 ; Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.60 ; Chapter 4.2 --- Phase IA- Pre-government Intervention: Before 1967 --- p.62 ; Chapter 4.3 --- Phase IB- Absorption by Government: 1967- 1981 --- p.64 ; Chapter 4.4 --- Phase 1C- Initial Expansion in School Establishment: 1981-1992 --- p.67 ; Chapter 4.5 --- Phase IIA- Consolidation in Education Reform: 1992-2000 --- p.73 ; Chapter 4.6 --- Phase IIB- Accomplishment of Institutionalization: 2000~ --- p.79 ; Chapter 4.7 --- Summary and Research Focus --- p.84 ; Chapter Chapter 5 --- Explaining the Change and Organization of ECA in Official Curriculum --- p.92-111 ; Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 ; Chapter 5.2 --- definition of Curriculum --- p.95 ; Chapter 5.3 --- Aims of Education --- p.99 ; Chapter 5.4 --- Pedagogy --- p.107 ; Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.111 ; Chapter Chapter 6 --- ...