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The concept of pol'al institutions is connected to ideology by the concept of orientation. Pol'al orientation lies in the ideological predetermination which has as its goal soc-pol'al ends tied to the organs of the state. In & of themselves the organs of the state have a neutral function, while pol'al institutions make possible the realization of the goals implied by pol'al orientation. Institutions thus may be defined as the soc incarnation & the technical org of a pol'al ideology, making use of personnel (agents, employees, assistants) & technological instruments (powers & functions). The ineffectiveness of existing institutions, or the absence of institutions, makes necessary a process of pol'al institutionalization. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.

The following species, observed and collected in the course of a survey carried out for the Colombian Government, are recorded for the first time from the Magdalena drainage system. Specimens are in most cases preserved in the Museum of Fishes established in the offices of the Sección de Caza y Pesca of the Ministry of National Economy, Bogotá, and the numbers given are those recorded on the bottles kept at that institution. ; The following species, observed and collected in the course of a survey carried out for the Colombian Government, are recorded for the first time from the Magdalena drainage system. Specimens are in most cases preserved in the Museum of Fishes established in the offices of the Sección de Caza y Pesca of the Ministry of National Economy, Bogotá, and the numbers given are those recorded on the bottles kept at that institution.

We are facing the difficult task of the political and juridical reorganization in order to adjust it to the new economic criteria, the most important changes being connected with the competition. We are endeavouring to adjust it, soften it or eliminate it. To this effect two ways are open: planning or control with their different varieties in accordance with the causing impulses: social, political or essentially economic, with their various shades in the different countries, but all of them having the same general characteristics, but of rectifying or over throwing the liberal principles. The author refers particularly to the "agricultural readjustment Act" in the United States and the French law project of 1936 and emphasizes the advantages of the "concerted economy" (neocorporativism). For Argentina the most suitable way would be to create an organization which would authorize the functioning of voluntary agreements, establish the limits of their application and create control institutions in order to prevent abuses admitting at the same time the possibility of transforming the voluntary agreements in obligatory ones, if the State considers that its action should be amplified. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

Industrial & commercial development, the increasing intervention of the State, the great econ crisis have provoked the creation of groups in defense of soc, econ & intellectual interests, which seek to influence PO & officials to get changes in legislation & institutions. These groups have very diff characters according to the soc strata they represent. They are more effective the richer they are; this inequality in the means of the protection of interests constitutes the primary disadvantage of the system of pressure groups. Another disadvantage consists in the fact that the totality of the special interests is not to be identified with the general interest. Financiers, economists, officials, & men of sci who stand for the general interest are made suspect in the eyes of the public by the propaganda of those who denounce them as dangerous technocrats. It is not a question of suppressing these pressure groups. But the public should be enligbtened about their activities, & their propaganda should be combatted by the dissemination of technical information. It is also possible that their resources should be made public, or at least their expenses. Tr & Modified from IPSA.

In this article Dr. García Hoz means, in a purely informative way, to answer the question: "how are those educators formed who are neither teachers nor parents considedered as such educators?" In order to facilitate the understanding of this problem he centers his study in three different aspects, politic, religious and undifferentiated one. The author poses the problem of the relationship between education and politics' and points out the politic concern on educational questions. He explains the service which education renders to politics and shows the inter-action of both of them in Spain. He studies the double aspect of the religious and educational problem to show its influence on pedagogical method and on the catechistical societies and on the National Catholic Action. After explaining the existing link betwen the above mentioned fields and the undifferentiated social one he gives a complete account of the Spanish societies whose specific aims and characteristics are social. He ends by stating the utility of these formative types and the convenience of increasing their contact with the professional educational institutions.

The specific mission of the primary school inspection has been differently considered by the Administration. The XIXth. century had a very restricted idea on the inspection It was considered as a Government's instrument of control. This criterion prevailed during the first years of the XXth. century. It was in that time that there began the petition of statistical data on schools and teachers from the inspectors who were obligued to perform bureaucratic funtions. Later on the inspector's jurisdiction became wider and his social estimation rose, his power being reinforced by coercive measures on the teachers and by his intervention in all kind of bureaucratic proceedings concerning to the primary school. Afterwards the inspection was entrusted with the task of modelling the school and improving the schoolmaster. The inspector is no longer the spy of the thecher's faults. Now he moves on a higher level which mokes his presence to be agreeable and useful. The Primary Education Law assigns to the inspection a wide cultural mission which starting from the school influences parents' lives, the states's institutions and all kind of private enterprises.

G. Mosca defines pol'al sci as the study of the laws which govern the org of pol'al powers. Setting aside the explanation of the pol'al differentiation of societies on the bases of climate & of race, he uses the historical method, focusing particularly on the history of institutions. His most interesting contribution consists in the notion of political class the ruling minority that is found in all societies having attained a certain degree of development, no matter what their form of gov. The form of gov is, after all, only a compromise between the 2 tendencies which operate in the midst of all societies, the autocratic & the democratic tendency. Numerous commentators have seen in Mosca a theorist on the side of authoritarian regimes. He seems, on the contrary, to be a passionate liberal, in the tradition of Montesquieu. The weakness of his work derives from his rationalism. By refusing to include anything transcendental in his theoretical explication, he minimizes the influence of religious & moral factors, & on the practical level, he cannot regard the activity of the state as being anything other than the very vague one of national welfare. Tr from IPSA.

To assure its stability the western World requires a doctrinarian and historical reconsideration of its socio-economic institutions. A possibility would be to amplify the power of administration to direct economic life within a democratic institutional framework. The realization of this possibility is hindered by the class struggles and the capitalistic forces. The first obstacle could be neutralized by means of doctrinarian and constitutional State interventions. As for the second, a transformation can be observed both in its ideological aspects and its material structure, caused by internal and external impulses. The profit principle is being replaced by the security idea and the impersonalization of enterprise converts management in wage earners which, fearing competition sign interenterpreneurial agreements. In order to overcome these obstacles and facing the danger of possible accumulation, stagnation and destruction of economic activity, the State intervention is fully justified. Although the classical economics keeps itself aloof from any ethical value judgment the mere fact that it is based on a free profit economy makes that its alleged neutrality must be taken with serious reservations. The theory must not only interpret reality but must also create the necessary tools for directing economic life, as its aims are evidently social. ; Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas

This work begins the scientific study of the pedagocical systems, thas is to say, of the whole of institutions by which a community, especially by means of the word, tries to form the ideas, feelings and habits of its younger members. These pedagogical objects do not coincide with the so called educative tendencies, the deepest roots of which are in the prospective, in the historical one, or with the Scholar Organization in its juridical, political, economical aspects, which are exceedingly linked to a Geography and to an epoch. In spite of the worthy attempts of generalization made by Fundamental Pedagogies and Scholar Administrations, they have not succeeded in abstracting that which is more general in the pedagogical systems. In orden to resolve this problem it is necessary to approach in from different starting points. These points are the Scholar Organization. History of Education and Pedagogy and Sociology of Education. The contribution of all these matters will allow us to trace the object to its origin and survey the factors that act at present with a retrospective look and so we shall be able to overcome the single case and arrive to a generalization and establish constant relations between the pedagogical phenomena and the other categories of social facts, between the pedagogical, social system and the general, social system and arrive to the general theory of the mechanisms of education, considered in abstracto, that is to say, deprived of the fixed conditions of place and time.

Letter from Mr. Luis G. Franco, Secretary of the Gen. Alvaro Obregón Civic Association, indicating the abuses of power committed by Engr. Luis G. Contreras, secretary of said institution. Correspondence regarding the commemoration of the anniversary of the death of Gen. Alvaro Obregón. Invitation to attend the tribute. Report of the people who sent wreathes to Gen. Obregón's monument. Report of the correspondence received at the Gen. Alvaro Obregón Association on the anniversary of his death. Petition made by Gen. Elpidio G. Velázquez de Alba asking the Association to provide photographs and busts of Generals Plutarco Elías Calles and Alvaro Obregón. Questionnaire sent by Mr. Fernando Medina Ruiz, editor of EL UNIVERSAL GRAFICO, to Mr. Fernando Torreblanca regarding Gen. Alvaro Obregón's personality. / Carta del Sr. Luis G. Franco, Secretario de la Asociación Cívica Gral. Alvaro Obregón, informando de abusos cometidos por el Ing. Luis G. Contreras, secretario de dicha institución. Correspondencia relativa a la conmemoración del aniversario de la muerte del Gral. Alvaro Obregón. Invitación para asistir al homenaje. Relación de las personas que enviaron coronas al monumento al Gral. Obregón. Relación de la correspondencia recibida en la Asociación Cívica Gral. Alvaro Obregón con motivo del aniversario luctuoso. Petición que el Gral. Elpidio G. Velázquez de Alba hace a la Asociación para que se le proporcionen fotografías y bustos de los Generales Plutarco Elías Calles y Alvaro Obregón. Cuestionario que el Sr. Fernando Medina Ruiz, redactor de EL UNIVERSAL GRAFICO envía al Sr. Fernando Torreblanca sobre la personalidad del Gral. Alvaro Obregón.

In recent years all manner of research instrurnents and techníques and the quality of the data they yie1d have been placed under critical scrutiny. This artic1e brings a fresh perspective - the sirnultaneous comparison and evaluation of data secured with a wide variety of instruments in a single community setting-to some of the fundamental problems and questions involved in securing va/id responses. It is asserted that securing valid responses consistent with the behavior and phenomenology of the respondent in ordinary non-research situations is a sina qua non of the other forms of data oontrol to which socia'! scientists have tended to limit their attention. Because severa'! fie1d workers utilizing a variety of techniques were continuously able to check, re-check and cross-check information gathered from a particular respondent, a number of types of errors and sources of rnisinformation were revealed. These errors and misinformation result from purposeful intent, the temporary character of the tole of the respondent, the psychological characteristics of the individual respondent and from the involuntary inability of the respondent to meet the demands of the interview situation. Given these sources of error and misinformation, the problem confronting the analyst and theinterviewer is almost overwhelming. TraditionaHy the anthropologist has coped with this problem by assigning different weights to the responses of different respondents and to the responses from a single respondent gathered at diferent times and under differenr circumstanoes. In doing this he can never be sure that other procedures or further probing might not have yielded different information, and he has difficulties in objectively supporting the validity of his interpretations. But the same social psychological apparatus which produces different levels of response in free and depth interviewing also operates in other types of field instruments. The central problems lies in the fact that al'! answers to the same question in standardized interviews are not ofequal weigÍft, and cannot be treated as suchv In assigning equal weights the analyst simply adds up the conscious and unconscious misinformation, bias and accuracy and treats them aH as equal.Poll-type surveys secure and provide information in those specialized areas of mass society where otherwise such information is not readily available. Such surveys are valuable when they probe re'latively simple areas of choices among current alternatives avaílable at the public level; for example, presidentíal pol1s. However, when the object of research is to study at bottom the dynamics of a community or an institution, and where the problem of social and psychological levels of response is crucial to the research problem itself, other techniques are indispensable: forexampLe, in totalitarian societies even political and communications polling does not provide valid results since opinions which lead to such data are not adrnissible at the public level. ; Resumen en inglés.