This article introduces the activity of the military commandant institutions (Lith. Karo komendantūros) in Lithuania and their significance after the takeover of 17 December 1926. It touches upon the network of the military commandant institutions; also, other military-related institutions (eg Lith. karo stovio reikalų referentūra). It analyses the military commandant institutions as the state-owned public-life-related regulatory and control institutions, the responsibilities of the commandants, interrelation among the said military commandant institutions and other institutions of the authoritative regime, and their efficiency and status during the first days of the Soviet occupation.
This article introduces the activity of the military commandant institutions (Lith. Karo komendantūros) in Lithuania and their significance after the takeover of 17 December 1926. It touches upon the network of the military commandant institutions; also, other military-related institutions (eg Lith. karo stovio reikalų referentūra). It analyses the military commandant institutions as the state-owned public-life-related regulatory and control institutions, the responsibilities of the commandants, interrelation among the said military commandant institutions and other institutions of the authoritative regime, and their efficiency and status during the first days of the Soviet occupation.
This article introduces the activity of the military commandant institutions (Lith. Karo komendantūros) in Lithuania and their significance after the takeover of 17 December 1926. It touches upon the network of the military commandant institutions; also, other military-related institutions (eg Lith. karo stovio reikalų referentūra). It analyses the military commandant institutions as the state-owned public-life-related regulatory and control institutions, the responsibilities of the commandants, interrelation among the said military commandant institutions and other institutions of the authoritative regime, and their efficiency and status during the first days of the Soviet occupation.
The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended
The aims of this article are to describe the fundamental connection between State government, counties and municipalities and to expose peculiarities of interaction of State government subjects and Local Self-government institutions. The survey method is grounded on the systemic research and analysis of the Lithuanian legal acts: Law on the Local Self-government, Law on the Governing of the County and Law on the Regional Development. The main conclusions of the article are following: a) the objects, functions and responsibility of Regional institutions and Counties are separated by legal acts, but in fact Regional institutions and Counties are indivisible unit; b) in reality municipalities become subordinate to the State government and restraint from Self-government institutions appreciable by limited liberty of decision making and finance resources, and intensive state inspection of procedures; c) there is not fully realized principle of decentralization. In the future State government system and Local Self-government reforms could take the way of self-governmental regions making and the power, functions and decision making competence of municipalities could be extended
Though the Baltic Sea region appears to be an ideal place for the formation of classical regional security regime, this assumption appears to be substantially wrong for one simple reason - Russia cannot accommodate itself in this regional format. Therefore, only international institutions of a wider scope are capable of resolving the dilemma of Baltic security and performing the conflict prevention function. CSCE successfully coped with this task in 1991-1994. CSCE was the international format that ensured successful withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic States. However it soon became clear that the organisation is of little use in further settlement and normalisation of the Baltic-Russian relations. Therefore, the regional Cold War could only be ended by the influence of international institutions capable of conducting equal dialogue with Russia. And NATO could became such institution. After uniting its former antagonists into NACC, then into EAPC and PfP, and after 2002 decision to invite the Baltic States to start accession talks, it managed to find a peculiar form of institutionalisation of relations with Russia. Therefore one may say that the security regime in the Baltic Sea region is becoming a NATO-centric regime because even countries formally not members of NATO will have established solid relations with this organisation. This applies to Finland and Sweden for a long time already. And there is a chance now that the same will soon apply to Russia.
Though the Baltic Sea region appears to be an ideal place for the formation of classical regional security regime, this assumption appears to be substantially wrong for one simple reason - Russia cannot accommodate itself in this regional format. Therefore, only international institutions of a wider scope are capable of resolving the dilemma of Baltic security and performing the conflict prevention function. CSCE successfully coped with this task in 1991-1994. CSCE was the international format that ensured successful withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic States. However it soon became clear that the organisation is of little use in further settlement and normalisation of the Baltic-Russian relations. Therefore, the regional Cold War could only be ended by the influence of international institutions capable of conducting equal dialogue with Russia. And NATO could became such institution. After uniting its former antagonists into NACC, then into EAPC and PfP, and after 2002 decision to invite the Baltic States to start accession talks, it managed to find a peculiar form of institutionalisation of relations with Russia. Therefore one may say that the security regime in the Baltic Sea region is becoming a NATO-centric regime because even countries formally not members of NATO will have established solid relations with this organisation. This applies to Finland and Sweden for a long time already. And there is a chance now that the same will soon apply to Russia.
Though the Baltic Sea region appears to be an ideal place for the formation of classical regional security regime, this assumption appears to be substantially wrong for one simple reason - Russia cannot accommodate itself in this regional format. Therefore, only international institutions of a wider scope are capable of resolving the dilemma of Baltic security and performing the conflict prevention function. CSCE successfully coped with this task in 1991-1994. CSCE was the international format that ensured successful withdrawal of Russian troops from the Baltic States. However it soon became clear that the organisation is of little use in further settlement and normalisation of the Baltic-Russian relations. Therefore, the regional Cold War could only be ended by the influence of international institutions capable of conducting equal dialogue with Russia. And NATO could became such institution. After uniting its former antagonists into NACC, then into EAPC and PfP, and after 2002 decision to invite the Baltic States to start accession talks, it managed to find a peculiar form of institutionalisation of relations with Russia. Therefore one may say that the security regime in the Baltic Sea region is becoming a NATO-centric regime because even countries formally not members of NATO will have established solid relations with this organisation. This applies to Finland and Sweden for a long time already. And there is a chance now that the same will soon apply to Russia.
While the department of social pedagogics was participating in the international TEMPUS project from 1995 to 1998, the experiments related to the need of social teachers and possibilities of professional functions and questions of professional preparation were held in Klaipėda region. The results of these experiments led to such the following conclusions: 1. All teachers need knowledge and experience of social work. Social teacher who is totally prepared and has obtained practical work experience is significantly needed not only for child care organizations but also for secondary education schools. Similarities and differences of class teacher's and social teacher's activities were observed during the experiments and the possibilities of social teachers successful activities at secondary schools were analysed. 2. While preparing social teachers for educational and child care institutions, specialization is essential as well as specification of their meetings with different educational and care organizations. Special formation of the skills of social activities is essential for future social workers. Work practice, non-formal students' activities and volunteers' work could help to establish this process. Course in the social work for preparation of social workers for educational institutions have to be closely related with practice. 3. It is necessary to evaluate norms of government social and educational institutions. (Extremely formal contacts between these institutions, with only occasional communications, as well as no interest or no care about further child's fortune were identified). 4. Until now, little attention has been given to family problems in Lithuania. It is necessary to develop the initiatives and enthusiasm of future teachers. They need to be able fundamentally to help the child and the family, to reduce and eliminate the reasons for problems occurring. Future teachers need to take initiative and responsibility while creating social projects and implementing them. It is essential to develop the process of selection for future professionals in social pedagogics. Future social teachers need to have clear features of honesty, social skills and work experience. Therefore when accepting students to the social worker's profession, not only the marks of their secondary school diploma should be considered but also personal characteristics and experience.
While the department of social pedagogics was participating in the international TEMPUS project from 1995 to 1998, the experiments related to the need of social teachers and possibilities of professional functions and questions of professional preparation were held in Klaipėda region. The results of these experiments led to such the following conclusions: 1. All teachers need knowledge and experience of social work. Social teacher who is totally prepared and has obtained practical work experience is significantly needed not only for child care organizations but also for secondary education schools. Similarities and differences of class teacher's and social teacher's activities were observed during the experiments and the possibilities of social teachers successful activities at secondary schools were analysed. 2. While preparing social teachers for educational and child care institutions, specialization is essential as well as specification of their meetings with different educational and care organizations. Special formation of the skills of social activities is essential for future social workers. Work practice, non-formal students' activities and volunteers' work could help to establish this process. Course in the social work for preparation of social workers for educational institutions have to be closely related with practice. 3. It is necessary to evaluate norms of government social and educational institutions. (Extremely formal contacts between these institutions, with only occasional communications, as well as no interest or no care about further child's fortune were identified). 4. Until now, little attention has been given to family problems in Lithuania. It is necessary to develop the initiatives and enthusiasm of future teachers. They need to be able fundamentally to help the child and the family, to reduce and eliminate the reasons for problems occurring. Future teachers need to take initiative and responsibility while creating social projects and implementing them. It is essential to develop the process of selection for future professionals in social pedagogics. Future social teachers need to have clear features of honesty, social skills and work experience. Therefore when accepting students to the social worker's profession, not only the marks of their secondary school diploma should be considered but also personal characteristics and experience.
For decades women/s organizations and government/s institutions in many countries have worked against family violence. Because of their efforts, violence against children and women has recently been recognised as a legitimate human rights issue by the United Nations and by European Union.
For decades women/s organizations and government/s institutions in many countries have worked against family violence. Because of their efforts, violence against children and women has recently been recognised as a legitimate human rights issue by the United Nations and by European Union.
Crime and its control problem is one of the most complicated research and practice problems. Fundamental scientific researches make basis to applied crime control researches and the latter makes an effective influence on practice that is peculiar to every country. What is being done in this sphere in Lithuania? In 1994-1997, the Law Academy of Lithuania together with the Institute of Law, the Institute of Forensic Sciences, Law Faculty of Vilnius University conducted research programme "Crime and Criminal Justice". 143 As the experts of the Lithuanian Science Academy and the State Fund of Sciences and the State Fund of Science and Study stated, the programme answered its purpose, i.e. a preparation of concepts, programmes, normative act drafts and other suggestions how to make crime control in Lithuania more effective to the Seimas, Government and institutions of criminal justice of the Republic. The conducted researches form good fundamentals to develop and deepen research in crime control, as the results of scientific research are not to follow after the events, their main aim is to prepare a crime prognostic model and future vision of criminal justice. Therefore, the future project of the research programme " Crime Prognosis in Lithuania and Perspectives of its Control" has been prepared. Lithuanian researchers – lawyers having compiled significant experience, gained their knowledge taking into consideration achievements of Eastern and Western science – can resolve to start a complicated and much work demanding complex research on crime prognosis and criminal justice. That is a strategic task to the Lithuanian science and researchers. The research programme is going to be conducted in four trends: The first trend – research on crime prognosis and taking it into consideration, creation of crime prevention model. The second trend – research on criminal, administrative and civil law development, with regard to crime prognosis, about the future criminal, administrative and civil law in the context of crime qualitative and quantitative changes. This trend can be called "Crime Prognosis and Means of Criminal, Administrative and Civil Law I nfluence for its Control". The third trend will cover the research in the spheres of criminal process and criminalistics, taking into consideration crime prognosis. Relatively it can be called "Crime Prognosis and I nvestigation". The fourth trend will cover the research on systems of law enforcement institutions and functions modelling. Researchers working under this trend should answer the question how law enforcement institutions should be structured, what model of their functions and subordination should be. Relatively this trend can be called "Crime Prognosis and Modelling of Criminal Justice Organisation". We consider it to be purposeful to conduct the research on problems of criminology, criminal law, criminal process, criminalistics, criminal justice according to co-ordinated programmes, agreements between different research and study institutions in the framework of corresponding European Union programmes conducting joint projects to analyse complex interdisciplinary scientific problems.
Crime and its control problem is one of the most complicated research and practice problems. Fundamental scientific researches make basis to applied crime control researches and the latter makes an effective influence on practice that is peculiar to every country. What is being done in this sphere in Lithuania? In 1994-1997, the Law Academy of Lithuania together with the Institute of Law, the Institute of Forensic Sciences, Law Faculty of Vilnius University conducted research programme "Crime and Criminal Justice". 143 As the experts of the Lithuanian Science Academy and the State Fund of Sciences and the State Fund of Science and Study stated, the programme answered its purpose, i.e. a preparation of concepts, programmes, normative act drafts and other suggestions how to make crime control in Lithuania more effective to the Seimas, Government and institutions of criminal justice of the Republic. The conducted researches form good fundamentals to develop and deepen research in crime control, as the results of scientific research are not to follow after the events, their main aim is to prepare a crime prognostic model and future vision of criminal justice. Therefore, the future project of the research programme " Crime Prognosis in Lithuania and Perspectives of its Control" has been prepared. Lithuanian researchers – lawyers having compiled significant experience, gained their knowledge taking into consideration achievements of Eastern and Western science – can resolve to start a complicated and much work demanding complex research on crime prognosis and criminal justice. That is a strategic task to the Lithuanian science and researchers. The research programme is going to be conducted in four trends: The first trend – research on crime prognosis and taking it into consideration, creation of crime prevention model. The second trend – research on criminal, administrative and civil law development, with regard to crime prognosis, about the future criminal, administrative and civil law in the context of crime qualitative and quantitative changes. This trend can be called "Crime Prognosis and Means of Criminal, Administrative and Civil Law I nfluence for its Control". The third trend will cover the research in the spheres of criminal process and criminalistics, taking into consideration crime prognosis. Relatively it can be called "Crime Prognosis and I nvestigation". The fourth trend will cover the research on systems of law enforcement institutions and functions modelling. Researchers working under this trend should answer the question how law enforcement institutions should be structured, what model of their functions and subordination should be. Relatively this trend can be called "Crime Prognosis and Modelling of Criminal Justice Organisation". We consider it to be purposeful to conduct the research on problems of criminology, criminal law, criminal process, criminalistics, criminal justice according to co-ordinated programmes, agreements between different research and study institutions in the framework of corresponding European Union programmes conducting joint projects to analyse complex interdisciplinary scientific problems.
The article provides a system of scientific proposals which could be prospective in forming and implementing the effective state policy in the sphere of crime control. The strategic trend of that policy instead of making the laws and punishment stricter, should eliminate in complex way social causes and conditions of criminality, i.e., crime prevention, oriented first of all to social groups of people mostly not adapted to new conditions of market society and people, living under the poverty line, young people who do not study and do not work, dysfunctional families and children who are being raised in them, young people who do not study and do not work, solution of inhabitants employment problems as well as problems of mode of life and morals. Crime prevention should become an integral part of social, economical, legal and cultural policy of the state and local governments institutions. It is proposed to reform in essence also the system of special crime prevention measures and institutions, decreasing their repressive and increasing positive influence by humanising and socialising of this system. Also other scientific (criminological) preconditions and practical possibilities of crime prevention in Lithuania and increase of its effectiveness are discussed paying attention not only to present but also prospective purposes and goals of this problem's solution.
