Suchergebnisse

Aikuiskoulutus Suomessa jaetaan ammatilliseen aikuiskoulutukseen ja vapaaseen sivistystyöhön. Tämä tutkimus kohdistuu vapaaseen sivistystyöhön ja vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitoksiin: liikunnan koulutuskeskuksiin, opintokeskuksiin, kesäyliopistoihin, kansanopistoihin ja kansalaisopistoihin. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten tehtäväkuvan muutosta osana systeemistä järjestelmää. Oppilaitosten toimintaympäristön muutoksiin sopeutumista tarkastellaan erityisesti resurssiriippuvuuden ja alueellisuuden näkökulmista. Tutkimuksen tulokset kootaan yhteen muodostaen vapaan sivistystyön tulkintahorisontiksi toiminnan sisällöllistä muutosta kuvaava resurssiriippuvuusjana. Tutkimus on tekstintulkinnallishermeneuttinen. Tutkimuksen aineisto muodostuu alan tutkimuskirjallisuudesta, vapaan sivistystyön arviointi- ja kehittämisprosessien raporteista sekä vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten vuosina 2012 ja 2013 uudistettujen ylläpitämislupien hakemuksista. Viime vuosina laskenut valtionapu on vapaalle sivistystyölle kriittinen resurssi. Myös lainsäädäntöpohja, valtionapuperusteet ja valtionhallinnon ohjaus- ja toimintakäytännöt ovat muuttuneet ja vaikuttaneet vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten yleisiin toimintaedellytyksiin. Resursseja oppilaitokset ovat 1990-luvulta lähtien enenevässä määrin hankkineet myös monilta muilta koulutustoiminnan sektoreilta ja suoraan markkinoilta. Omaehtoisen persoonallisen kasvun tukeminen on ollut vapaan sivistystyön ydinsisältö. Ydinsisältö on muuntunut 1900-luvun aikana enemmän institutionalisoituneeksi koulutukseksi osana koulutusjärjestelmää, tai yleissivistävien harrasteopintojen tukemiseksi institutionalisoituneissa toimintapuitteissa. Vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten toiminnan sisältö on jatkuvasti sopeutunut sekä resursseiltaan että alueellisesti yhteiskunnan tarpeisiin. Toiminnan sisältömuutokset ovat olleet luonteeltaan inkrementaalisia ja tehtäväkuvaa koko ajan laventavia. Pitkällä kaarella ja isossa kuvassa tarkasteltuna vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten toiminta on aina ollut pääosin sisällöltään konservatiivista ja sopeutuvaa, eikä toiminnan kehysnormistoon koko kaaren aikana ole liittynyt leimallisesi yhteistä transformatiivista tehtävää. Oppilaitosten identiteetti nousee paikallisesta, maakunnallisesta tai valtakunnallisesta toimintatarpeesta. Toiminnan sisältöä perustellaan alueellisella koulutuksen saavutettavuuden tasa-arvolla ja tuotettujen koulutuspalveluiden tarvelähtöisyydellä. Paikallista identiteettiä korostetaan muutospaineessa, eikä aikaisempaa ylipaikallisempaa identiteettiä ole kovin laajasti omaksuttu. Uuden vuosituhannen puolella toimintaa ohjaavan opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön toimesta on painotettu rakenteellista ja sisällöllistä muutostarvetta, hyötyä sekä erityisryhmien koulutusta. Jatkuva, 1990-luvulla alkanut, yhteiskunnallinen muutospaine on vaikuttanut ja vaikuttaa vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten toimintaympäristöön, mutta muutokseen reagointi on oppilaitosmuodoittaan ja oppilaitoskohtaisesti ollut hyvin erilaista. Oman roolin epäselvyys jatkuvassa toiminnan sisällön muutospaineessa niin resurssien, rakenteen kuin toimintaympäristönkin osalta aiheuttaa oppilaitoksille epävarmuutta oman ydintehtävän sisällöstä. Toisaalta pitkäaikainen systeeminen luottamuspääoma toimintaa ohjaavaan ministeriöön ja eduskuntaan on mahdollistanut hitaan, vaiheittaisen, ja paikallista muutosjoustavuutta hyödyntäneen muutoksen. Koulutussektorin valtiollinen toimintapolitiikkaohjaus (policy) on 2000-luvulla merkittävästi lisääntynyt erilaisten kehittämisohjelmien myötä. Myös kehittämishankkeista on tullut osalle oppilaitoksista resurssienhankinnan arkea. Vapaan sivistystyön oppilaitosten rooli osana oppivaa aluetta on käytettävissä olevan partnerin rooli ja ilmenee leimallisesti omaa koulutus- ja sivistystehtävää ja sen erityisyyttä korostamalla. Oppilaitokset ovat vahvasti identifioituneet tuottamaan alueellisia ja paikallisia koulutuspalveluja. Samalla kohderyhmäajattelu on noussut aikaisempaa keskeisemmäksi osaksi tehtäväkuvaa. Toiminnan suurin yhteinen nimittäjä näyttää olevan vahva tukeutuminen alueyhteisöihin ja niiden konkreettisiin tarpeisiin. ; In Finland there are two different forms of Adult education: vocational adult edu-cation and liberal adult education. In this adult educational research, the focus is in liberal adult education. There are five types of institutions of liberal adult educa- tion: adult education centres, folk high schools, summer universities, sports insti-tutes and study centres. The aim of the research was to increase the understanding of the changes in the missions of liberal adult education institutions. The institu-tions of liberal adult education can be viewed as a system. This study tries to un-derstand the change in the functional environment of liberal adult education insti-tutions observed particularily from the point of view of resource-dependence theory. The point of view is regional. This research is textual analyse utilizing the hermeneutical method. In conclusion, the main purpose is to explain the change of identity of the organizations of liberal adult education by the resoursedependense chain. There are three types of empirical materials in this study. Firstly, the research literature, secondly the reports of evaluation and developing processes of liberal adult education and thirdly the appointments of liberal adult education organizations permissions to support learning institution in years 2012 and 2013. The state covers approximately half of the expenses of liberal adult education institutions. State grants are a critical resource for liberal adult education institutions. The state of grants for liberal adult education organizations has been declining in last years. The ground for legislative regulation and state grants has changed. Also, the states control has changed to be more generalized. The marketorientation of organizations has increased. There has been bigger and bigger pressure to get more and more resources for the other sectors of education and markets. The support of self-motivated individual growth has been the core content of liberal adult education. During the 20th century liberal adult education has become more and more institutionalized. Also, the quantity of hobby-oriented courses in institutionalized frames has increased. The functions of liberal adult education establishments have continuously been adapting to fit both the needs of the local community, and the resources available. The changes in the content of the activities have been incremental and the goals of activities have spread. In the big picture, the actions of liberal adult education organizations have been adaptive and conservative. The action has never been labelled transformative. In the 21st century, the need for changes in structure and amount of organizations has increased. Also, there are needs to change the content of the activities. The state needs more explanations to the benefits of the activity, also the state requires focus to be put on special groups. The liberal adult education organizations can be seen as an actor of state granted service and education system. The 21st century is labelled by new thinking of the welfare state and the change in the role of the state. Governanlity is now a bigger part in the states' role in the activities. Government policing has increased significantly with the development of different advancement programs in the 21st century. Liberal adult education institutions are not a part of the regional development. They are only partners in "learning regions". Their orientation is mostly in educational practices. The identity of the organizations is that of a service provider. The identity is based on local, provincial or nationwide basic. All liberal adult education organizations are linked in many ways to their own environment. The benefit of the action is justified by the equal access for all and the need for educational services. The main common attribute is regionalism and the practical needs of the local community.

Status of religious communities -- Relations between the state and Islam -- State support for Islamic religious communities -- Muslims in integration law -- Mosques and prayer houses -- Burials and cemeteries -- Education -- Further and higher (tertiary) education -- Islamic chaplaincy in public institutions -- Employment and social law -- Islamic slaughter and food regulation -- Islamic goods and services -- Islamic dress -- Criminal law -- Family law

What is a state? This volume approaches the question from an anthropological perspective, which means that the starting point of the analysis is not the concept of the state, but instead, what kinds of structures the state consists of, what kinds of effects these structures have, and how states are experienced by the people who inhabit, make, enact, and resist them. The volume introduces a contemporary anthropological approach to the study of the state for a Finnish-speaking audience. This new approach examines the state as a diverse, socially and culturally constructed phenomenon that varies in time and place. Additional aims of the volume are to introduce and translate concepts from political anthropology to the Finnish language, and to make anthropological analyses of the state known to other disciplines that study the state and to the general Finnish-speaking public. Covering a wide variety of ethnographic contexts examining both the effects of the state and the state-like effects of other institutions, the volume contains case studies from Brazil, Uganda, Papua New Guinea, Madagascar, Finland, Bolivia, Cuba, Egypt, Fiji, Solomon Islands, and Ghana. A theoretical introduction presents the development of anthropological thinking with regard to the state and state-like institutions. An afterword reflects on the contribution of the volume in light of the ethnographic context of Indonesia.

In this book [titled Home, welfare work and vulnerability] the authors take the reader on welfare workers' home visits to clients in need of support in their living. Welfare workers refer to professionals in health and social care who in the book are represented among others by social workers, social care workers and nurses. The main concepts of the book are home, welfare work and vulnerability and these are contemplated from different angles. Welfare work entails encountering people who are in vulnerable situations in the midst of their everyday lives. They may need support in coping with their mental health, with physical illnesses, with the challenges of achieving sobriety and recovery or perhaps with the difficulties accompanying old age. On the one hand their ability to act is limited and weak but on the other they have many kinds of strengths and resources.

The book addresses a significant turning point in welfare services and work at which the objective is defined as the right of every individual to their own home and making living at home feasible for as long as possible. In the last fifty years or so many societal factors have made possible the dismantling of institutions, the reduction of places and the shortening of stays in institutions, the further development of care in the community, the construction of small residential and care facilities and most recently the further development of services to be taken into people's homes. The last stage of this dismantling of institutions is referred to in the book as the "home turn". As a societal change the home turn is complex – and that is how it is approached in the book. When one's own home is the main place in which welfare policy and work are implemented, it is important to scrutinize more closely what actually occurs there and what special issues are connected to this given context.

The book offers a timely point of view on the development of welfare services and the grass-root level welfare work done in the homes. It draws on interaction research based on ethnomethodology and human geography. Research data consist of recordings of home visits, researcher's field diaries and interviews with clients and workers. The work includes both chapters providing conceptual and theoretical overviews and empirical research on the encounters between client and worker(s) on home visits. Welfare work accomplished in people's homes entails many tensions and ethical issues which are analysed in the book and made visible through the means of research.

"Prison has always been an attractive object for study in the field of sociology. Few other areas of modern society demonstrate social reality's fundamental ideas so clearly and obviously than prison. Social deviance and stigma, ostracism and integration, control and discipline, power and inequality are all examples of key sociological concepts that are crystalized in daily life in a prison environment.

Fengslende sosiologi. Makt, straff og identitet i Trondheims fengsler (Captivating Sociology. Power, Punishment and Identity in Trondheim's Prisons) presents twelve scholarly, peer-reviewed chapters that explore various aspects of prison as a social phenomenon, both as a part of and an expression of society.

The majority of the contributions build on empirical studies at maximum and minimum-security prisons in Trondheim, but the analyses have a broader relevance – both empirically and theoretically – for our understanding of power, punishment and identity in Norwegian penal institutions. Most of the contributors are associated with the Department of Sociology and Political Science at NTNU, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the department's project 'Fengslende sosiologi' ('Captivating Sociology'). Several of the texts are by former master's students in sociology and present further analyses based on their master's projects.

This anthology will be of interest to scholars and practitioners in the field as well as students and others interested in prison as a social institution and penal institutions in general." - "I sosiologien har fengselet alltid vært et attraktivt studieobjekt. Her demonstreres den sosiale virkelighetens grunnleggende begreper så klart og tydelig som få andre steder i det moderne samfunnet. Sosiale avvik og stigma, utstøting og integrering, kontroll og disiplin, makt og ulikhet er alle eksempler på sosiologiske nøkkelbegreper som krystalliseres i fengselets hverdagsliv.

I antologien Fengslende sosiologi. Makt, straff og identitet i Trondheims fengsler presenteres i alt tolv vitenskapelige, fagfellevurderte kapitler som diskuterer ulike sider ved fengselet som sosialt fenomen, både som en del av og som et uttrykk for samfunnet

De fleste bidragene bygger på empiriske studier ved høy- og lavsikkerhetsfengslene i Trondheim, men analysene har bredere relevans – både empirisk og teoretisk – for forståelsen av makt, straff og identitet i de norske strafferettsinstitusjonene. De fleste forfatterne er tilknyttet Institutt for sosiologi og statsvitenskap ved Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet (NTNU) og instituttets prosjekt «Fengslende sosiologi». Flere av tekstene er skrevet av tidligere masterstudenter i sosiologi og presenterer bearbeidede analyser fra deres masterprosjekter.

Målgruppen for antologien er forskere, utøvere i praksisfeltet, studenter og andre med interesse for fengselet som sosial institusjon og strafferettsinstitusjonene mer allment."

A review essay covering books by 1) Alan S. Alexandroff & Andrew F. Cooper, Rising States, Rising Institutions: Challenges for Global Governance (2010), 2) Alexander T. J. Lennon & Amanda Kozlowski, Global Powers in the 21st Century: Strategies and Relations (2008), 3) Geir Lundestad, The Rise and Decline of the American 'Empire': Power and its Limits in Comparative Perspective (2012), 4) Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World and the Rise of the Rest (2009), 5) Amrita Narlikar, New Powers: How to Become One and How to Manage Them (2010) and 6) Michael T. Klare, Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: The New Geopolitics of Energy (2008).

When Nordic political scientists talk about dictatorships, they often refer to dictators in exotic lands, forgetting that Denmark-Norway was a dictatorship between 1660 and 1814. During that period the country was an authoritarian dictatorship with some totalitarian characteristics that spent between 1/3 and 2/3 of its budget on the army. Denmark, Norway and Sweden - that shared similar characteristics - were eventually able to break away from this, due to the growth of stable administrative, juridical and to some extent social institutions. The development towards the final breakaway in Norway and Denmark, which occurred in 1814 respectively 1848, is described in detail. L. Pitkaniemi

Provides an introduction to the history of modern Somalia followed by an analysis of the piracy epidemic that started in 2003. Political scientists consider Somalia the archetype of a failed state. The country is essentially divided in Somaliland, Puntland, Southern Somalia, and a number of smaller chiefdoms lacking a central regime and functioning government institutions. While pirate activity started already in 1991, it took twelve years before the activity became professional and well organized. After capturing several larger ships, such as Sirius Star and MV Faina, the pirates have been able to purchase better weaponry and communication devices making them even larger threats to passing ships. L. Pitkaniemi

Ten experts representing universities, newspapers and institutions provide their short comments on the Norwegian Parliament's address (2008-2009) regarding current and future foreign policy developments. Some of the given comments are general in nature whereas others target a particular part of the document such as immigration and Nordic co-operation. The general comments describe the address as predictable, status conforming and stable, but criticisms are given for downplaying the importance of the European Union. However, a commentator points out that this document still remains the most important source for understanding Norwegian foreign policy since it explains Norway's security policy, foreign policy goals and role in international organizations. L. Pitkaniemi

A theoretical discussion on the relationship between globalization and international norms and whether the economy could be reformed into a just and stable system. According to the neoliberal and structuralist rational choice theory, states try to maximize their own benefit, which in turn determines international norms. The constructivist model flags for a socially conditional rationality where these norms are based on ideas, values and cultures alone. A possible path to international institutional reform could be the United Nations whose economist and sociologists disused the market crisis as a system crisis. However, a real reform cannot take place before more powerful multinational institutions have been developed. L. Pitkaniemi

Graham White's recent book, entitled Indigenous Empowerment through Co-management: Land Claims Boards, Wildlife Management, and Environmental Regulation, is a balanced, accessible, and honest discussion of a very complex realm of Crown-Indigenous relations and institutions in Canada. The book is very well researched and clearly communicated by one of Canada's leading experts on the topic. Co-management has been the subject of scholarly attention for many years in Canada; however, perspectives vary widely with respect to appropriateness and effectiveness. White's book is a bold project that tackles the complexities, sensitivities, and diverse contexts head-on. It ought to be at the top of the reading list for all academics, practitioners, and government officials with an interest in modern treaties.